HOW TO BECOME SMARTER






Charles Spender




Distributed by Smashwords
8th Edition, 8 May 2025
ISBN: 9781310901027
Copyright © 2010 Charles Spender

Table of Contents

How to read this book

Cautionary statement

Twelve things this book can help you achieve

CHAPTER 1: Mental clarity

CHAPTER 2: Sleep management

CHAPTER 3: Attention control, or the ability to concentrate

CHAPTER 4: Emotional intelligence

CHAPTER 5: Reading and writing performance

CHAPTER 6: Social intelligence

CHAPTER 7: Six things you shouldn’t do with your money

Appendices

Endnotes

Cited literature

List of tables


How to read this book

The latest version of this ebook (8 May 2025 or later) can be downloaded in a high-quality EPUB format here, here, or here. A shorter, less technical version of this book, “Become Smarter,” is available. Please do not read the present ebook straight through from start to finish. It’s a good idea to first read the summaries of chapters and all key points and then glance through the appendices and endnotes. After that, you can read chapters that you find interesting and you don’t have to read the whole book from cover to cover. There are a lot of links in this text (to endnotes, literary references, and cross-references) and you can ignore all links if you find them distracting. I update the text regularly, but not all of it at the same time (some 190 thousand words in total); therefore, in rare cases, some statements may contradict others. You can attribute these rare contradictions to frequent changes in the lifestyle, which this book advocates.


Cautionary statement

Many claims in this book are based on the author’s personal experience (a healthy subject). About half of the proposed methods are supported by scientific studies. Nursing mothers, pregnant women, and people who are taking medication or have a chronic medical condition should consult their physician or a qualified health care professional before trying any of the lifestyle changes described in this book.


Twelve things this book can help you achieve


  1. Increase your score on general aptitude or intelligence tests (cognitive enhancement).

  2. Understand and learn complex reading material that is uninteresting to you (but necessary for your job or school).

  3. Concentrate on job- or school-related reading and writing tasks for hours at a time.

  4. Reduce procrastination and overcome writer’s block.

  5. Experience euphoria without drugs and come up with new ideas, when necessary.

  6. Cope with extended periods of solitude, such as those related to academic studies or big writing projects.

  7. Prevent yourself from making rash, impulsive decisions.

  8. Prevent fits of anger and reduce feelings of hostility.

  9. Sharpen your wit, become more talkative, and entertain people.

  10. Depending on circumstances, use different regimens that improve one or another mental function.

  11. Get along with people and reduce the amount of arguments and conflicts.

  12. Self-manage a severe mental illness such as schizophrenia without drugs.

CHAPTER 1: Mental clarity

Contents:

Biological components and knowledge components of intelligence

Interpreting evidence from studies on human subjects

Can mental and physical exercise make you smarter?

The natural nutrition theory of intelligence and its limitations

Artificial ingredients in the diet and their effects on mental performance

Chemicals formed during the cooking of food and their effects on the brain

Several safe diets that can improve mental abilities

Saturated fat: friend or foe?

A diet that can worsen mental abilities quickly

The “no-diet approach,” or food restriction without adhering to any strict diet

Potential adverse effects

Summary of Chapter One


Biological components and knowledge components of intelligence

Before we begin, just a reminder: you don’t need to read this book straight through from start to finish. It is best to first read the summaries of chapters and all key points. After that, you can read chapters that caught your interest and you don’t have to read the whole book.

It is prudent at the outset to define a few basic concepts, some of which might be familiar. Different sources, however, may offer different definitions, and defining these concepts now will avoid ambiguity later. Many definitions used throughout this book are from a recent review article by John Mayer and colleagues [23]. A mental ability is “a person’s capacity to perform a psychological task, such as solving a problem, so as to meet a specified criterion such as correctness, novelty, or speed” [23]. This book discusses such mental abilities as attention control, impulse control, and information processing speed, among others. Usually researchers measure many different mental abilities collectively in order to determine a person’s intelligence. Therefore, we can define intelligence as “a set of mental abilities that permit the recognition, learning, memory for, and capacity to reason about a particular form of information, such as verbal information.” John Mayer and colleagues define intelligence as “a mental ability or a set of mental abilities.…” In this book, however, the word “intelligence” always means a set of mental abilities.

For most lay readers the word “intelligence” is associated with the intelligence quotient (IQ), widely used as a measure of mental abilities for clinical, and sometimes, occupational purposes. The type of intelligence measured by IQ is called “academic intelligence” in psychological literature in order to distinguish it from other types of intelligence, such as emotional intelligence and social intelligence. Measurements of academic intelligence include assessment of the ability to process and manipulate verbal information (words) in one’s mind and the ability to process numerical information and carry out calculations. Academic intelligence also includes the ability to comprehend information about spatial organization and geometrical structure of objects. Scientists use the scores obtained by measuring the relevant mental abilities on intelligence tests to calculate a single value, g, or general intelligence. This measure of academic intelligence is not constant for any given person. It can change throughout a person’s lifespan. On average, general intelligence increases with age until the late 30s and then declines slowly. Due to the well-established age-related changes in general intelligence (g), calculation of the final IQ score includes adjusting g for the person’s age.

Most IQ tests produce a numerical value around 100, which is the average intelligence quotient of the human population. Values of IQ exceeding 100 mean higher than average intelligence. For example, only about 0.1% of the population has an IQ over 149. Conversely, IQ scores below 100 mean lower than average intelligence and a score lower than 70 suggests mental retardation. To sum up, IQ is the age-adjusted general intelligence factor (g) calculated by measuring various mental abilities related to the processing of verbal, numerical, and geometrical information. All of this is within the realm of academic intelligence, often called “intelligence.”

Research about intelligence is not without controversy. For example, there are opposing views on the validity of using a single factor (general intelligence, g) to measure a collection of different mental abilities. The research on differences in intelligence among different groups of population is another controversial area and is outside the scope of this book. Measurements of IQ can vary for the same person because of fatigue, general state of health, and repeat testing. Repeated taking of IQ tests can contribute to learning certain test-taking skills, resulting in an IQ score several points higher than the first-time IQ score [499]. These examples point to potential difficulties in interpreting IQ scores.

As to the practical usefulness of IQ testing, studies have identified correlations of IQ scores with academic performance and with job performance in a variety of occupations. A high score can predict better job performance [955, 956]. There is also some correlation of IQ with social status and income level, but this correlation is in the weak to moderate range. Equally or perhaps more important in attaining social status and high income are personality traits, social status of parents, and luck. Moderately high IQ scores correlate (moderately) with a higher social status and income. Yet statistical studies show that huge IQ scores provide little further benefit for social status and income (there is no correlation) [24, 25]. Self-employment does not correlate with intelligence either [519].

Research in the last several decades has identified types of intelligence other than academic. These deal with mental abilities different from those measured by academic intelligence (IQ) tests. Emotional intelligence deals with mental abilities related to identification and processing of emotions in the self and other people. Social intelligence measures abilities related to intelligent behavior in social situations. Studies show that academic intelligence exhibits little if any correlation with emotional intelligence. These two concepts deal with independent and unrelated sets of mental abilities. We will discuss emotional and social intelligence in Chapters Four and Six.

Two other dimensions of intelligence are important here. “Crystallized intelligence” deals with acquired knowledge and skills. “Fluid intelligence” relates to how well the human brain works, regardless of knowledge and skills. “Crystallized intelligence” measures such abilities as vocabulary, general knowledge, and the like, whereas “fluid intelligence” assesses the ability to understand and solve novel problems. The formal definition of fluid intelligence is “on-the-spot reasoning and novel problem-solving ability” [26]. For example, suppose two people have roughly the same amount of knowledge, but one of them can better understand complex problems. The latter person will attain a higher score on an intelligence test. In simple terms, fluid intelligence assesses how well the brain works; that is, it assesses the biological properties of the brain. It does not measure information processing speed and short-term memory, although all three measurements indicate how well the brain works and studies show that all three correlate [27]. Some parts of IQ tests mostly assess crystallized intelligence, such as questions intended to measure vocabulary or general knowledge. Other parts of IQ tests mostly assess fluid intelligence, such as questions that require complex calculations. Still other test items may measure both fluid and crystallized intelligence to the same extent. It is possible to assess fluid and crystallized dimensions of intelligence separately, in addition to the final IQ score.

All three types of intelligence—academic, emotional, and social—have both crystallized and fluid dimensions. For example, recent studies of social intelligence identified two components: crystallized social intelligence and fluid social intelligence [28]. The former deals with acquired social skills and knowledge, whereas the latter deals with the ability to understand and predict social situations and to solve problems related to social situations. Thus, there may be six major subtypes of intelligence: crystallized academic, fluid academic, crystallized emotional, fluid emotional, crystallized social, and fluid social intelligence. Some studies suggest that different areas of the brain are responsible for different types of intelligence. One brain region may be primarily responsible for academic intelligence and another area for carrying out mental processes related to emotional intelligence. It is unclear if the same is true for the crystallized and fluid dimensions of each type of intelligence. Further research is needed.

To explain the meaning of techniques proposed in this book, it will be convenient to subdivide the six subtypes of intelligence into “knowledge components” and “biological components.” The knowledge components are crystallized academic, crystallized emotional, and crystallized social intelligence. The biological components are fluid social, fluid academic, and fluid emotional intelligence. The biological components are the main focus of this book because they deal with how well the brain functions and they are largely independent of knowledge and acquired skills. Put another way, this book focuses on improving the functioning of the human brain, and one can assess this improvement by measuring fluid intelligence. Crystallized intelligence (knowledge and skills) will not change, at least in the short term, with approaches aimed at improving brain function.

This book defines the sum of all three biological components (fluid social, fluid academic, and fluid emotional intelligence) as “mental clarity.” This is a measure of how well the brain functions with respect to all kinds of mental tasks: those related to emotions and social situations as well as academic tasks and problems. Scientific validity of the concept of mental clarity is unknown. It is unclear whether this is a single factor that correlates with its three component parts, or whether mental clarity is just a sum of three independent, unrelated factors. Nevertheless, the concept of mental clarity will be useful in this book. This concept attempts to separate the biological components of intelligence from the knowledge components. Measurements of mental clarity will assess how well the brain is functioning in general.

Ideally, to measure mental clarity we should use well-established tests of academic, emotional, and social intelligence [29 – 31]. We need to calculate fluid dimensions from each result and add up the three values using some mathematical formula. This approach will be accurate and scientifically valid. Yet the existing tests are expensive, require qualified personnel to administer them, and may not be available in all languages. At present, validated tests of emotional intelligence cannot assess its fluid component. I designed a brief self-rating questionnaire (Appendix IV) that attempts to assess fluid components of academic, emotional, and social intelligence. One of the drawbacks of this instrument is that self-rating questionnaires do not represent an accurate assessment of mental abilities [23]. This is because self-rating often reflects a person’s perception and doesn’t measure mental abilities as do proctored tests. For this reason, the mental clarity questionnaire is not an accurate measure of intelligence. Nevertheless, it does avoid direct questions about mental abilities and asks only questions that can assess such abilities indirectly and thus more objectively. For example, many respondents will answer affirmatively the question “Do you think that you are very smart?” even those who don’t have above-average IQ scores. On the other hand, the question “Is your life easy?” will receive a more objective answer and will paint a more accurate picture of the respondent’s intelligence. Highly intelligent people usually have no difficulty solving life’s problems. The “ease of life” is not a perfect measure of intelligence and there are many exceptions; that is why the mental clarity questionnaire contains twenty questions. Another potential problem with self-rating questionnaires is the honesty of responses, especially when the outcome of the testing has real-life consequences, such as a promotion or being hired for a job. For us this problem is a minor one because the purpose of testing is to see whether the self-help approaches described in this book are effective or not. The book’s readers have little or no incentive to be dishonest with themselves. This type of assessment of mental abilities is not perfect, but the advantages are ease of use and low cost. Nevertheless, the most accurate way to assess the usefulness of my advice is to take a proctored IQ test (not an internet IQ test) before and after one of the proposed lifestyle changes. You can then calculate the fluid component of academic intelligence and discover any improvement. If you are a student, you can assess improvement in your mental abilities, if any, by the change in your grade point average after you try some of the proposed techniques.

There is a possibility that your mental clarity score will be low, according to the proposed questionnaire (Appendix IV). This situation does not mean that you must drop everything and do your best to try to improve your score. Your low score can mean that your mental abilities are fine and the questionnaire is imperfect. So far, nobody has validated this questionnaire scientifically and you are under no obligation to do anything to improve your score.


Key points


Interpreting evidence from studies on human subjects

Any discussion of experimental evidence that supports this book’s theories would be difficult without defining some basic terminology and explaining how to determine the strength of evidence produced by scientific experiments. This section explains the meaning of randomization, blinding, statistical significance, clinical change, and some other relevant concepts that researchers use in scientific experiments, such as clinical trials. (Readers can skip the detailed discussion of this topic and jump to the key points: press this link.) Most often, a clinical trial consists of two groups of patients: an experimental group (who receive active treatment) and a so-called control group. The control group receives a placebo, no treatment, or a specially designed “control treatment.” Researchers determine the effectiveness of a drug or another type of treatment by comparing symptoms in the experimental group to those in the control group(s). Studies unrelated to medical treatments that scientists perform on healthy human subjects are sometimes called clinical trials, but the more correct term is “a volunteer study.” Both clinical trials and volunteer studies require the informed consent of test subjects. The study protocol must receive approval of an ethics committee at the research institution where the study is taking place.

The word “randomized” in the phrase “randomized controlled trial” means that researchers have assigned the test subjects to either the experimental or control group randomly, using a special “randomization procedure.” This is in contrast to a situation where an investigator assigns test subjects to the groups however he or she wants. For example, he may distribute them in a way that will produce a desirable outcome. Random and unbiased distribution of test subjects among the control and experimental groups ensures that there is no influence from irrelevant variables (such as age, sex, or personality traits) on the results. In other words, randomization ensures that the study’s outcome depends only on the variables being tested in the experiment. For instance, a study is going to investigate the effect of food additives on attention function. In a nonrandomized controlled trial an investigator may inadvertently assign the most inattentive test subjects to the experimental group, who will receive food additives. This method causes the test subjects with the best attention function to end up in the control group, who will receive a diet free of food additives. Without a randomization procedure, preexisting differences of attention function between the two groups will influence the results of this study. If this nonrandomized study finds that food additives in the diet worsen attention function, the validity of this finding will be questionable. If, however, we assign the test subjects to the groups randomly, then roughly equal numbers of inattentive and attentive subjects will be present in each group (experiment and control). In this case the results of the study will be more dependent on the presence or absence of food additives in the diet (if such a relationship exists) and less dependent on irrelevant variables. Randomized controlled trials provide stronger evidence of the effectiveness of a drug (or other medical treatment) than clinical trials that are not randomized.

Another way of ensuring the integrity of clinical studies is to blind the test subjects to the type of treatment they receive: placebo or active treatment. This is a blinded clinical trial. A placebo is a treatment that produces no biological effect on the medical condition in question. For example, a sugar pill can serve as a placebo in a clinical trial of an antianxiety drug. Blinding means that the test subjects will not know whether they are in the experimental or in the control group. Often, clinical studies employ an additional level of blinding: blinding the investigators who conduct measurements to the type of treatment test subjects receive. This is a double-blind trial. Blinding test subjects allows investigators to assess the placebo effect of a treatment. For example, if 30% of patients in the placebo group show clinical improvement, this means that self-suggestion without any real treatment can improve symptoms of 30% of patients with the disorder in question. Alternatively, this means that 30% of patients with the disorder will improve spontaneously without any intervention, either placebo or treatment, as a result of the natural progression of the disease [32, 33, 904]. If only 30% of patients who receive the active drug show clinical improvement, then the drug in question is no better than a placebo. The drug has no biological effect on patients. If this study were not blinded, then an investigator could incorrectly interpret the 30% response to the drug as a beneficial effect of the experimental drug. Blinding of investigators ensures that investigators’ biases do not influence the results. Suppose an investigator is interested in demonstrating a beneficial effect of an experimental drug (to renew his research grants or get a job promotion). He may inadvertently record results or conduct measurements in such a way as to produce the desired outcome. This is the “observer bias.” On the other hand, if the investigator does not know whether the patients receive a placebo or active treatment, the observer bias will be minimal. At the end of the double-blind trial the investigators will decipher the status of the patients (placebo or active treatment) and will be able to see unbiased results. The results of double-blind randomized controlled trials primarily reflect the effects of the treatment in question. These results are virtually unaffected by biases and irrelevant variables. So, this sort of study is much more trustworthy than clinical trials that are not randomized and not double blinded. Most scientists consider double-blind randomized controlled trials “the golden standard” of clinical trials.

Note that a placebo control can be problematic if the disease in question causes significant suffering to patients. If an effective treatment exists, it is unethical to leave this medical condition untreated. It is also impossible to design a placebo control group for diet studies. A diet change always has some biological effects and therefore cannot serve as a placebo control. A control diet must be either a specially designed diet or no diet, in which case the participants follow their customary nutritional regimen. The former is not a placebo diet because it is different from the customary diet of a test subject and will produce some biological effects from the change of nutrition. The latter (no diet) is not a placebo diet because the test subjects are complying with no particular diet (receive no treatment) and know about it. A placebo is a treatment that produces no biological effect on the medical condition under study. Thus, the participants who receive no treatment are not a placebo control group: they are a no-treatment control group. Despite the absence of a placebo diet, it is still possible to organize a blinded trial of a diet. Scientists can design a control diet and not tell test subjects which of the two diets will produce beneficial effects. These two diets (experimental and control) should be similarly difficult to adhere to. Results of a blinded trial will be more trustworthy than those of an open trial, where participants know whether they are in the experimental or control group. A double-blind trial of a diet is also possible if the investigators who assess clinical change are blinded to the type of diet the patients consume. Researchers can avoid most of the complexities associated with control diets. They can use an open trial and compare the experimental diet to a drug known to be better than a placebo.

Two definitions would be useful here. A response rate of a medical treatment is the percentage of patients who show improvement after receiving this treatment. For instance, if a drug reduces symptoms of a disease in 70% of patients, this means that this drug has a response rate of 70%. A placebo rate of a disease is the percentage of patients in the placebo group who show improvement during a clinical trial.

Even if a placebo control is unfeasible, it is often possible to tell whether the observed benefits of a treatment are due to the placebo effect. A scientist can do this by comparing the response rate to the placebo rate from previous studies with the same disease. In clinical trials with patients with anxiety disorders, placebo rates can be as high as 50%. Therefore, antianxiety treatments that produce improvement in 50% of patients are likely to be no better than a placebo. Some studies have questioned the validity of the placebo effect itself. They show that much of the effect is the natural course of the disease, or spontaneous improvement without any intervention [32, 33, 904, 931]. Comparison of placebo control to no-treatment control in anxiety shows that the difference is insignificant. In patients with anxiety (or depression) an authentic placebo effect is either nonexistent or miniscule, being a result of biases and imperfections of measurement [931]. These data suggest that what people commonly mistake for a placebo effect in patients with anxiety or depression is the irregular course of these diseases. The latter involves numerous and spontaneous improvements and relapses.

Statistical significance is the third important criterion to consider when evaluating strength of evidence. In lay language, the meaning of the term statistically significant is “a result that could not occur by chance” or “not a fluke.” Conversely, statistically insignificant means “likely to be a fluke” or “the result may have occurred by chance.” If a clinical trial shows that the effect of some treatment is statistically insignificant, the evidence of its effectiveness is weak. Statistical significance is not a complicated concept and an example will illustrate how it works. Suppose we have two groups of test subjects and each consists of 10 depressed patients. One group will serve as control and the other as an experimental group in a clinical trial of a novel antidepressant drug. Psychiatrists measure severity of depression using special questionnaires that allow for expressing symptom severity as a numeric value. Let’s assume that the rating of symptoms for most patients in the two groups is a number between 10 (mild depression) and 30 (severe depression). We will also assume that this number is different for each patient in a group. In order to describe how widely the symptoms vary among the patients, we will use a measure called standard deviation. The greater the standard deviation, the wider the range of symptoms in a group. On the other hand, if standard deviation were zero, there would be no variability and all patients would have the same value of the rating of symptoms. Without going into detail about the calculation of standard deviation, let us assume that the variability of symptoms (standard deviation) equals five in each group of patients. Another useful measure that we will need is the average rating of symptoms of depression in each group of patients. This average (also known as “the mean”) equals the sum of the ratings of every patient divided by the number of patients in a group. Let’s say the average rating of symptoms is 20 in each group; this rating means “moderate depression.” A good rule of thumb regarding standard deviation and the average value is the following. Ninety five percent of items in a group are usually within two standard deviations (5 × 2) of the average value (20). In other words, let’s say the average value (the mean) is 20 and the standard deviation is 5. This situation means that 95% of people in this group will have symptoms between 10 and 30 and the remaining 5% of the group are outside this range.

After the clinical trial finishes, we find that treatment with the novel antidepressant drug lowered the average rating of symptoms from 20 to 18 in the experimental group (10 patients). The average rating stayed the same (20) in the control group (another 10 patients), who received a placebo pill. For simplicity’s sake, we will assume that the variability of symptoms among patients stayed the same in both groups after treatment (standard deviation is still 5). We now have everything we need for assessing the statistical significance of the observed beneficial effect of the antidepressant drug. We know the number of patients in each group (10) and the average rating of symptoms after treatment in the control (20) and the experimental group (18). We also know the standard deviation of symptoms in each group after treatment (both are 5). You don’t really need to know the complicated formula used for calculating statistical significance. You can tell if the effect of treatment is statistically significant by eyeballing the above numbers. (Curious readers can find free calculators on the Internet that will determine statistical significance of a study based on the above variables; look for a t-test for two samples.) The beneficial effect of the drug is not statistically significant in our example (the calculator will produce p value greater than 0.05). This result means that the change of symptoms may have occurred by chance. In other words, the evidence of effectiveness of this novel antidepressant drug is weak.

There are two simple reasons for this lack of statistical significance. One is the small size of the effect of treatment compared to the variability of depressive symptoms among the patients. The average rating of symptoms differs by a measly 2 between the treatment group and the placebo group (18 versus 20), whereas variability of symptoms (standard deviation) is a whopping 5 in both groups. The clinical change produced by the drug is less than one half of the standard deviation, which makes this result unimpressive. The other reason for the lack of statistical significance is the small number of participants in the study. We have fewer than 20 subjects in each group: a small number. If, however, exactly the same results transpired with 100 patients in each group, the result would be statistically significant (p value is less than 0.05). In a study that includes a large number of test subjects, random factors are less likely to influence the results. All else being equal, the results will be more statistically significant. Results of a clinical trial are likely to be statistically insignificant when two conditions are true:



The effect of treatment will be statistically significant if the study includes a large number of test subjects and the effect of treatment is greater than a half of the standard deviation of symptoms. If a result is not statistically significant, this does not necessarily mean that it’s a fluke. It can be a valid result, but there is uncertainty whether it’s a fluke or not. A more rigorous (statistically significant) study is necessary to either confirm or refute the validity of the result.

The fourth factor to consider when interpreting evidence from a study on human subjects is the size of the effect of a treatment. Although statistical significance helps us to answer the question “How likely is it that the change observed in patients after treatment occurred by chance?” it does not address the question “How much did the treatment improve the symptoms in the patients?” A result can be statistically significant, but the actual change of symptoms can be tiny, to the point of being imperceptible to the patients. For a treatment to be effective it should produce a change in symptoms that will be noticeable to the patients. A measure known as “clinical change” is useful in this regard. In the example about the novel antidepressant, the drug lowered the average rating of symptoms from 20 (moderate depression) to 18 (also around moderate depression). Let’s say that we repeated the clinical trial of this drug with several hundred patients each in the control and in the experimental group. The results of the trial turned out the same. Now the drop of 2 points in the average symptoms in the experimental group (from 20 to 18) is statistically significant, but it is not clinically significant. Both ratings, 18 and 20, are in the range of moderate depression and the change will go unnoticed by most patients. If, on the other hand, the treatment had resulted in the average rating of 10 (mild depression), then this effect would have been clinically significant. This result means that the treatment would have produced a change noticeable to patients. A useful measure of clinical significance is clinical change. This measure shows how far a given treatment moved the patient along the path from disease to health. Scientists express this measure in percentage points. One hundred percent clinical change means full remission (disappearance of all signs and symptoms of a given disorder) and 0% clinical change means no change in symptoms.

Let’s say we decided to test an older, widely prescribed antidepressant. When tested under the same conditions as above, treatment with the older drug resulted in an average rating of depressive symptoms that equals 10 (mild depression) in the experimental group. In the placebo group, the rating of symptoms equals 20 (moderate depression, unchanged), and the results of the trial are statistically significant. Let’s also assume that the rating of 5 corresponds to mental health, or the absence of depressive symptoms. There are 15 points between the rating of 20 (moderate depression) and 5 (health). The average rating of 10 (mild depression) in the experimental group means that the older antidepressant moved the patients 10 points closer to health (20 minus 10). We will assume that the maximum possible clinical change is 100%, which is equivalent to a change of 15 points from 20 (moderate depression) to 5 (health). We can calculate the clinical change after treatment with the older antidepressant as 10 divided by 15 and multiplied by 100%, which equals 67%. This is a big clinical change. In comparison, the clinical change produced by the novel antidepressant that we talked about earlier is 2 divided by 15 and multiplied by 100%, which equals 13%. This is a tiny clinical change, which will be almost unnoticeable to the patients. Thus, the evidence of effectiveness is strong for the older antidepressant and weak for the newer one.

What about healthy human subjects? How do scientists measure the size of the effect of treatment in studies on healthy volunteers? Usually they use standard deviation. Remember that standard deviation describes how widely a measure (such as IQ) varies within a group of test subjects. Let’s say that the average IQ in a group of 200 volunteers is 100 and the standard deviation is 15 points. According to the formula of standard deviation, this usually means that 95% of people in this group have an IQ within 2 standard deviations (15 × 2) of the mean or average value (100). Put another way, if the average IQ in a group is 100 and standard deviation is 15, then 95% of people in the group have an IQ between 70 and 130. The remaining 5% of the group are outside this range. If some hypothetical treatment can increase the average IQ by 15 points in this group of 200 volunteers, this is a large effect. A change that equals the value of one standard deviation (even 80% of standard deviation) or greater is considered large. A change by one half of a standard deviation is a moderate size of the effect. One-fourth of standard deviation or less corresponds to a small effect size. In summary, we can express the size of the effect of treatment using either standard deviation or clinical change. A small effect size means that evidence of the effectiveness of the treatment in question is weak. The evidence is weak even if the results of the study are statistically significant.

The fifth criterion useful in assessing strength of evidence is publication of the results of the experiment. If researchers publish the results in a peer-reviewed scientific journal, these results are likely to be trustworthy (you can find a good database of scientific biomedical literature at www.PubMed.gov). Each article submitted to a scientific journal undergoes a thorough review by one or more independent experts in the field. Based on this expert opinion, the journal reaches a decision about either publication or rejection of the manuscript. This process is called peer review. The reviewers find fault with every word in the scientific article. Publication of fraudulent results, if an investigation proves this to be the case, has serious consequences for the authors. The journal will report the fraudulent activities to the authors’ employer and research funding agencies. This action may result in the authors’ dismissal, demotion, or loss of research funding. The journal retracts the article containing fraud and has its record deleted from databases of scientific literature (indexing services such as PubMed).

Research results presented in media or publications other than scientific journals are less trustworthy. When researchers present unpublished results at a scientific conference, you have to be skeptical. If a scientist reports biomedical findings in a book or on a personal or commercial website, the data are less trustworthy still. When people publish research data in a book or on a website, nobody performs critical review of the data. Sometimes a publishing house does some review but it is always superficial, and there are no penalties for fraud. There are rare exceptions, such as academic textbooks: numerous experts review them thoroughly and these books do not contain any original unpublished research. Most academic textbooks are a trustworthy source of information. The problem with textbooks is that they become outdated quickly, especially in the biological and health sciences. This state of affairs is due to the lengthy writing, review, and publication process associated with academic textbooks.

Wikipedia is a popular and comprehensive source of information, although authors and editors of the articles are often not experts. These people can feel strongly about an issue and are willing to devote the time to making their opinion count in an article. In my view, Wikipedia is an acceptable source of basic information on topics that are not controversial. The main advantages of Wikipedia over review articles published in scientific journals are the following: {a} Wikipedia articles are available free of charge (there are some freely available scientific articles, too); {b} they usually cover all possible aspects of a topic; and {c} they are written in lay language. The main disadvantages of Wikipedia compared to review articles published in scientific journals are {1} Wikipedia articles on controversial topics (or topics that involve strongly interested parties) are untrustworthy [1062] and {2} quality of sources is often poor: an article may cite some key facts from a book, website, or another non–peer-reviewed source. When you look at a Wikipedia article, think of a group of people or organization that may strongly want to censor or steer the content of the article in a certain direction. Experiments with the Wikiscanner software have confirmed that strongly interested parties indeed secretly edit Wikipedia [1097, 1162, 1303]. In my experience, most reviewers of scientific articles do not allow authors to cite Wikipedia as a source of information. Authors can cite only studies published in peer-reviewed journals for a scientific article’s essential information (definitions, argumentation in favor of a theory, and rationale for a study). This principle raises another important issue. If an author reports research data in a book and a whole study is based on information from other books and similar non–peer-reviewed sources, you can disregard this information as untrustworthy. Citing peer-reviewed sources is one of the main criteria for considering scientific information reliable.

The sixth factor is the track record of the author or authors of the experiment. You need to be skeptical of authors with a proven history of fraud. Authors who have no scientific publications and do not have academic degrees are unlikely to produce valid research data (or they may invent a good method but come up with a bad explanation). QuackWatch is a website that claims to provide information on quackery and health fraud and to help consumers make intelligent decisions regarding various unconventional and conventional medical treatments. In my opinion, the website contains some useful information and a lot of bad information or disinformation. For example, the website used to list the late Robert Atkins as a quack, despite several studies having shown that his diet causes the fastest weight loss among many diets. The website criticizes only alternative medicine and does not address numerous fraudulent activities of pharmaceutical companies and medical device makers. As explained below, readers need to be skeptical of both alternative and conventional medicine, because for the most part, neither is proven scientifically to be effective. There is plenty of deception and self-serving behavior on both sides.

Finally, credibility of a scientific study’s results is higher when the authors do not have financial conflicts of interest (also known as competing financial interests) associated with publication of the study. Let’s say a research article demonstrates beneficial effects of a drug, and the authors are employees of the pharmaceutical company that makes the drug. This article will be less credible than a similar one published by academic researchers with no financial ties to the drug company. Research shows that studies funded by the pharmaceutical industry are more likely to report beneficial effects of a drug produced by the sponsor and to underreport adverse effects [34]. For example, a research article is comparing the effectiveness of drugs A and B. The article is likely to show that drug A is better than drug B if the funding for the study comes from drug A’s manufacturer. Another group of investigators, whose research received funding from the manufacturer of drug B, publishes a similar study. But this paper will report that drug B is superior to drug A. Both articles can use rigorous statistics and methodology, pass peer review, and be accepted for publication in respectable journals. There are real-life examples of this kind of biased research [35], known as the “funding bias.” Even double-blind randomized controlled trials are not always immune from this bias. In 2007, a research division of pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly & Co. published a promising study of a novel antipsychotic drug in a prestigious scientific journal [935]. This double-blind randomized controlled trial included 196 schizophrenic patients and the results were both clinically and statistically significant. Many in the scientific community viewed this study as revolutionary because it reported a new class of antipsychotic drugs, based on a mechanism different from all previous classes of these drugs. Sometime later, in April 2009, Eli Lilly announced that the second trial of this drug in schizophrenia failed to show better than placebo benefits. Thus, either the results of the first clinical trial were a rare coincidence or the funding bias had crept into that first trial. We can conclude that several independent groups of investigators should repeat an experiment and reproduce the findings in order to prove the validity of any type of scientific results. Note that the presence of competing financial interests does not necessarily mean that the reported results are always biased; only that there is a chance that the funding bias is present.

An author’s royalties from a book, for example, by themselves do not constitute a competing financial interest. Authors of scientific articles do not receive royalties from their sale by the publisher, but these authors, nonetheless, have clear economic rewards from publishing. For someone working in academia her amount of published work determines job promotions, access to research funding, and size of salary. Health care authorities do not consider these economic motives conflicts of interest. On the other hand, if a research paper or book presents in a favorable light some product the author sells—this is a competing financial interest. So is promotion of a product made by a company where the author is a shareholder.

To summarize, an experiment will produce strong evidence of a beneficial effect of a treatment (a drug, diet, or medical procedure) if



According to these criteria, most of the evidence from my self-experimentation presented in this book is weak. Let’s say a single participant reports using the mental clarity questionnaire twice: before embarking on the modified high-protein diet and after 3 weeks of the diet. This study has a control group: the subject serves as his own control when tested without treatment, or before the diet. The study, however, is not randomized and not blinded, which is a minus. Even though a placebo control is not always possible in nonpharmacological studies, the author could still conduct a blinded study with a well-designed control diet. The author didn’t do this. He is reporting the results in a book, not in a scientific journal; this is a minus. The book is not directing readers to buy any goods or services from the author and all proposed techniques are nonproprietary (not protected by patents): a plus. The author has some background in biomedical sciences: a plus. The number of test subjects is small (one), and therefore the results are statistically insignificant. But the author claims that if he repeats the experiment 10 times or more, it produces the same result. This approach is somewhat (but not exactly) similar to testing the diet once on 10 different test subjects. These results are more convincing than a single trial on a single person, but the evidence is still weak.

It would be relevant to mention epidemiological studies, a different category of study on human subjects. A detailed discussion of epidemiology is outside the scope of this book (and I am not an expert either). In brief, an epidemiological study conducts no actual experiment but explores in various ways existing statistics about some segments of the population. The goal is to identify correlations (associations) among some factors; for example, between smoking and life expectancy or between consumption of red meat and cancer. Only a tiny minority of these studies can show that one factor is likely to cause the other—the studies that satisfy many or all of the so-called Bradford–Hill criteria [36]. Most show a correlation, not causation. (Reference [37] contains a list of epidemiology-based lifestyle recommendations that scientists refuted by randomized controlled trials.) The mass media occasionally report epidemiological studies in misleading ways. A journalist can report a statistical correlation as a causal relationship, even though the authors of the research paper make no such conclusion. For example, a study may show a correlation between some personal habit and some disease; that is, people who have some habit are more likely to have some disease. Your evening TV news program may report this as “so-and-so habit can cause such-and-such disease” or “such-and-such habit increases the risk of so-and-so disease.” In actuality, if the research article does not prove that the habit is likely to cause the disease, then the reported correlation does not necessarily imply causation. The habit and the disease may have no causal relationship whatsoever between them. A third, unidentified factor can be the real cause of both of them. Alternatively, the disease may have symptoms that make the patients more likely to adopt this habit. In other words, it is the disease that causes the habit, not the other way around. Tobacco smoking and schizophrenia are a good example. Up to 80 to 90% of schizophrenic patients are smokers, but to date, it remains unclear which causes which. Some studies suggest that smoking is a form of self-medication with nicotine by the patients, and thus it is possible that schizophrenia leads patients to smoking.

Keep in mind that a statistical correlation between a habit and a disease is necessary, but not sufficient for the existence of a causal relationship between them. If there is no statistical association between a habit and a disease, then there is a 99% chance that the habit does not cause the disease. On the other hand, if the statistical correlation does exist, then the habit may cause the disease. A randomized controlled trial will be necessary to either prove or refute this hypothesis. We can conclude that one should exercise caution when interpreting results of epidemiological studies.

OK, what you saw above is an idealized or sanitized version of science. In conclusion, I will describe what is really going on, according to my ~12 years in academic science (biomedical research, not on human subjects). I published 13 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals, most of these publications as a first author. I spent about an equal amount of time at Russian and American academic institutions (6 years). From what I have seen, scientific fraud is widespread both in Russia and in the United States. Younger researchers, such as grad students and postdocs, falsify research data because they have to “publish or perish.” Grad students do not have to publish so much as they have to show valid results and defend the doctoral thesis. Professors or heads of laboratories commit fraud because they have to renew their research grants, namely, because the results they publish should match the hypothesis stated in the original grant proposal. If the results do not confirm that hypothesis, then the research funding will not be renewed or will be much more difficult to renew. We are talking about a half a million to a million dollars of research funds lost. Consequently, the grantee’s status at the academic institution will diminish, and he or she may lose lab space and not receive a promotion or tenure.

Among my own publications, I suspect (but cannot prove) that one published paper contains fraudulent results, which were doctored by my lab supervisor in Russia. This is because I had a risky project and ended up with negative results in the lab up to the end of my Master’s program and had nothing to graduate with. My supervisor told me to let him conduct one key measurement alone, which took place in another building. He came back with positive results. After that, I graduated and went to the States where I was already accepted to a PhD program. The other twelve of my publications do not contain fraud as far as I know, but while in the U.S., I asked one journal to retract one paper, which was related to the topic of my PhD thesis and listed me as a coauthor without my permission. The chief editor of this American journal was a friend of the person who doctored the results; this American professor inserted my name into the list of authors without my permission (the fraudulent paper contained some of my results, not fraudulent). The chief editor started asking me questions why I want the paper retracted, but at this moment, the professor in question intervened, and all of a sudden, the chief editor of the journal offered me a deal: to remove my name from the paper (instead of the questions). Not willing to get caught up in an unpleasant and lengthy fraud investigation, I agreed to simply remove my name. About a year later, I changed my mind and submitted a formal complaint about scientific fraud to the same chief editor, requesting retraction of that fraudulent paper. I accused the professor and his postdoc of falsifying the results. The chief editor (to his credit) offered to recuse himself from the investigation, but I let him do it himself. He conducted a laughable investigation and presented me with a ridiculous rebuttal (which made no sense) from the accused professor. The chief editor ruled that my accusations are demonstrably false and the case is closed. The fraudulent paper with bad results is still available for everyone to read, without my name on it. The next step for me was to submit a fraud complaint to the NIH, which provided funding to the accused professor. I dawdled for several months, weighing my options. Then this professor’s daughter committed suicide by jumping in front of a subway train (she had a bipolar disorder for many years; I was introduced to her at his house a few years before). At this point, I decided that he was punished enough; it seemed to me that one more fraudulent paper in the sea of bad science was not going to make much difference anyway. So I dropped this case.

This particular fraud was possible because the professor in question prefers to hire mostly foreigners. My guess is that this approach is convenient because foreigners are totally dependent on the employer for the visa and later immigration procedures and are willing to take a lot of abuse. They cannot quit their job or report fraud without losing the visa and destroying their chances for a green card. Even after the non-American postdoc or grad student leaves the lab and goes to work somewhere else, he or she is still dependent on the American professor for many years later because the professor will be writing various recommendation letters to the immigration authorities, until the foreigner gets a green card. Such a professor hires foreigners and then promotes and rewards those who produce copious results that support the hypothesis of the grant proposal (two or three publications per year is good productivity for a postdoc). Conversely, this professor ousts employees or grad students who produce the results that contradict the funded research projects and thus interfere with renewal of the grants (these negative results are never published). A good half or more of the articles published by such “productive and successful” professors are fraudulent results, which waste the time and efforts of the scientists who will read these papers, not to mention that such “self-renewing” research grants are a total waste of tax-payers’ money. This bad science serves two purposes: (i) to publish as many articles as possible and as quickly as possible for advancement of a researcher’s academic career and to get research funding; (ii) to renew the research grants of this person. On the basis of what I have seen in the places where I worked and in other labs, I would say that 60–80% of research articles contain bad results either because of fraud (~30% of articles) or because of bad methodology (another 30–40% of articles). Note that this figure is still much better than the 99.9% of bad information that you will get from non–peer-reviewed literature, such as nonfiction books and web pages.

My estimates are supported by some recent studies showing that the results of only about 10–30% of scientific studies are reproducible, depending on the field [1028 – 1031]. This means that the other 70–90% of published research is fraudulent, flawed, or both. David Healy, Peter Gøtzsche, and other researchers have exposed various shenanigans of the pharmaceutical industry that distort research results: ghostwriting of scientific articles, permanent inaccessibility of original raw data, selective publication of clinical trials (not publishing trials that yield negative results), miscoding and mislocation of data, the use of statistics to obscure the lack of access to data, misrepresenting adverse effects of drugs as symptoms of the disease, misrepresenting withdrawal effects as a relapse, changing of endpoints after registration of a trial (forbidden for obtaining approval of the FDA but allowed for publication in a scientific journal), incorrect selection of patients for the trial, incorrect duration of a clinical trial, misrepresenting statistical significance as clinical significance when the effect size is too small, analyzing only the patients that completed the trial, analyzing subsets of patients with certain characteristics (more than 20 research articles from a single trial on average: salami slicing), during publication of a multicenter trial: inclusion of data from a site that was disallowed by the FDA, misleading direct-to-consumer advertising, and other methods [35, 457, 1045, 1049 – 1052, 1055, 1057, 1058, 1060, 1067, 1068, 1101 – 1119, 1132, 1139]. Because of these numerous loopholes, double-blind randomized controlled trials (the gold standard of evidence-based medicine) can no longer be considered reliable evidence. An argument can be made that randomized controlled trials do not prove anything because there are too many legal ways to distort their results; so far, I have found 30. For more details, please see the appendix "40 ways to distort the results of a clinical trial and cancer statistics" in my other ebook: Fight Cancer. That book also describes a type of clinical trial that does not require statistical methods. Studies that analyze combined evidence from many randomized controlled trials (so-called meta-analyses) cannot yield valid results if the underlying clinical trials show distorted results. For a long time, meta-analyses have not taken into account conflicts of interest of the authors of clinical trials. Clinical trials that show a small effect size with authors having conflicts of interest should be regarded as bad evidence; this is not the case for the vast majority of meta-analyses. In addition, placebo and double blinding do not work as expected. Patients can often guess that they receive an active drug because of the adverse effects. Patients who were on a similar drug before the trial will experience adverse withdrawal effects if they are suddenly placed in a placebo group; this situation will make the active drug in the treated group look much better than it actually is. Blinding of investigators is not airtight or verifiable because the original raw data are often concealed. The hiding of original raw data makes the evidence from clinical trials untrustworthy, no matter how sophisticated. As a poster (user name “researcher”) on the website Madinamerica.com put it, “Depression drugs are tested by the companies that make them. This is like Pepsi testing if Pepsi is better than Coca Cola or a mobster being judged with only family members in the jury…” To be precise, a pharmaceutical company typically outsources clinical trials to one or more CROs [contract research organizations] but still owns all the original raw data and often keeps them secret, while publishing only processed and embellished results. CROs are not impartial entities, they have major conflicts of interest because they try to please the client. Besides, pharmaceutical companies are openly trying to influence key opinion leaders in various fields of academic medicine and in clinical fields.

The most serious problem is that government regulators are not interested in what pharmaceutical companies and medical device makers publish in peer-reviewed scientific journals directly or through ghost writers. This activity is not monitored and not regulated [1101, 1121, 1122]. For a private company, there is no punishment for publishing fraudulent results (either directly or through ghost writers) in a scientific journal. The worst that can happen is retraction of an article, which is a nonpunishment for a corporation. Scientific journals enjoy advertising revenue from (and large purchases of reprints by) pharmaceutical companies and device makers [1104], and members of the editorial boards of prestigious biomedical journals receive huge payments from the pharma industry and device makers [1108, 1123]. This is a major conflict of interest for scientific journals. We are not dealing with little abuses here and there [1119, 1120]. The whole system is broken, and there are likely to be gigantic distortions of medical science on the order of geocentric universe [1126, 1154, 1155, 1156]. Fake science and disinformation are intended not only to convince you that ineffective and dangerous treatments are safe and effective. Many fake studies are sponsored to "prove" that centuries-tested, effective, dirt-cheap, and safe remedies are "useless" for the obvious reason of eliminating competition [1141, 1142]. Official science is controlled from the top down, not from the bottom up. Prestigious scientific journals can no longer be trusted. Any falsehood declared by high science officials will be accepted by most scientists without question. Just like average people, most scientists believe that the government consists of honest uncontrollable persons and that government secrecy is impossible. In reality, any modern national government is essentially a conspiracy of the ruling elite against the populace and is based on mass deception. The ruling elite only pretends to serve the people, but in actuality, the elite deceives and uses the gullible masses for its selfish purposes. Checks and balances between branches of the government do not work and have never worked; all money and power inevitably accumulate in the ruling elite's faction that is allowed to use force covertly. Thanks to modern technologies, this faction can frame for a crime or physically eliminate anyone anywhere with impunity, without raising any suspicions. Besides, the ruling elite can fabricate or if necessary destroy any proof; consequently, the only tool that can help us to detect deception and propaganda is rules of logic. For more information on this topic, see the end of the section "Several safe diets that can improve mental abilities," point # 5 in section "Social skills versus innate intelligence" (Chapter Six), the end of Appendix VIII, the section "Safe investments" (Chapter Seven), footnote # 13 in Appendix VII, and references therein.

I will briefly describe how the US FDA approves drugs and medical devices. For approval of a drug (or a biologic agent, such as an antibody), the manufacturer has to present two clinical trials showing a statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive result. There can be any number of trials with negative results, i.e., trials showing that the drug does nothing for the patients. If there are 20 negative trials and two positive trials, the drug can be approved, not always. The official requirements do not mention the effect size, i.e., the drug may offer only a miniscule benefit. If you conduct a clinical trial on thousands of patients, then you can achieve statistical significance with minimal effectiveness. All artificial chemicals, that do not occur in nature and which can be patented, have a long list of adverse effects [1131]. When the testing is conducted or controlled by those who sell the drug (which is usually the case), the benefits of the drug are usually exaggerated, whereas its adverse effects are either concealed or downplayed [1049, 1050, 1139]. It should be noted that the FDA panel that reviews the drug application will look at the effectiveness (effect size) and will see all the clinical trials that have been conducted and may not approve the drug if its effectiveness is too low and/or if there are too many serious adverse events. Evaluation of these data is at the discretion of the FDA panel, there are no official requirements regarding effect size. Approval of medical devices is even less strict. Only one clinical trial with a statistically significant result is required (with any number of trials with negative results). In most cases, this premarket approval procedure is not necessary; it is acceptable to demonstrate that the new device is equivalent to an already approved device on the market: the so-called rule 510(k). An unsafe medical device can be easily approved, but removing it from the market will be a difficult struggle of many years for activist patients' groups [1143]. Is this system designed for patient safety of for maximal profits of the healthcare industry? Does this system give conventional medicine the tools that are usually ineffective and dangerous? You be the judge. I will give you an example of an extremely effective, safe, and cheap remedy: valerian root as a sedative. If you don’t believe me, try it yourself. It cannot be patented because it’s a natural substance. The active ingredient is unknown and probably does not exist because this herb works as the whole package. Therefore, there is no economic incentive to conduct large clinical trials trying to prove valerian’s effectiveness. If you prove the effectiveness of valerian in expensive clinical trials, then you won’t have a competitive advantage in the market without a patent. Your investment in clinical trials will be wasted. On the contrary, for pharmaceutical corporations, there is every economic incentive to conduct (i.e., to sponsor) clinical trials “proving” that valerian root does not work in order to eliminate this powerful competitor of patented insomnia drugs. This is exactly what’s been happening [1141]. As a result, the FDA considers the valerian root safe as a dietary supplement but does not allow you to advertise it as a sedative (evidence from clinical trials is “inconclusive”). Thus, we have dangerous, ineffective, and expensive patented drugs officially approved as treatments of insomnia, but a cheap, effective, safe, and centuries-proven (but unpatented) herb is banned. Some readers might say: you’re talking nonsense, this is impossible because we live in a democracy, and the government serves the people, not corporations. I am sorry to disappoint those readers who believe that 1) the world is governed by the forces of good, 2) you can definitely believe mass media, 3) there are no conspiracies in the government, and 4) the government serves the people: all four statements are incorrect.

Unfortunately, you can no longer trust big clinical trials because organizations or people who have enough money to fund these trials have many incentives and opportunities to falsify the results with impunity. The bigger and more expensive clinical trials are more likely to be fake science, especially those that “prove” an expensive patented treatment or “disprove” a cheap and safe unpatented treatment. There are two good examples: antidepressant drugs have been increasingly prescribed in the past decades, but the rates of depression and depression-related disability did not decrease, in fact they increased [1080]. The same is true of statin drugs and cardiovascular diseases. All this despite the megatrials “rigorously proving” the effectiveness of these drugs [1144, 1145].

To filter out fake studies, the following strategy might be useful: If a treatment is safe, cheap, unpatentable, has been used medically for many centuries, and some modern clinical trials (albeit small ones) show that it is effective, then these studies can be trusted because there are no special interests powerful enough to secretly sponsor fake studies on the scale sufficient to shift the scientific consensus. Better yet, don’t wait for scientific proof, try this safe and cheap treatment yourself: this is the best safeguard against fake science. Conversely, studies proving that this treatment does not work are suspicious because there are large incentives for megacorporations to secretly sponsor such studies to eliminate competition. Note that you can disregard the conflict of interest information declared in scientific articles because this information can be falsified by corporations with impunity.

Two large studies have revealed that 75–87% of treatment methods offered by conventional medicine are not proven to be effective, whereas approximately 10% of these methods are likely to cause more harm than good [1063, 1064]. In particular, almost none of the existing surgical methods have ever been rigorously proven to be effective; this is because a placebo and double blinding are difficult to implement in nonpharmacological studies [1066]. The 13–25% of therapeutic methods proven to be effective according to the gold standard of evidence (see above) in actuality are questionable too because this standard is now known to be untrustworthy. Besides, modern medicine overall is among the leading causes of death (adverse effects of prescription drugs, medical errors, unnecessary surgical procedures, etc.) [1050, 1065, 1127]. Therefore, at present, you cannot say that conventional medicine is safer and more trustworthy than alternative medicine. In particular, you can ignore such labels as “quackery” and “health fraud” because only self-serving people throw such terms around without critically examining their own field of medicine (let alone that ad hominem attacks and loaded terminology have no place in a logical debate; let’s not forget about the possibility of astroturfing [1062, 1093 – 1097]).

By my estimates, most methods of conventional medicine cause more harm than good, and you need to be skeptical about both conventional medicine and alternative medicine. There are plenty of unscientific theories and charlatans in both fields. The modern official medicine has advantages in such areas as emergency medicine, dentistry (endnote D1), ophthalmology, physical traumas, and infectious diseases (treatment of viral infections is not effective usually). Remember that lifestyle changes (Appendix VII), vitamin-rich foods, herbs, and herbal extracts are the safest therapeutic methods; next we have natural chemicals (which occur in nature such as vitamins and curcumin), which are less safe for your health; and the last place belongs to invented chemicals (do not occur in nature, e.g., most of patented pharmaceutical drugs), which pose the greatest risks for health [1131], as do surgical methods and many other modalities of conventional medicine. You need to do your own research about every medical treatment that comes your way, for example, you need to find out how long it’s been used, how it’s been tested, and read critical reviews and critical scientific studies.

When choosing a medical procedure, you need to ask yourself 1) Does the author of the procedure or healthcare provider want my money? Can I perform the treatment myself without paying a penny to this healthcare professional or to the inventor? 2) Does the procedure make sense or address the real ultimate cause of the illness that I can understand and verify myself? 3) Will this practitioner turn me into a permanent client of the healthcare industry because the procedure will temporarily relieve the symptoms, while causing new health problems? 4) Is the procedure dangerous: will it do more harm than good? 5) Is it likely that the scientific evidence was corrupted by those trying to sell this method? 6) Do I really have a disease that needs to be treated? 7) Is it possible that I am healthy but the health problem was invented to sell various healthcare products? 8) If the method in question is often called “quackery,” is it possible that it works but is being trashed by powerful competitors?

As you may have guessed, disinterested medicine proposed above is more trustworthy, and seems to be more fraud-proof than the so-called evidence-based medicine, which is inevitably corrupted by the monetary motive. The proposed do-it-yourself approach obviously is not applicable to all known health problems. Here are some examples. Say, you are depressed and you go to see a psychiatrist. One psychiatrist tells you to start a program of physical exercise and make your nutrition healthier and shows you scientific papers proving that this method works [1044, 1056, 1047, 1048]. This psychiatrist tells you that the cause of your depression is most likely your unhealthy lifestyle. The proposed treatment is free (or almost free) and do-it-yourself, and the psychiatrist does not stand to gain financially from the treatment. This psychiatrist shows you how you can get rid of him/her and never see another psychiatrist for the rest of your life. In contrast, another psychiatrist prescribes a brand-new widely advertised antidepressant, with a sizeable price tag. You take it for several months and it doesn’t help, but you developed insomnia, and now this psychiatrist prescribes a different antidepressant instead plus a sleeping pill. After that, you develop several strange adverse effects from this combination: your genitals went numb and you periodically start to experience fits of rage and daily twitching of muscles. You are still depressed. Realizing that the drugs made your health worse not better, you try to stop taking them, but withdrawal symptoms hit you like a ton of bricks, and you are forced to see the psychiatrist again and again, while he prescribes various other drugs. Now you are hooked on the system for many years, generating a steady stream of income for the psychiatrist and for the pharmaceutical industry. Similar realistic examples can be given about hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and other health problems.

Because my PhD specialty is cancer research, I can’t help but give you a relevant example of disinterested i.e. lifestyle-based medicine. It should be noted that distortions of published research in the field of oncology are not as rampant as they are in psychiatric drug trials. Nevertheless, the participants (pharmaceutical companies) are mostly the same. It’s entirely up to you to trust the known cheaters or not. Suppose you have brain cancer. One oncologist schedules a surgical operation (even though there is no scientific proof that benefits outweigh the harm [1066]) and tells you to prepare later for several cycles of cytotoxic chemotherapy. He/she honestly tells you that you will feel like you are dying during chemotherapy. Never mind that you cannot trust research articles published or sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. In the majority of cancers, cytotoxic chemotherapy offers only a modest benefit [1083 – 1091], which is clinically insignificant [1092] and probably not real anyway due to various biases (a small number of types of cancer is an exception). In addition, cytotoxic chemotherapy does not make biological sense because it undermines the immune system, and such drugs are often carcinogens themselves. Thus, the cost of the combined treatment regimen is astronomical, potential benefits are unclear, whereas the harm to health will be substantial and 100% certain. Not being entirely selfless, this oncologist tells you that if you refuse chemotherapy, then you are more likely to die of cancer (he forgets to mention that your risk of death will increase by a few percentage points, for example, from 80% to 82%). You are really scared, and you decide to spend all your savings on the proposed treatment. On the other hand, another oncologist tells you that there is no reliable evidence that surgical resection will improve the outcome [1066], and there is hardly any unbiased evidence that cytotoxic chemotherapy is effective against your type of brain cancer (there are peer-reviewed articles showing a small [1092] benefit of chemotherapy, but most of the authors of each article have conflicts of interest). This oncologist tells you that your cancer is a result of a suboptimal lifestyle (not necessarily an unhealthy one), likely with some genetic predisposition, and you can try several lifestyle changes to enhance your immune system and normalize your metabolism. These changes should either eliminate the tumor or make it innocuous. He prescribes cardio exercise once a day, a raw food diet based on safe raw animal foods (lasting 3 weeks, to be repeated every 2 months), an adapted cold shower twice a day, and a lifestyle that includes various types of hormesis. (For details see Appendix VII and my free ebook “Fight Cancer”). You do not have to pay this oncologist anything for these treatments, except for the consultation and initial tests. This oncologist tells you that if this approach does not help, you can try radiotherapy and/or targeted chemotherapy later. Turns out that you feel better immediately and you decide to not go for any tests or procedures afterwards. You never see this oncologist again. The tumor may still be there or perhaps it disappeared, but it does not bother you anymore.

If you wish to find out whether any particular study offers valid results, you can search the website PubPeer.com, which offers reviews of scientific articles after they were published: so-called postpublication peer review. You can post an anonymous review yourself if you want. PubMed.gov now also allows for commenting on articles. To see the latest news about scientific fraud, visit RetractionWatch.com.

It is worth mentioning that I endorse the scientific method, but I do not automatically agree with every theory or guideline handed down by the scientific and medical establishment. Money, politics, and the way science is currently organized sometimes lead to big distortions and adoption of false theories by the establishment (a good example is the currently rejected theory that dietary cholesterol causes heart disease). Because peer review is not very effective at filtering out flawed studies [1034, 1311], corporations and the government can institute “widely accepted” (but false) theories by funding some types of biased research. Throughout history, there have been numerous false theories widely accepted by scientists and endorsed by the scientific establishment: the caloric theory, miasma theory of disease, geocentric universe, and many others. Now it’s different? No, it’s not. The notion that there are no false theories that are prevailing in science right now is implausible. Wikipedia is a bad source of information [1062], but some articles on noncontroversial topics are useful (see the article “Superseded scientific theories”). Richard Horton, the Editor-in-Chief of a top medical journal, The Lancet, said “The case against science is straightforward: much of the scientific literature, perhaps half, may simply be untrue.” Thus, the best you can do is keep an open mind and do your own research (carefully read each study yourself).

In conclusion, the list below ranks various types of evidence by reliability from the most reliable at #1 (least likely to involve deception; there is rigorous review of evidence and a mechanism of punishment for deception) to the least reliable, at #7 (very likely to contain lies and inaccurate information; there is no punishment for deception):


  1. primary evidence in a criminal investigation (with the chain of custody) such as fingerprints, DNA evidence, or eyewitness testimony; sworn testimony in court or before Congress; classified information or documents that are not declassified officially (instead revealed via whistleblowers or accidental exposure)

  2. a research article in a high-impact peer-reviewed academic journal (“high-impact” means a high impact factor: a measure of prestige, how often the journal is cited on average), a court decision, an officially declassified document or information, a news story (newspaper, TV news) about local or domestic events, a health-related peer-reviewed government website

  3. a government report (a report of some commission, official inflation or unemployment numbers, and the like)

  4. a research article in a low-impact peer-reviewed academic journal (especially a young journal not listed in a popular database in its field of study)

  5. a Wikipedia article, a peer-reviewed academic book (including textbooks, they become outdated quickly)

  6. a nonfiction book published by a big corporate publisher, advertising claims about some product or service

  7. a web page, a self-published nonfiction book or the one published by a small publisher, an interview in news media, a news story (by a domestic news organization) about events in a foreign country, a news story citing an anonymous source


Please keep in mind that evidence in category #1 is not absolute: sometimes, it can be false. Conversely, the evidence in category #7 can be truthful and accurate, but in general, there is high probability that such information is false or inaccurate. There are also some basic rules about the relation between a source and information:



It is also useful to familiarize yourself with popular fallacies: ad hominem, appeal to authority, argumentum ad populum, appeal to ridicule, false analogy, begging the question, false dilemma, hasty generalization, correlation proves causation, cherry picking, moral high ground, and thought-terminating cliché (see the Wikipedia article “List of fallacies”).


Key points


Can mental and physical exercise make you smarter?

Don’t get me wrong, I am not against physical exercise, in fact, I exercise for ~40 minutes four times a week, and there is plenty of evidence that physical exercise is good for health, in particular, it can be used to treat depression and anxiety [1047, 1048]. There are a lot of books claiming that physical exercise and brain training (mental exercises) will improve brain function and make you smarter. These claims are based on statistical or correlational studies ([957, 958] and Table 2 in [959]) and other circumstantial evidence, which cannot prove the point one way or the other. Direct experiments, on the other hand, show that physical exercise programs do not produce consistent benefits in academic performance and intelligence. Physical exercise programs have no effect on IQ scores of people suffering from mental retardation [960, 961]. Numerous studies on healthy children and adults have yielded inconclusive results ([962 – 964] and Table 1 in [959]). If we are talking about becoming smarter, fluid intelligence is the most relevant mental ability. Exercise programs do not improve (academic) fluid intelligence or the improvement is tiny and statistically insignificant [960 – 964]. In the study by Mohamed Elsayed and colleagues [963] the total difference in fluid intelligence before and after an exercise program was not statistically significant (36 test subjects total) and the size of the improvement was miniscule. One component of fluid intelligence out of four remained unchanged, one decreased, and two increased slightly. In the study by A.K. Brown and colleagues [962] an exercise program, which included 82 test subjects, did not produce a statistically significant change in any components of fluid intelligence. According to Table 1 of the article [962], there was a slight increase in two components and a minor decrease in two other components of fluid intelligence in the exercise group. We can conclude from these studies that the cognitive benefits of physical exercise either do not exist or they are too small. Physical exercise will not make you smarter.

There may be some exceptions or qualifications to the above conclusion. Sometimes mental abilities are impaired as a result of a physical illness or a physical disability. In this case, physical exercise may help to restore the cognitive abilities to some extent [896, 965, 966]. This restoration may happen as the result of the improvement of the general state of health (this is recovery from an impairment, not enhancement of the norm). Other studies show that physical exercise has transient effects on some mental abilities, such as information processing speed and attention control [967 – 969]. These effects disappear within one to two hours after a bout of exercise. A recent article shows that an exercise program can improve memory in healthy older people, but the size of the effect is small [970]. Still other studies have demonstrated that professional athletes perform certain tasks (related to their type of sports) more effectively than average people [971 – 975]. Yet the studies listed in this paragraph do not show that physical exercise will increase intelligence of a healthy person.

As for mental exercises or “brain training,” the conclusions are similar. Two large studies in adults have concluded that mental exercises do not improve general mental abilities such as fluid intelligence, short-term memory, attention control and so on [917, 918, 1023]. The benefit is either miniscule or nonexistent. Mental exercises do improve the skills related to the type of exercise that a person performs. In other words, with time and practice, people tend to learn how to perform various mental tasks better and more quickly. Nonetheless, there is no improvement in the general mental abilities and in the performance of mental tasks unrelated to the mental exercises.

There are some exceptions too, which, however, do not change the overall conclusion. One recent study has found that half of children may improve their short-term memory and fluid intelligence as a result of a special type of mental exercises [976]. This benefit was almost undetectable in the other 50% of children and the average improvement in fluid intelligence (all children combined) was small. That mental exercises can improve brain function in some children is an interesting and important finding. Nonetheless, to prove the validity of this finding, one or more independent groups of researchers have to confirm it. In academic science, when a group of researchers reports an exciting finding, other laboratories often show that the results are false. Similarly, Helga and Tony Noice published a research article showing that theater training can improve mental abilities in older adults living in retirement homes [977]. Only a single group of researchers has done this experiment so far, and the study deals with recovery from an impairment, not enhancement of the norm. Numerous other studies fail to show a significant benefit from mental exercises [917, 918, 1023], and we can conclude that mental exercises do not enhance mental abilities in the majority of people.

An analogy with a desktop computer can illustrate this point. Mental exercises are similar to loading more software on the computer and making the computer work harder and longer. This approach cannot improve computer hardware: processor speed, memory, and the size of the hard drive—the characteristics that are “mental abilities” of the computer. Note that certain types of daily mental tasks do produce subtle changes in the brain structure of humans [972, 978]. Yet these alterations are a “change” or “adaptation,” not an “upgrade,” because they do not improve brain function in general. (To continue the computer analogy, if you make the computer work harder, the fan cooling the processor and the indicator of hard drive activity will be constantly on. These changes do not mean that you have upgraded the computer by means of the excessive work load.)

My own experience with physical exercise and brain training leads me to the same negative conclusions. Whereas physical health benefits of physical exercise are indisputable, this approach is unlikely to have any significant effect on intelligence, in the vast majority of cases.


Key points


The natural nutrition theory of intelligence and its limitations

We reviewed some introductory information in the previous sections and now it’s time to introduce the first theory of several presented in this book. First, I would like to refresh your memory on the basics of the theory of evolution. This aside is necessary because the “natural nutrition theory of intelligence” is based on evolution. (Readers can skip the refresher by pressing this link.)

Each form of life (a living organism) inherits traits (features) from its parents and this process involves genes. A mutation in a gene can cause an old trait to disappear or a new one to appear in the offspring. Evolution is the gradual change in living organisms over generations, a process mediated by genetic changes. Life forms of the same species often coexist as a group called a population, which occupies a certain geographic location or an ecological niche. Natural selection is a process of accumulation of those traits within a population that are useful for survival and reproduction of an organism. Natural selection also involves a process of gradual disappearance of the traits that impede successful reproduction and survival. Genetic changes (mutated genes) that provide an advantage to an organism become more widespread within the population because organisms carrying those mutations are more likely to survive and to procreate. The process of natural selection makes a population genetically adapted to its environment. Put another way, most of the individual plants or animals (or other life forms) within the population become well adapted to the environment that the population inhabits. Individuals become more adept at evading predators, at obtaining food, and at digesting the types of food that are present in a given environment. Separate populations of the same species of plants or animals can develop into new species if there is no genetic exchange (crossbreeding) between these populations, or if the genetic exchange is limited. For example, populations can become isolated geographically for an extended period of time that covers hundreds or thousands of generations. This change can form new species (a process called speciation). Charles Darwin was the founder of the evolutionary theory. His seminal work, “On the Origin of Species” (1859), laid the foundation of modern evolutionary biology and the related biological sciences. Later developments in genetics, archaeology, and other sciences led to the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, which is the modern understanding of the process of evolution.

The rate of evolution (the speed of change) varies over time. The current mainstream view is that the rate of evolution is not constant. Evolutionary changes occur by leaps and bounds. Certain periods of time (tens of thousands of years) involve rapid changes, and then follow long periods when little or no change takes place (hundreds of thousands of years). Thus, short periods of rapid change alternate with longer periods of slow change. Nonetheless, evolutionary changes are gradual and take many generations (hundreds or more), even during periods of rapid change. Numerous studies have proven the evolutionary theory, and evolution by natural selection is an accepted fact among professional biologists [38].

Now we can get started on the natural intelligence theory (this is an abbreviation of the “natural nutrition theory of intelligence”). There are two notable differences between the diet of primates (and other animals) in the wild and a typical human diet. The first difference is that a typical human diet in industrialized countries is chockfull of various artificial ingredients that animals do not consume. These include food additives (salt, sugar, vinegar, nitrates, nitrites, monosodium glutamate, and others) and dietary supplements (artificial vitamins, minerals). The second difference is that animals living in the wild consume food that is raw (uncooked), whereas humans consume a predominantly cooked diet. In other words, modern primates [39 – 41] and evolutionary predecessors of humans consume(d) a 100% raw diet that is free of any artificial chemicals [42 – 45]. It seems logical to hypothesize that this sort of diet, or a similar diet, is more “natural” for the human brain than the typical modern diet. The food additives have been present in the human diet for less than several centuries [43], whereas the cooking of food has been with us for about 300,000 years [42, 46, 1022]. From the standpoint of evolution, this amount of time is not sufficient for full genetic adaptation to this novel mode of nutrition. In other words, it is possible that a raw diet that is free of artificial ingredients will improve mental abilities of modern humans. For convenience, we will refer to this diet as the “ancestral diet” throughout the book.

At this point, I should say that a 100% raw food diet containing meat and fish is not safe for modern humans, but there are 100% raw diets that include animal foods and are safe (see Appendix VIII).A According to conventional medicine, raw meat, raw fish, and raw milk carry a risk of infectious diseases (Table 1 below), but you need to be skeptical about conventional medicine as explained in a previous book section. In my view, the health risks of raw animal foods are exaggerated by the medical establishment; with some precautions, you can safely eat some raw animal foods (see Appendix VIII). In general, health risks posed by bacteria and viruses are also exaggerated by conventional medicine (see footnote # 13 in Appendix VII and links therein).


Table 1. Pathogens that can occur in raw animal products, according to conventional medicine. (To skip the table, press this link.)


Pathogen: Campylobacter jejuni (bacterium)

Source: raw beef, poultry, and dairy

Symptoms of infection: abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting


Pathogen: Clostridium botulinum (bacterium)

Source: seafood (such as improperly canned goods; smoked or salted fish)

Symptoms of infection: double vision, inability to swallow, difficulty speaking, and inability to breathe; can be fatal


Pathogen:Clostridium perfringens (bacterium)

Source: raw meats

Symptoms of infection: abdominal cramps and diarrhea


Pathogen: Cryptosporidium parvum (single-celled parasite)

Source: raw dairy

Symptoms of infection: without symptoms or watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, upset stomach, and slight fever


Pathogen: Escherichia coli, strain O157H7 (bacterium)

Source: raw beef and pork

Symptoms of infection: abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting


Pathogen:Giardia duodenalis (single-celled parasite)

Source: raw dairy

Symptoms of infection: without symptoms or diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea


Pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes (bacterium)

Source: raw pork, poultry, dairy, and seafood

Symptoms of infection: abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting


Pathogen: Norovirus (Norwalklike virus)

Source: raw oysters, shellfish

Symptoms of infection: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, headache, and fever


Pathogen: Norwalk virus

Source: raw seafood

Symptoms of infection: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain; headache and low-grade fever may occur


Pathogen: Opisthorchis felineus and Opisthorchis viverrini (flatworms)

Source: raw fresh-water fish

Symptoms of infection: fever, nausea, pain on the right side of the abdomen; possible obstruction of the bile duct


Pathogen: Salmonella (bacterium)

Source: raw beef, pork, poultry, eggs, dairy, and seafood

Symptoms of infection: abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting


Pathogen: Shigella (bacterium)

Source: raw dairy products

Symptoms of infection: nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea


Pathogen: Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium)

Source: raw dairy products, beef

Symptoms of infection: nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea


Pathogen: Taenia saginata (tapeworm)

Source: raw beef

Symptoms of infection: without symptoms or abdominal pain, weight loss, digestive disturbances, and possible intestinal obstruction; irritation of perianal area


Pathogen: Taenia solium (tapeworm)

Source: raw pork

Symptoms of infection: without symptoms or abdominal pain, weight loss, digestive disturbances, and possible intestinal obstruction; irritation of perianal area; infection of some tissues (other than intestines) with larvae is possible and can be fatal if involves central nervous system or heart


Pathogen: Toxoplasma gondii (single-celled parasite)

Source: raw pork, lamb, and wild game

Symptoms of infection: without symptoms or flulike symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes or muscle aches; immunocompromised patients can develop severe toxoplasmosis damage to the eyes or brain


Pathogen: Trichinella spiralis (intestinal roundworm, larvae can form cysts in muscle tissue)

Source: raw pork, wild boar, bear, bobcat, cougar, fox, wolf, dog, horse, seal, and walrus

Symptoms of infection: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain, followed by headaches, eye swelling, aching joints and muscles, weakness, and itchy skin; severe cases difficulty with coordination, heart and breathing problems, can be fatal


Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae (bacterium)

Source: raw seafood

Symptoms of infection: without symptoms or symptoms of cholera severe diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps; severe dehydration and death can occur without treatment


Pathogen: Vibrio parahaemolyticus (bacterium)

Source: raw shellfish, other seafood

Symptoms of infection: chills, fever, and collapse


Pathogen: Vibrio vulnificus (bacterium)

Source: raw shellfish, other seafood

Symptoms of infection: chills, fever, and collapse


Pathogen: Yersinia enterocolitica (bacterium)

Source: raw meats and seafood

Symptoms of infection: bloody diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting

Going back to the natural diets of animals in the wild, the first primates appeared 60 to 70 million years ago. Humans belong to the order of primates, although we appeared much later in the course of evolution. All known mammals living in the wild today including primates consume a raw diet consisting of plants, animals, or both. For a brief period after birth they consume mother’s milk. They do not consume artificial ingredients (pure chemicals such as food additives and dietary supplements) aside from those that enter their diet by accident through environmental pollution. Early hominids or “great apes” appeared approximately 15 million years ago and were the evolutionary predecessors of Homo sapiens. Great apes most likely consumed a diet that resembles the natural diet of modern chimpanzees: raw plants, raw meat and fish and no dairy at the adult age [39 – 41]. These early hominids most likely did not consume any artificial ingredients because they did not know how to manufacture those chemicals. Homo species did not know cooked food until predecessors of Homo sapiens mastered cooking with fire about 300,000 years ago [42, 46, 1022]. These immediate predecessors as well as the first Homo sapiens (who appeared approximately 100,000 years ago) started consuming cooked food, but there is no evidence that they consumed any artificial ingredients. (I should say that some evidence suggests that there was an intervention into human evolution [1159, 1160].) Domestication of cattle and cultivation of wheat 10,000 to 11,000 years ago led to consumption of dairy by humans at adult age and widespread consumption of cereal grains [43]. Humans started consuming salt, one of the first pure chemicals in the diet, approximately 6000 B.C. [47]. A small number of chemicals, such as potassium nitrate (a preservative), entered the Western diet during the Middle Ages. A large influx of various artificial ingredients into the human diet (several hundred food additives, at last count) occurred during the Industrial Revolution in the last several centuries. During this period, the manufacture of sophisticated chemicals came into its own. In summary, cooked food entered the diet of humans approximately 300,000 years ago, whereas most of the artificial ingredients entered the Western diet during the last several centuries. By “Western diet” or “modern diet” I mean the diet recommended by official food pyramids, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s MyPlate.

To sum up, Homo sapiens (appearing approximately 100,000 years ago) had evolved from hominids or great apes (appearing approximately 15 million years ago). During this process, these primates stayed on a diet that was 100% raw and free of artificial ingredients (the “ancestral diet”). Cooked food appeared earlier than the first Homo sapiens did (300,000 years ago versus 100,000 years ago). Nonetheless, the fact remains that it took roughly 15 million years for the Homo sapiens species to evolve from the earliest hominids. Most of that evolutionary time, these primates lived off a raw diet free of any artificial chemicals.

Evolution by natural selection ensures that a species becomes well adapted to its environment, including the food available in that environment. Homo sapiens must be well adapted genetically to the type of nutrition that was characteristic of the hominids during the past 15 million years. Therefore, it seems logical to theorize that the human brain will function optimally on the ancestral diet. Conversely, it is conceivable that the human brain is not well adapted to nutrition that includes cooked food and artificial ingredients. This is because cooking and artificial chemicals are recent innovations from the standpoint of evolution. It may take several million years of natural selection for humans to adapt genetically to this new mode of nutrition. Right now, the process of natural selection is ongoing. Unnatural nutrition is similar to putting the wrong kind of fuel in the gas tank of a car [48]. According to this theory, if we compare two random diets, the human brain will function worse on a diet that is more cooked (i.e., the percentage of cooked food in the diet is higher). The brain will be worse off if the cooking involves higher temperatures or if the diet contains greater amounts of artificial chemicals. In a concrete and testable form, the most basic assumption of the natural intelligence theory is the following.


The ancestral diet (for example, a 100% raw diet that consists of fruits, vegetables, nuts, safe raw animal foods, and excludes any artificial ingredients such as food additives and dietary supplements), when used for 4 to 7 days, will improve fluid intelligence.


A safe version of the ancestral diet is described in Appendix VIII. Endnote B describes possible approaches (such as pascalization) that will make any raw animal foods safe in the near future. As you will see in later sections, I tested the above statement on myself repeatedly and it appears to be true. I developed several “smart diets” that are safe and as effective or even more effective than the ancestral diet at different types of tasks. We will talk about these diets in detail in a later section of this chapter. There is an implication of the natural intelligence theory:


The more similar a diet is to the ancestral diet, the greater the improvement of intelligence that this diet will provide.


A lower percentage of cooked food in the diet, a lower temperature of cooking, and the exclusion of artificial ingredients will all make a diet more similar to the ancestral diet.

One piece of evidence that supports the natural intelligence theory is the research on the nutrition of infants. One study shows that infants who received “unnatural food” (i.e., baby formula) have an IQ when they grow up that is about 5 points lower compared to infants who consumed “natural food” (i.e., the mother’s milk) [49]. Another statistical study shows that infants who eat a healthy diet tend to have higher IQ scores at age 4 compared to infants consuming an average mixed diet [846]. There are other studies supporting the natural intelligence theory [826, 837, 838, 858, 863, 866, 908, 943]; we will discuss them later in this chapter.

I developed the natural intelligence theory independently. After some research, I found that it has some similarities to the theory behind the Paleolithic diet developed by brilliant researchers S. Boyd Eaton, Melvin Konner, and Loren Cordain [50, 51]. Both theories involve the concept of an ancestral diet that humans had adapted to in the course of evolution. Both theories imply that humans did not have sufficient evolutionary time to adapt to the modern diet, which is different from the ancestral diet. According to its authors, the Paleolithic diet (or Paleo diet) is the diet of humans during the Stone Age, or more than 11,000 years ago. It excludes foods that entered the human diet with the widespread adoption of agriculture: dairy, grains, legumes, and most food additives as well. The theory behind the Paleolithic diet suggests that the ancestral diet of humans consisted of cooked meat and fish, raw and cooked fruits and vegetables, and nuts. Note that documented fossil evidence of meat consumption by hominids dates back 3.4 million years [922]. Some evidence emerged recently that humans consumed cereal grains during the Stone Age, approximately 30,000 years ago [923]. For a critical overview of the Paleo diet, see the presentation by Christine Warinner: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMOjVYgYaG8

There are several differences between the Paleolithic diet theory and the natural intelligence theory. None of the statements below represent criticism or a desire to demonstrate that “my theory is better.” First, the natural intelligence theory deals with mental abilities and ignores physical health implications of the diet. Second, the natural intelligence theory does not prescribe any specific proportions of macronutrients (fat, protein, and carbohydrates) in the diet. On the other hand, the authors of the Paleolithic diet believe that the ancestral diet contained well-defined proportions of macronutrients that a person should comply with in order to achieve optimal health. The latest proportions published by these authors are the following (by calories): 35% fats, 35% carbohydrates, and 30% protein. As you will see in later chapters of this book, the natural intelligence theory allows for wide variations in the proportions of macronutrients. These proportions can range from protein-free and low-fat to high-protein and high-fat diets, depending on a task in question. Third, the Paleolithic diet ignores the implications of cooking. This position is justified because the switch from an all-raw diet to a partially cooked diet (about 300,000 years ago) occurred well before the adoption of agriculture (11,000 years ago). Fourth, the authors of the Paleolithic diet assume that saturated fat is bad for health and therefore lean animal products are preferable. The natural intelligence theory takes no position on saturated fat. As you will see in a later section of this chapter, there is plenty of evidence that saturated fat has no adverse effects on health. Thus, either exclusion or inclusion of foods that contain lots of saturated fat is optional, according to the natural intelligence theory. Fifth, the theory behind the Paleolithic diet suggests that dairy products and cereal grains are unnatural for humans because they appeared in the human diet recently (in the last 10,000 years, the agricultural era). The natural intelligence theory, on the other hand, suggests that a person can include novel foods of natural origin (plants, animals, mushrooms, milk, and so on) in the diet if one or more of the following conditions are true.


  1. These novel foods do not contain substances toxic to humans in the raw form and are free of artificial ingredients.

  2. Cooking at a moderate temperature (at 100°C or below) or pasteurization does not result in formation of undesirable chemicals. (There is evidence that this is true of fruits, vegetables, and dairy.)

  3. Practical testing shows that these novel foods do not worsen psychological well-being or mental performance in the short term.


In most cases, one can verify the latter condition by following a monodiet for 3 days or longer (Appendix III). My personal experience suggests that raw extract of wheat and raw milk (and raw dairy) are nutritious and do not have negative effects on mental abilities. Yet these foods do not fit the strict definition of ancestral food. As explained later, boiled grains are useful for some mental tasks. Yet boiled grains contain undesirable chemicals and do not fit the criteria of either the natural intelligence theory or the Paleolithic diet.

The seeming simplicity of the natural intelligence theory is attractive, but careful examination reveals that it has a number of important limitations. (Readers can skip the detailed discussion of the limitations and read about them in the key points later: press this link to jump to the end of this section.)


  1. Humans may have adapted to cooked food, at least partially, through natural selection during the last 300,000 years (corresponding to the use of fire for cooking) [46, 1022]. Humans most likely did not have sufficient evolutionary time to adapt to the numerous artificial chemicals that entered the human diet a few centuries ago [43]. Put another way, cooked food may be “somewhat natural” to modern humans, while food additives are still “unnatural.” There are genetic differences among individual human beings, and some people can function well on the modern “unnatural” diet. It is also impossible to determine with any degree of certainty what a “natural diet” of Homo sapiens is. Studies suggest that contemporary primitive diets vary in their composition, even when free of artificial ingredients. Examples include diets that consist mostly of plant foods and diets that consist almost exclusively of animal products (for example, the diet of Eskimos) [1161]. These observations suggest that humans are adapted to diets that vary widely both in their content of plant or animal food and in their proportions of macronutrients. There are segments of the world population consuming high-fat and low-fat, high-protein and low-protein, all-flesh, and 99%-plant diets (some African tribes) [1161]. For the sake of convenience, “natural nutrition” in the context of this book means a diet that is raw or almost raw and free of all artificial ingredients. Keep in mind, however, that many different diets can fit the criteria of “natural nutrition” as just defined. Some people can function well on the modern conventional diet, as if it were a “natural diet” for them. Therefore, it is difficult to say exactly what a “natural diet” for humans is.

  2. Raw animal products carry a risk of infectious diseases [52 – 54] (Table 1). During the last 300,000 years (the cooking era), the human immune system may have grown unaccustomed to the pathogens that occur in raw animal foods such as meat and fish. Therefore, the immune system cannot always provide adequate defense against such pathogens, but this problem is easy to solve with some precautions (see Appendix VIII). As I mentioned above, conventional medicine grossly exaggerates the health risks of raw animal foods. Northern peoples such as Chukchas and Inuit consume raw animal foods on a daily basis and do well on this sort of diet [55 – 58]. Another obstacle for the raw diet is that many, but not all, raw animal foods are socially unacceptable in most cultures. This state of affairs will change when all raw animal foods become safe in the near future. Endnote B describes possible technological developments (such as pascalization) that will ensure the safety of all uncooked animal products. Some raw animal foods are socially acceptable today: raw tail fat, scallops, oysters, eggs, raw milk, and others (see Appendix VIII).

  3. At first glance, prescription drugs are “artificial ingredients” in the diet because most drugs are pure chemicals. The fourth limitation of the natural intelligence theory is that people with chronic illnesses who take medication will not always improve their mental abilities if they discontinue the medication abruptly. Some drugs have to be tapered off for a long period. Illness (such as withdrawal effects) usually causes a drop in IQ scores. There is enough evidence that that the vast majority of prescription drugs are unnecessary, and their use is based on false theories [1050, 1145] (also see Appendix I in my other ebook, "Fight Cancer"). A number of physicians and biomedical researchers have expressed concern over how pharmaceutical companies are developing and marketing drugs. In many cases, the benefits of pharmaceutical drugs are exaggerated, whereas adverse effects are not fully and honestly reported by their makers. This is especially true for psychiatric drugs [35, 457, 1045, 1046, 1049 – 1055, 1057, 1058, 1060, 1067, 1068, 1080 – 1082, 1088, 1098, 1101, 1109, 1111 – 1118, 1128, 1130]. For this reason, prescription drugs should have a much smaller place in health care than they do today. It should be noted that I also do not recommend many alternative or natural therapies (see a chapter on this topic in my other ebook, "Fight Cancer").

  4. The natural intelligence theory implies that there are “natural” and “unnatural” types of food. One can argue that humans and everything they produce are a part and product of nature (according to the evolutionary theory). Therefore, all types of modern human food are “natural,” including junk food. For simplicity’s sake, “unnatural food” in this book means food that contains food additives, has gone through complex chemical processing, or has undergone cooking at temperatures above 100°C (212°F). This distinction is arbitrary and a convenience in the context of this book. Nonetheless, this definition of “unnatural food” is based on evidence presented in the next two sections of this chapter.

  5. This book’s diets contain some food products that may appear to be “unnatural.” For example, adult animals in the wild do not consume dairy, but some of the proposed diets include milk. You could also say that buttermilk and kefir are “unnatural” because they are processed foods (cultured with special bacteria). Water extract of grains, vegetable oil, and cheese are “processed foods,” and thus may also appear to be “unnatural.” In my defense, I consider these food products “natural” because they are animal- or plant-source foods (natural origin) that did not undergo complex chemical processing. Culturing of milk with special bacteria (kefir and buttermilk) is “natural” because it can occur in dairy products without human intervention. Removal of insoluble indigestible components (for example, juicing; water extract of wheat lacks insoluble fiber) does not affect chemical composition of nutrients. Therefore, this method also belongs in the “natural” category.

  6. Nutrition is a social activity in most cultures, and numerous conventions and implicit rules govern this activity. A diet, however attractive it may be in theory, can cause problems in social relations of the dieter if this diet violates acceptable norms of behavior in a given social context. The natural intelligence theory is consistent with the idea that a person does not have to follow a strict diet on a permanent basis. This is because even a temporary improvement of mental abilities can have long-term benefits. For example, a person may decide to follow a strict diet for several days or weeks and can come up with a detailed plan for the upcoming several months. Although good mental clarity is necessary for the planning phase, it is not as crucial for execution of the plan. Based on my experience, you can achieve sufficient improvements in mental abilities if you follow a strict diet for several days a week or 1-2 weeks per month. Most of the time, you can follow some conventional dietary regimen, such as Harvard’s Healthy Eating Plate [61]. A diet should not create more problems than it is supposed to solve. I should say that it is easy to adhere to a strict diet for many months if you live alone or with a person(s) who follows a similar diet. You may consider renting a separate apartment for 1 or 2 months to improve mental clarity and to solve some problem.

  7. Some types of raw food (for example, potatoes and mushrooms) contain toxic substances, which the cooking destroys. Thus, “raw” does not always mean “better.”

  8. Food that is free of artificial ingredients and is raw or cooked at moderate temperatures is not the most delicious food. (For somebody who is accustomed to this sort of nutrition, the taste can be pleasant.) With some resourcefulness and the right recipes (Appendix I), you can make this “smart food” delicious. In other words, food can have both a pleasant taste and a beneficial effect on mental abilities—it does not have to be either–or. Despite their negative effects on mental abilities, food additives and sophisticated cooking methods can make food pleasurable. Enjoyment of tasty food is often a “social ritual” and is one of the important sources of pleasure in life. The key is keeping appetite under control when consuming tasty food and keeping the proportion of junk food in the diet under 2%. The last section of this chapter describes some techniques for controlling appetite and restricting consumption of food.

  9. Dietary fiber supplements are a special category of nutritional supplements that are indigestible by humans. Therefore, people can use these supplements without any fear that they may adversely affect mental state. These include microcrystal cellulose, psyllium husks, and other indigestible types of dietary fiber (be careful with digestible types of fiber, such as apple pectin). In your alimentary tract, the action of indigestible fiber is purely mechanical (propulsion and lubrication). Fiber supplements are useful in the context of high-protein diets, as we will see in subsequent chapters. You could say that fiber supplements such as psyllium husks and water extract of raw wheat are “natural” rather than artificial components of the diet. This is because people prepare them by means of a simple mechanical process.

  10. The natural intelligence theory does not address the stuff applied to the body externally, such as balms, cosmetics, antiperspirants, and the like. These substances are absorbed through the skin and affect physical and mental health. For instance, sunblock is bad for health, and instead, you should cover your skin with clothes or stay in the shade to avoid excessive sun exposure (moderate sun exposure is good for health). My point is that artificial substances should not be applied to the skin or should be taken into account when the natural intelligence theory is tested.


The natural intelligence theory has several implications. First, complete exclusion of all artificial ingredients from the diet (with some of the above exceptions) is safe and feasible and will improve intelligence, according to this theory. Second, food that is cooked at moderate temperatures (e.g., by boiling or steaming) will be more beneficial for mental abilities than food cooked at high temperatures (for example, by frying, baking, or grilling). This is because the high temperature treatments cause greater changes in the chemical composition of food, making it less “natural,” as it were.

If the natural intelligence theory has any validity, there should be evidence that cooking of food and the presence of artificial ingredients in the diet can worsen mental abilities. The next two sections review this evidence.


Key points


Artificial ingredients in the diet and their effects on mental performance

Let me clarify the meaning of the term “artificial ingredients.” The word “artificial” means in this context that humans used a sophisticated chemical process to create these ingredients. For example, sugar beets may be a man’s doing, but they do not undergo a sophisticated chemical process. Therefore, sugar beets are not an artificial ingredient. On the other hand, refined sugar is an artificial ingredient. Many of these artificial ingredients are pure chemicals and can be called “food additives.” This book uses the terms “artificial ingredients” and “food additives” interchangeably. Dietary supplements such as artificial vitamins and minerals are also in the category of artificial ingredients. Vitamins and minerals are often called “micronutrients” in order to distinguish them from macronutrients (carbohydrates, fat, and protein).

There is a long list of food additives (several hundred) that the health authorities have approved as safe to add to food in small amounts. This list includes categories of chemicals such as acidity regulators, anticaking agents, antifoaming agents, antioxidants, color retention agents, emulsifiers, firming agents, flavor enhancers, flour treatment agents, food acids, food coloring, gelling agents, glazing agents, humectants, improving agents, mineral salts, preservatives, propellants, seasonings, sequestrants, stabilizers, sweeteners, thickeners, and vegetable gums. The additives that are most familiar are refined sugar (sucrose) and table salt (sodium chloride). Wikipedia is a bad source of information [1062], but some articles on noncontroversial topics are useful (see the article entitled “List of food additives.”)

Food additives do not have adverse effects on physical health at doses present in food products that you find in a grocery store. For this reason, regulatory agencies, such as the United States Food and Drug Administration, have approved these chemicals as safe for use in food products. Nonetheless, many food additives can have subtle effects on the functioning of the central nervous systemG in laboratory animals and in humans, as discussed below. (Readers can skip the detailed discussion of this topic and jump to the key points: press this link.)

Before discussing the effects of food additives on mental abilities, I should say that readers need to view the results of the studies below with caution for two reasons. The first reason is that the dose of a given food additive in animal studies is not always equivalent to the dose that an average human receives with food. The second reason is that the physiology of laboratory animals, most often rodents, is not identical to human physiology. Therefore, research findings of adverse effects of a given chemical in rats are not always applicable to humans, although, usually, they are applicable to humans. It is not my purpose here to scare the reader into adhering to some diets by fearmongering and exaggerating undesirable effects of food additives. Rather, this text is trying to make a point that a temporary elimination of food additives from the diet should improve mental abilities. But if you choose not to follow my advice and continue to consume food additives as usual, you are not going to become stupid or mentally ill. The research into the effects of food additives on mental state remains controversial, and you need to be careful when interpreting the results of such studies.

One of the pioneers of the research into the effects of food additives on human behavior was Dr. Benjamin Feingold, whose main area of expertise was allergies in children. In his clinical practice in the 1960s, he noticed that elimination of some food additives from the diet of children can not only reduce allergic reactions but also improve the behavior of some children. His initial studies were promising and he advanced the “Feingold hypothesis.” This theory suggests that some food additives such as food coloring agents, artificial flavors, some preservatives (BHA, BHT, TBHQ), and aspartame can cause hyperactivity in children. This hyperactivity is known today as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD. Subsequent studies by others, who tried to reproduce the findings of Dr. Feingold’s research team, failed to support the hypothesis. (The Feingold diet did show some improvements in other components of child behavior.) The Feingold diet showed benefits in open experiments, where the participants or those recording the results knew whether a patient received the active treatment or the control treatment. This diet, however, provided little or no benefit to children with ADHD in blinded clinical trials. In those studies, the participants or those recording the results did not know whether a patient received the active or the placebo treatment. Put another way, we can attribute most of the initially reported benefits of the Feingold diet to the placebo effect and the observer bias. Studies of children on the Feingold diet, where scientists added one of the food additives back to the diet, failed to show negative behavioral changes in response to the suspected chemicals. Nevertheless, more recent studies, where researchers added a cocktail of several food additives to the diet, did show that food additives can contribute to hyperactive behavior in children [62, 63]. These were rigorous studies known as randomized controlled trials, and many of them were double-blind randomized controlled trials. The latter are “the golden standard” of clinical research.

For example, one study shows that a cocktail of several food additives, when ingested at realistic doses, contributes to inattentive/hyperactive behavior in children [63]. They tested two different cocktails: one contained approximately 70 mg daily of the mixture of sunset yellow, carmoisine, tartrazine, ponceau 4R, and sodium benzoate. The second cocktail contained approximately 110 mg daily of the mixture of sunset yellow, carmoisine, quinoline yellow, allura red AC, and sodium benzoate. The amounts of each cocktail were smaller for 3-year-olds. This experiment was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial that included approximately 270 children total. The authors concluded that a mixture of food additives commonly present in food can increase symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity in children. The finding was statistically significant, but the magnitude of the negative effect of food additives was modest. The observed modest effect cannot account for the large difference in symptoms between healthy children and children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [63]. An earlier study by the same group of researchers reached similar conclusions [62]. In 2004, a review of studies of the effects of food additives on hyperactivity in children identified 8 high-quality, well-designed clinical trials. That review reached the same conclusions: a) food additives have a noticeable, statistically significant effect in that they increase hyperactivity/inattention in children; b) the magnitude of the effect is small and cannot explain the symptoms of children with ADHD [64].

Recent studies of “elimination diets” or “a few foods diet” show that these diets can work as a treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [65 – 67]. These diets exclude all food additives and consist of a small number of food products that rarely cause food allergies. (The Feingold diet eliminates some but not all food additives and imposes fewer restrictions on food products.) One study investigated effects of an elimination diet consisting of rice, turkey, lamb, vegetables, fruits, margarine, vegetable oil, tea, pear juice, and water [67]. Seventy percent of children with ADHD showed significant improvements on this diet. This magnitude of effectiveness is comparable to the effectiveness of ADHD drugs. The control group did not follow any particular diet and thus was a no-treatment control.

This and earlier similar clinical trials were “open” studies, where test subjects and people assessing the symptoms (parents and teachers) knew which children were in the control and the experimental groups. Therefore, there is a chance that the results of this study contain a bias. For example, if some parents or teachers opposed the widespread pharmacological treatment of ADHD, they could inadvertently make the effects of the elimination diet look better than they were. As we saw in an earlier section of this chapter, it is possible to eliminate this bias. One option is to design a control diet and to conduct a blinded clinical trial where participants do not know which diet is supposed to have therapeutic effects. Another option is to compare the elimination diet with a drug known to be better than a placebo in ADHD patients. Open trials of diets that Benjamin Feingold conducted four decades earlier showed promising results, but later, blinded clinical trials by other investigators failed to confirm those results. Nonetheless, in principle, the results from clinical trials of elimination diets are in agreement with the recent rigorous studies of mixtures of food additives that we reviewed in the previous paragraph.

There are some studies that investigated possible benefits of elimination diets in autism, a brain disorder in the category of pervasive developmental disorders. The main symptom of autism is impaired social interaction, among other problems. A review of these reports concluded that the quality of these clinical trials was inadequate and further research is needed to obtain conclusive results [68].

Still other studies have investigated the effects of individual food additives on healthy humans and laboratory animals. Many of these chemicals are different from the additives that were the focus of Benjamin Feingold’s research. These other studies show that some food additives can impair learning, memory, alertness, or activity level. The list of the artificial ingredients that may have undesirable effects on mental state includes erythrosine, iron, leucine, magnesium sulfate, monosodium glutamate, nitrates, nitrites, propionic acid, propylene glycol, refined sugar (sucrose), and stannous chloride. Some of the studies below used the amounts of food additives that are comparable to the amounts that modern humans ingest with food. In this case, the evidence suggests that those additives can have undesirable effects on humans. Most of the studies discussed below used the amounts of a given food additive that far exceed the dose that a modern human being normally ingests with food. These studies fail to prove that food products containing those additives have undesirable effects on mental health. Yet these studies do show that, in principle, pure chemicals (artificial ingredients) can cause detrimental consequences when ingested in large amounts. In other words, this research shows that “unnatural” or unusual types of food, such as large amounts of a pure chemical, can have negative effects on functioning of the brain. (Note that many species of plants and mushrooms are poisonous to humans and thus also represent “unnatural” food.)

One study investigated the effects of erythrosine, a cherry-pink synthetic food coloring, on the behavior of rats [69]. Erythrosine affects metabolism of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, which regulate attention, motivation, and activity level among other things. The study showed that erythrosine had no detectable effect on behavior of the rats at the (low) doses comparable to human intake of this dye with food. High doses of erythrosine did produce changes in the behavior of the rats. These changes resembled the effects of drugs that exacerbate symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The authors concluded that erythrosine may affect metabolism of several neurotransmitters in the brain. Another conclusion was that relevant (low) doses of erythrosine have no detectable effect on the activity level or other components of behavior relevant to ADHD.

Other studies investigated the effects of iron, which food companies often add to breakfast cereals or bread in order to “fortify” them. To be precise, iron is not a food additive but a nutritional supplement. In one experiment scientists injected adult rats daily with 2.5 mg/kg and higher doses of iron. The scientists then subjected the rats to a battery of tests assessing learning and memory [70]. All doses showed impaired learning starting on day 3 of the experiment. The lowest dose in this study exceeded the recommended daily allowance of iron by about 10-fold. It is unclear whether the results of the experiment are applicable to food products fortified with small amounts of iron. Note that a finding of an adverse effect at a large dose does not necessarily mean that a lower dose will have a similar effect of smaller magnitude. In biological systems, a smaller dose can have no effect at all, or it may have a different, even beneficial effect [71, 72]. Two other studies on rats investigated the effects of large doses of iron, about 40 times the recommended daily allowance for humans. The results showed that iron can impair some components of memory function, such as novel object recognition [73, 74].

Leucine is an amino acid used by the food industry as a flavor enhancer. Bodybuilders use it as a food supplement. One study showed that injection of large amounts of leucine can impair learning in young rats [75]. This negative effect is unlikely to be relevant to the amounts of leucine that can be present in food. Yet this effect is relevant to some bodybuilders who gorge on leucine.

Magnesium sulfate is an acidity regulator and firming agent. The food industry also uses it as a coagulant to make tofu cheese. Large amounts of magnesium sulfate can act as a laxative and may cause diarrhea, and can also temporarily impair attention and working memory in humans [76]. A study on rats showed that large doses can impair learning [77]. These findings are unlikely to be relevant to the small amounts of this substance present in human food. As mentioned above, a finding of an adverse effect at a large dose does not necessarily mean that a lower dose will have a similar negative effect of smaller magnitude. The lower dose may have no effect or a different kind of effect. The readers who are interested in unusual effects of low doses can do some research on the term “hormesis” [71, 72].

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer used by the food industry. Research shows that large doses of MSG (2,000 to 4,000 mg/kg) reduce activity level in mice [78] and can impair learning in young rats [79, 80]. These findings may not be relevant to the small amounts of MSG (well below 100 mg/kg) that humans can ingest with food.

To meat products the food industry often adds nitrates, such as sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate, as preservatives and color fixatives. Large doses of nitrates, which can serve as a treatment of angina pectoris, can cause headaches in susceptible people [81]. This observation is not in the category of effects on mental state, but it is worth mentioning. This negative effect may not be applicable to the small doses of nitrates present in food products. Sodium nitrite is a related food additive that the food industry uses as a preservative and color fixative. A large dose of sodium nitrite (55 mg/kg), which is unattainable with the amounts present in human food, can reduce activity level of rats [82]. A smaller dose of this substance (11 mg/kg) can impair learning in rabbits [83]. The latter dose is achievable in humans with daily consumption of large amounts of processed meats. Propionic acid is another preservative, and large doses of this substance impair mental performance in rats [84]. This negative effect may not be applicable to the doses normally present in food products.

Propylene glycol is a humectant and a solvent for other food additives and drugs. One clinical case report described a patient who had a history of recurrent treatment-resistant epileptic seizures [85]. After analyzing the blood work and other laboratory data, the authors concluded that the seizures were the result of propylene glycol poisoning from the patient’s favorite fruit drink. After the patient stopped consuming the suspected fruit drink, seizures never occurred again. This single observation in no way constitutes rigorous proof that small amounts of propylene glycol can cause seizures. The above patient most likely consumed excessive amounts of this substance, enough to change the concentration of total protein in blood. The authors stated that the shift in blood protein concentration in all likelihood was the main cause of seizures. There is an additional possible explanation. One study shows that propylene glycol can enhance the release of a brain chemical called dopamine from neurons [86]. At high doses, dopamine-releasing drugs such as amphetamine can cause seizures [87]. Thus, increased release of dopamine in the brain of that patient could also be responsible for the seizures.

Stannous chloride is a color retention agent and antioxidant. Large doses of this chemical can either stimulate or depress the central nervous system in laboratory animals, depending on the context [88]. It is unknown if the small doses of stannous chloride present in human food can have any psychotropic effects on humans.

Refined sugar (sucrose) is a famous and controversial food additive. Early studies suggested that consumption of sucrose can contribute to “inappropriate behavior” in children [89, 90]. Some other studies even suggested that elimination of refined sugar from the diet of prisoners (replacement with fruit) can improve their behavior [91]. On the other hand, later studies showed that ingestion of large amounts of sucrose has no effect on the behavior of children and convicts [89, 92, 93].

Nevertheless, the role of refined sugar in the current epidemic of obesity is widely accepted and the scientific evidence is compelling. Experiments on laboratory animals show that sucrose can cause weight gain, increase the blood cholesterol level, and negatively affect learning and memory [94, 95]. For example, one study on rats shows that consumption of a sucrose solution can increase distractibility and impair the ability to get accustomed to repeated stimuli [96]. Another study shows that obesity-causing doses of sucrose can impair learning in rats [95]. One report shows that, in humans, a sucrose solution can cause sleepiness 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion without any other noticeable effects on mental abilities [97]. Another study on humans shows that a single dose of refined sugar has no effect on mood or attention but can improve some components of memory [98]. This beneficial effect disappears with repeated administration of sucrose. A recent review of high-quality studies concluded that refined sugar is unlikely to play a role in inappropriate or delinquent behavior of children [89]. Based on the available literature, we can conclude that the negative effects of sucrose for the most part affect physical health and the effects on mental abilities are small.

Table salt (sodium chloride) is another familiar food additive. To the best of my knowledge, there is no evidence that it has any detrimental effects on mental performance. Many of the diets described in this book allow adding small amounts of sea salt or Himalayan salt for taste. Nonetheless, salt has adverse effects on the cardiovascular system and studies suggest that cutting consumption of salt by half can reduce incidence of cardiovascular disease in the population.

Dietary supplements that consist of micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals are a special category of artificial ingredients that differs from food additives. The food industry adds food additives to food and this carries negative connotations in the minds of consumers: “MSG causes you to overeat,” or “sugar-sweetened soft drinks contribute to obesity.” In contrast, the vendors of dietary supplements sell them separately from food and advertise them as something that can improve your health and well-being. In the United States, there is a lot of misleading advertising associated with dietary supplements. They are not prescription drugs and the Food and Drug Administration does not regulate them as strictly. Regardless of the advertised beneficial effects on health, all dietary supplements must carry a disclaimer on the package that “This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.” On the QuackWatch website, readers can find an overview of the deceptive tactics often employed by the vendors of dietary supplements.

Vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) are naturally present in sufficient amounts in many healthy types of food such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, eggs, and dairy. In theory, vitamin and mineral supplements should be beneficial for people who subsist on a deficient, unbalanced diet. Health benefits of micronutrient supplementation are less clear for people who consume a balanced healthy diet. Long-term studies of the effects of multivitamin supplements in the U.S. failed to show benefits for health [99 – 103]. These data suggest that people who consume a balanced diet do not need to take vitamin supplements. At least, these people cannot expect multivitamin pills to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease [99]. Some studies even show that vitamin supplementation may have negative effects on health. Two studies show that beta-carotene supplementation correlates with more frequent occurrence of lung cancer. Another study shows that folic acid supplementation is associated with an elevated risk of precancerous polyps [99, 104]. Other studies have identified higher mortality rates among users of antioxidant supplements compared to control groups [105, 992, 993].

According to the natural intelligence theory, artificial vitamins and minerals are “unnatural” ingredients that will worsen mental abilities.G I do not consume micronutrient supplements, and when I tried them in the past they did not have noticeable effects on mental state or mental performance. Contrary to my theory, however, some studies have shown that micronutrient supplementation can have beneficial effects on mental abilities and behavior of some segments of the population. There is an excellent review of this topic by David Benton [106].

In defense of my theory, I can say that these studies show that micronutrient supplementation is most effective for people who consume a deficient unbalanced diet. The benefits are less obvious for people who consume a balanced diet [106, 107, 938]. Even in the context of a balanced diet, thermal treatment of food (i.e., cooking) results in partial degradation of some vitamins (by 10 to 30%). Therefore, adding artificial vitamin supplements to a cooked diet may produce benefits. If, however, a person is on a raw balanced diet that is free of pathogens, then supplementation with vitamins will not provide any further benefit and may worsen mental abilities. This is because, in the context of the ancestral diet, all the necessary vitamins and minerals will be present, and supplementation with artificial micronutrients will be unnecessary and “unnatural.” To date there is no experimental evidence to either confirm or refute these suppositions and further studies are needed. Regarding more realistic lifestyles, not all studies of micronutrients show that they improve brain function. For example, a recent randomized controlled trial shows that micronutrient supplementation (vitamins and minerals) does not improve mental development and mental abilities of infants in Zambia [983]. Thus, we can conclude that micronutrient supplementation produces small or even undetectable improvement in mental abilities.

Most of the above studies examined effects of individual artificial ingredients or, in some cases, a mixture of a small number of artificial ingredients. A great number of different artificial ingredients are present simultaneously in a typical modern diet. Therefore, these ingredients may also produce novel unexpected effects on health because of interactions among the effects of individual food additives. In other words, just as prescription drugs can have adverse interactions when taken simultaneously, artificial chemicals in the diet may also produce adverse interactions. Studies of individual artificial ingredients cannot identify these additional effects of interaction. A good tool for studying the collective effects of all artificial ingredients is an elimination diet, or a so-called few foods diet [67]. Elimination diets consist of several essential types of food and exclude all food additives and dietary supplements. Therefore, an elimination diet can eliminate both individual effects of each food additive and interaction effects; this action will produce detectable changes in mental state or mental abilities. Another useful research tool is the use of cocktails consisting of many food additives [63].

To sum up, artificial ingredients in the diet, such as food additives and dietary supplements, can have negative effects on health and mental abilities. Yet when scientists test a single food additive, the negative effects are small and often undetectable. Collective negative effects (interaction) of all artificial ingredients in the diet may be more significant. Further studies of elimination diets will shed light on this issue.


Key points


Chemicals formed during the cooking of food and their effects on the brain

That cooking degrades vitamins to some extent is a well-known fact, and we will not discuss this topic at length. For many vitamins, degradation with cooking does not exceed 10–30% [108, 109]. Although this alteration may have negative effects on health in theory (by causing a slight vitamin deficiency), in real life, people who consume a balanced, mostly cooked diet do not have vitamin deficiencies. As mentioned above, vitamin supplements do not provide long-term health benefits to people who consume a balanced diet [99], at least in industrialized countries. Some short-term studies show that micronutrient supplementation (vitamins and minerals) can slightly improve mental abilities in people who consume a balanced diet [106, 107]. Therefore, one can interpret these findings as showing that cooking reduces nutritional value of food and worsens mental abilities to some extent, and we can correct this by vitamin supplementation. Put another way, you could say that vitamin supplementation of a balanced (cooked) diet can restore the amount of vitamins to the level characteristic of an equivalent raw diet. This approach is supposed to restore mental performance to its “natural level.” Note that the reported beneficial effects of vitamin supplementation are tiny and often nonexistent. It is more interesting to explore the other side of the coin: cooking creates novel chemicals that are absent in raw food.

I did some literature research on chemical changes that occur in different types of food during thermal cooking. With respect to the effects on mental state, I was able to find data on some problematic chemicals. These chemicals form in muscle meats (such as beef or fish) and in cereal grains (such as wheat and barley) during cooking. Despite my best efforts, I was unable to find any such problematic chemicals that are formed in pasteurized milk or in fruits and vegetables cooked at moderate temperatures. One can interpret these data in two ways.


  1. Pasteurization of dairy products and cooking of fruits and vegetables do not produce chemicals that have negative effects on mental abilities. Judging by the effects on mental abilities and mental state, it makes no difference whether you consume these products raw or pasteurized/cooked.

  2. Alternatively, the existing knowledge base (scientific literature) concerning chemical differences between raw and cooked foods is limited at present. Therefore, intelligence-worsening chemicals may be present in pasteurized dairy and in cooked fruits and vegetables. We do not yet know about the existence of these chemicals.


My personal experience suggests that the first interpretation is likely to be correct. Namely, pasteurization of dairy and cooking of fruits and vegetables at moderate temperatures have no effect on mental state or mental abilities.

On the other hand, my self-experimentation with raw meat and raw grains suggests that cooking these products causes noticeable changes in mental abilities, compared to a 100% raw diet. In other words, if we replace cooked meat and cooked grains with the corresponding raw products, both the subjective mental state and mental abilities should improve. The difference is detectable (subjectively) even after a single meal. You should not experiment with raw meat and fish because they pose risks to health (see Table 1). It is possible to improve mental abilities without resorting to such dangerous measures (and to achieve similar or even better results). All types of raw animal foods will become safe for the general population in the near future when the government approves new food sterilization technologies (such as pascalization).B

With respect to cooked animal products, some studies have shown that, in humans, high-protein diets can lower mood [110, 111] and cause bad breath [112], fatigue [111, 113], and emotional tension [110, 114]. Some high-protein diets, when combined with a regimen of physical exercise, can worsen mood [110, 111]. There are studies suggesting that vegetarians tend to have better subjective ratings of mood than people consuming a mixed diet [115, 116]. Even a single high-protein meal consisting of cooked chicken and eggs can lower mood [117]. There is a report of a healthy person with a history of anxiety who had a relapse of panic attacks and anxiety symptoms after switching to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet [118]. Most people tolerate high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets well for extended periods of time [119], but these diets may still cause halitosis and fatigue [111 – 113]. Consumption of foods that contain protein of highest quality, such as red meat, correlates with an elevated risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease [120 – 123] according to epidemiological studies. The process of cooking forms some chemicals that are either absent or present at very low levels in raw animal products. These chemicals include heterocyclic aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitropyrenes, cholesterol oxidation products, and creatinine [124 – 137]. It is possible that these chemicals are the cause of some of the above-mentioned adverse effects on health. (Readers can skip the detailed discussion of this topic and jump to the key points: press this link.) On the other hand, a recent study shows that a high-protein meat diet (3 weeks) does not cause deterioration of mental abilities [933]. This diet can improve reaction time [933].

As mentioned above, high-protein diets (which often include substantial amounts of red meat) can have adverse effects on health. These negative effects of animal products may in part be responsible for the popularity of vegetarian diets [115, 116]. If animal products (such as red meat) can have adverse effects on health, then the question arises whether humans by nature are vegetarians. Is human physiology incompatible with consumption of muscle meats? The answer is “no” because studies show that some species of primates in the wild are vegetarians (frugivores) but others are omnivores. The omnivorous primates often kill invertebrate and vertebrate species of animals for food [39 – 41, 44]. The closest genetic relatives of humans, chimpanzees [138], consume meat, including red meat [39 – 41]. The gastrointestinal tract of humans has a structure intermediate between that of carnivorous and vegetarian mammals. These data suggest that humans have adapted to consuming both plant and animal food [44, 45]. The notable difference between humans and primates living in the wild is that the former consume animal products that are predominantly cooked whereas the latter consume animal products that are raw [45].

Cooking with fire reduces the risk of infectious disease because it kills most bacteria and some viruses [139]. It also introduces significant chemical modifications into food by denaturing proteins [140, 141], causing degradation of vitamins and lipids [142 – 145], and creating novel chemical compounds [124 – 137, 146, 147]. Studies show that cooking fish and meat at both high and moderate temperatures leads to the formation of a number of chemicals with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties [148 – 150]. A number of studies have reported the presence of a mutagenic activity in cooked meat and fish [127, 129, 131 – 137, 146, 151]. This mutagenic activity is undetectable in raw meat and fish [136, 146, 152, 153]. The mutagenic activity exists in cooked muscle meats only and is undetectable in cooked organ meats and in cooked plant and dairy products [152, 154]. The mutagenic chemicals are absent or below detection level in raw animal products but are present in cooked meat and fish. These compounds include heterocyclic aromatic amines [128, 129, 133, 134, 137, 146, 151, 152, 155 – 159], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [125, 131, 160 – 162], and nitropyrenes [132, 135]. (Small amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be present in raw products as a result of environmental pollution [163, 164].) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons form in animal products during cooking on an open flame (e.g., barbequing). The amount of mutagenic compounds increases with the temperature and duration of cooking [136, 146, 165]. Animal products cooked at moderate temperatures (for example, by boiling or steaming) do contain mutagenic compounds [133, 136, 148, 157, 166, 167]. Yet the concentration of mutagens is much lower, sometimes undetectable, compared to high-temperature cooking procedures such as grilling or frying [146, 152]. Some of the mutagens detectable in cooked meat and fish have carcinogenic properties in laboratory animals [128, 134, 156, 160, 168]. Among other chemical changes during cooking, the concentration of cholesterol oxidation products can increase 5- to 10-fold [124, 126, 169]. The amount of creatinine can increase over 30-fold in cooked meat compared to uncooked meat [130].

In addition to the possible mutagenic/carcinogenic effects, some of the aforementioned chemical compounds may have other negative effects, such as effects on mental state. First, we will review direct causal effects and, later, some association studies that cannot prove a causal link. For example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene, form in animal products cooked at high temperatures (e.g., grilling and frying). These chemicals can induce behavioral depression in experimental animals at doses that exceed those found in human food [170 – 173]. This effect may be due to changes in the level or metabolism of neurotransmitters in various regions of the brain [174, 175]. Benzo[a]pyrene has also impaired short-term memory and learning in rats in experiments where doses of this chemical exceed those that are present in human food [176, 177].

Elevated blood levels of cholesterol oxidation products (oxysterols) play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [178, 179]. The latter is a pathological process leading to the clogging of blood vessels that underlies many cardiovascular diseases. In test tube experiments, which do not reflect what happens after consumption of cooked animal products, oxysterols can induce death of some types of cells in the central nervous system [180]. This observation should not be a cause for alarm because oxysterols are present at low levels in the circulation of healthy people and serve several biological functions.

Research shows that a heterocyclic amine called norharman [155] reduces activity level in laboratory mice and causes pathological changes in the brain characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases [181]. The dose of norharman in this experiment was higher than what humans can receive with food. Another chemical from the same class, harman [129], which can also be present in cooked animal products, is toxic to some types of nerve cells [182]. Again, these findings should not be a cause for alarm because both harman and norharman are present at low levels in the circulation of healthy people and serve several biological functions [183].

Other studies are less conclusive. Some of these studies have shown that chemicals formed by cooking may have something to do with abnormal mental functioning. But there is no proof that these compounds can cause such problems. For example, the blood level of creatinine increases after ingestion of cooked meat [130, 184] but remains unchanged after ingestion of uncooked meat [130]. Elevated blood levels of creatinine and poor clearance of creatinine by the kidneys correlate with fatigue [185 – 187] and depressive symptoms in various groups of patients [188 – 191]. It is unknown if this relationship is coincidental or causal.

Elevated blood levels of creatinine and oxysterols correlate with cognitive impairment in various groups of patients [192 – 195]. Creatinine serves as an indicator of kidney dysfunction. Consequently, elevated blood levels of this chemical may point to accumulation of waste in blood because of insufficient kidney function. Thus, the reported cognitive impairment may be the result of kidney problems [196] rather than the elevated level of creatinine. Heterocyclic aromatic amines called harman and norharman [129] can cause toxicity for kidney cells [197, 198], and the former can also be toxic to nerve cells [182, 199, 200]. The blood level of harman correlates with symptoms of anxiety and depression in alcoholics [183]. It is not known if this relationship is coincidental or causal.

To summarize, there is evidence that cooked meat can lower mood but no evidence that it can impair mental abilities. It is possible that the effects on mood are due to heterocyclic amines, but hard evidence is lacking. The above studies suggest that, from the standpoint of metabolism, humans should tolerate uncooked animal products better than cooked ones. The major obstacle is various pathogens that can be present in raw animal foods (Table 1). Endnote B describes possible technical approaches (such as pascalization) that will ensure the safety of such foods in the near future.

The mere mention of raw animal products and food in the same sentence may seem unusual and unpleasant. Yet consumption of uncooked animal products is not as exotic as it appears at first glance [201, 202]. Some types of sausage (such as salami and teewurst) are uncooked, that is, they undergo no thermal treatment [201, 203]. There are also national/regional dishes that consist of raw animal foods, such as sushi (Japan), hollandse nieuwe (Netherlands), and carne all’albese (Piemonte, Italy). Consumption of raw ground beef is not uncommon in Belgium and some other European countries [202]. An even more vivid example is the traditional diet of indigenous ethnic groups of the Arctic region (for example, North American Eskimos). These peoples consume a large proportion of fish and meat (caribou, seal, walrus, polar bear, and whale) raw, frozen or thawed [55 – 58]. Meat and fish can constitute close to 100% of the Eskimo diet during the winter [58]. Nevertheless, at least in the United States and Russia, government regulators have not approved any raw animal products as safe for human consumption. Government regulators have neither banned nor approved foods such as sushi [52], whereas other food products such as raw dairy are either banned or face numerous restrictions on transportation and sales [204].

Going back to the effects of diets on metabolism, people should tolerate uncooked animal foods well if these foods are free of pathogens. This is because the raw diet is very old and pervasive in nature [45]. For example, animals in the wild do not cook their food [45]. Evolutionary predecessors as well as some early humans in all likelihood consumed a 100% raw food diet, prior to the mastery of cooking with fire approximately 300,000 years ago [42, 1022]. Some reports of successful control of fire, but not cooking, date as far back as 1.0 to 1.6 million years [205, 206, 1004]. Cooking with fire reduces the risk of infectious disease because it kills most pathogens [139], but it also produces chemical modifications in food, as we already discussed above. It is possible that during the last 300,000 years, the human immune system (at least in those living outside the Arctic region) has grown unaccustomed to the pathogens that occur in raw animal foods (Table 1). For this reason, these foods are not safe for human consumption. In addition, given humankind’s long history with cooking, Homo sapiens may have adapted to cooked food genetically through natural selection. Therefore, it is possible that humans need a certain percentage of cooked food in their diet for normal functioning.

Cooking has other benefits in addition to disinfection of food. For instance, cooked meat requires less energy to digest it than uncooked meat [207]. Cooking can also reduce the concentration of organic pollutants in animal products [208 – 210]. Finally, the negative effects of cooked high-protein diets [110 – 114] do not manifest themselves in people on cooked protein-normal diets. These data suggest that the liver detoxification system can neutralize the small amounts of novel chemicals that form in animal products during cooking.

It is now time to discuss chemicals formed by cooking of grains. These chemicals are absent in raw cereal grains. The chemical reaction between certain amino acids (components of proteins) and some types of sugars (components of carbohydrates, such as starch), when you mix and heat them, is called the Maillard reaction. Novel chemicals that form in the Maillard reaction are called Maillard reaction products. Cereal grains (e.g., wheat and rice) contain significant amounts of both protein and carbohydrates. Thus, cooking of grains leads to the formation of a number of different Maillard reaction products. The amount of Maillard reaction products increases with the temperature and duration of cooking. This observation means that boiled grains (moderate cooking temperature) contain smaller amounts of Maillard reaction products compared to bread (high cooking temperature) [211 – 215].

Some of the Maillard reaction products that science identified in cooked cereal grains are the following: acrylamide, carboxymethyllysine, carboxyethyllysine, and fructosyllysine [216 – 219]. Of these four, acrylamide is the only chemical with published evidence of direct negative effects on mental abilities [220]. With the other three, all studies are correlational, where a direct causal link is possible but not proven [221 – 223].

A number of studies have shown that acrylamide, which is also a well-known industrial pollutant, is toxic to neurons. It can have several adverse neuropsychiatric effects in humans and laboratory animals. This chemical received a lot of attention several years ago. Swedish researchers announced that crispbread and French fries contain the levels of acrylamide that exceed 500-fold the maximal level allowed in drinking water by the World Health Organization [224, 225]. In contrast to bread, which undergoes cooking at high temperatures (300–400 degrees Celsius or 570–750°F), boiled grains contain undetectable levels of acrylamide [215, 225]. Boiled grains may contain Maillard reaction products other than acrylamide [212 – 214]. Table 2 below summarizes the acrylamide content of various types of cereal grains. It is worth mentioning that nobody has proven the hypothetical carcinogenic effects of acrylamide in humans [220].


Table 2. Acrylamide content of various types of grains [211, 215, 225, 235]. “Undetectable” means below detection level of available analytical methods. N/A means data are not available. The neurotoxic dose of acrylamide is 200–500 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day [220, 227].


Soaked raw grains or water extract of raw whole-grain flour

Acrylamide content: undetectable (< 5 mcg/kg)

Can this food deliver a neurotoxic dose? No

Effects* on mental abilities: increased alertness

Boiled whole grains

Acrylamide content: undetectable (< 5 mcg/kg)

Can this food deliver a neurotoxic dose? No

Effects* on mental abilities: slowing; reduced impulsivity

Breakfast cereals

Acrylamide content: ~60 mcg/kg

Can this food deliver a neurotoxic dose? No

Effects* on mental abilities: N/A

Whole-grain bread

Acrylamide content: ~50 mcg/kg

Can this food deliver a neurotoxic dose? No

Effects* on mental abilities: increased amount of errors, slowing, reduced impulsivity**

Toasted bread

Acrylamide content: ~200 mcg/kg

Can this food deliver a neurotoxic dose? No

Effects* on mental abilities: N/A

Crispbread***

Acrylamide content: 1000–2000 mcg/kg

Can this food deliver a neurotoxic dose? No

Effects* on mental abilities: N/A


* based on my personal observations; rigorous scientific proof is not available.
**after one week of a bread-and-water diet, I have not observed any negative effects on physical health, although one study on rats showed that addition of 5% to 25% of bread crust to the diet can cause weight gain and kidney damage [236].
***potato chips and French fries also contain large amounts of acrylamide; raw and boiled potatoes do not contain detectable levels of acrylamide [215, 225].

In people who work in chemical manufacturing, symptoms of acrylamide poisoning can manifest themselves within several months to several years. The typical symptoms include numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, increased sweating of hands and feet, fatigue, muscle weakness, clumsiness of the hands, unsteady gait, dizziness, stumbling, and falling [226, 227]. These problems correspond to a dose in the range 500 to 2,000 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day [226 – 228]. The effects of huge doses of acrylamide, 10,000 mcg/(kg b.w. × day), administered over several days are loss of motor coordination, tremor, drowsiness, and mental confusion [229, 230]. The “no observable adverse effects level” (NOAEL) for neurotoxic effects of acrylamide is around 200 to 500 micrograms/(kg b.w. × day) [220, 227]. High doses of acrylamide, 20,000 to 30,000 micrograms/(kg b.w. × d), impair cognitive functions in pigeons [231]. These high doses can also reduce activity level and cause a state of lethargy in rats [232, 233]. Long-term exposure to unsafe levels of acrylamide can damage peripheral nerves and can cause fertility problems in males [227, 234].

The key, of course, is the dose, and most of the studies above involve doses that far exceed the amounts of acrylamide that can be present in food (Table 2). Some types of food, such as crispbread, potato chips, and French fries, contain high levels of acrylamide. Yet these amounts cannot produce a dose higher than NOAEL for neurotoxic effects of this chemical. We can conclude that the presence of acrylamide in some foods should not be a cause for concern. It is unknown if the low doses of acrylamide present in food can affect mental abilities such as fluid intelligence. Neurophysiological effects of Maillard reaction products other than acrylamide, which are present in cooked grains, are unknown. Therefore, at present, there is no evidence that cooked grains can worsen mental abilities.

My personal experience, which does not count as rigorous scientific evidence, suggests that cooked grains can cause a noticeable slowing and have a mild sedative effect (Table 2). This is not the case with raw grains. Cooked grains can cause a small weight gain, whereas raw grains do not. Whether this is due to the presence of Maillard reaction products in cooked grains or to something else is unknown. Regular whole-grain bread contains a safe concentration of acrylamide, according to the occupational safety standards (Table 2). Nonetheless, I avoid bread and any type of baked or fried food (but I never say “never” when it comes to any food). My self-experimentation suggests that bread is the most typical “dumb food.” It quickly impairs mental abilities when I eat it in large amounts daily; we will discuss this in detail in a later section of this chapter. Boiled grains have a mild sedative effect, but they do not impair mental abilities.

There are some other differences between raw grains and cooked grains. For example, raw wheat bran can accelerate the passage of food through the digestive tract, whereas cooked wheat bran does not have this effect [237]. One study showed that bread crust can cause a weight gain and kidney damage in rats. These negative effects were absent in control animals who ate equivalent amounts of raw wheat flour [236]. Some studies have shown that it is more difficult to digest the protein in cooked grains than in raw grains [238, 239]. The Maillard reaction damages proteins, and this change may reduce their nutritional value [240]. Heating can cause curdling of some soluble proteins (albumins) that are present in cereal grains, making these proteins insoluble and less accessible to digestion. On the other hand, some studies show that cooking has no effect on digestibility of nutrients from grains, or may even improve it [241, 242]. Based on my experience, raw grains are not an appetizing food. Some of them you can soak in water, and this procedure makes them edible (wheat, oats), but they are still not tasty and can cause a lot of gas. I found that water extract of some grains has a pleasant taste and is more edible than soaked raw grains. We will talk about this in later sections. Some grains, such as sorghum, may not be safe to consume raw because they contain some toxic substances. Be careful with raw grains not mentioned above. Raw grains are safer than raw animal products. In rare cases raw grains may contain bacteria, yeast, or yeast toxins [242 – 244], and you need to verify the safety of a product in question with the manufacturer. The same is true of any raw food, including raw fruits and vegetables, which may contain pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, you should always wash fruits and vegetables before consumption.

In conclusion, this section shows that some types of cooking of cereal grains and of animal products produce chemicals that have adverse effects on health and on mental abilities. The amounts, however, of these undesirable chemicals are negligible in foods cooked at moderate temperatures (for example, boiling or steaming). Therefore, these types of foods are safe to consume and you should not worry about possible negative health effects. As mentioned earlier, biological systems such as the human body are complex and exhibit complex responses to different doses of the same chemical. The response to low doses of a chemical known to be toxic at high doses is difficult to predict. Paradoxically, research shows that low doses of toxic chemicals can often have beneficial effects on laboratory animals, the phenomenon known as hormesis (not the same as homeopathy) [71, 72]. Therefore, you shouldn’t be scared of the words “mutagen,” “carcinogen,” and “neurotoxic chemical” that came up in the discussion above. Animal products and grains cooked at moderate temperatures contain tiny amounts of these compounds, and at this dose, these chemicals may be beneficial for health, according to hormesis research.

On the other hand, it is best to avoid meat and grains cooked at high temperatures (frying, grilling, barbequing, microwaving, baking, and broiling). This is because the former contains significant amounts of carcinogens whereas the latter contain significant amounts of acrylamide and other Maillard reaction products. The small (safe) amounts of these chemicals in foods cooked at moderate temperatures may be responsible for the sedative effect of boiled grains and for the mood-lowering effect of cooked meat. These effects should not be a cause for alarm and are often useful, as you will see in Chapters Four and Five.


Key points


Several safe diets that can improve mental abilities

This section describes several useful diets. Raw milk and pasteurized milk have similar effects on mental state and mental abilities, according to my experience. There is no hard evidence that pasteurization causes undesirable chemical changes in dairy products, but Weston Price has discovered that raw dairy is highly beneficial for dental health. If you can find a good source of raw dairy, then you will have access to socially acceptable raw animal foods. If not, then pasteurized dairy is an acceptable food if you are not allergic. As described in Appendix VIII, the best raw animal foods are eggs, scallops, tail fat, oysters, and small amounts of mild-cured fish. All of these are socially acceptable, but certain precautions are necessary (Appendix VIII). A raw diet based on these foods, plus fruits, honey, and veggies, is an example of a smart diet.

Raw nuts are also rich in protein, but they are a difficult type of food. They tend to lower mood or cause nausea if I eat them in large amounts, consistently with some studies [252 – 254]. The mechanism of this negative effect of nuts is unknown. Although large amounts of nuts can make you feel bad, I would still add small amounts of nuts to the diet. They have a beneficial effect on attention control as described in Chapter Three.

Now that you are familiar with good sources of raw protein, we can discuss the “smart diets” proper. You may recall that this book defined the ancestral diet as follows: a 100% raw diet that consists of fruits, vegetables, nuts, safe raw animal foods, and excludes all artificial ingredients. My experiments with the ancestral diet suggest that it can improve mental abilities.D Originally, I tested a diet based on raw meat and fish, but later devised a safer and socially acceptable raw diet based on tail fat, scallops, and eggs.

I have developed several safe diets that have intelligence-improving effects that are similar to the effects of the ancestral diet. How did I measure the improvement of mental abilities? One approach was Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) tests because some versions of the GRE General test correlate well with valid IQ tests [20 – 22]. Another approach was internet IQ tests. These are not as valid as proctored IQ tests, but may serve as a rough approximation. Improvement in academic grades can also serve as evidence of improved intelligence (see the end of Appendix VI). I also used a subjective measure called “ease of learning complex material.” I developed the mental clarity questionnaire recently and in the past I used the four aforementioned methods in order to assess changes in intelligence.

To give an example, if I use a regular modern diet for several weeks, then I find it difficult to understand some college level lectures and textbooks. The same is true of graduate-level courses (it would be relevant to mention here that I have a Ph.D. degree and an equivalent of a Master’s degree). When I am on the regular modern diet, my intelligence is average or perhaps somewhat below average, judging by my academic performance in high school (1988–1990) and my first time in college (1990–1992). I had mediocre grades in high school, and they booted me out of college for poor academic performance (see the end of Appendix VI). Although I experimented with vegetarian and vegan diets in high school, they did not improve my academic performance.

The “smart diets” described below increase the ease of learning complex material, just like the ancestral diet. When I use one of these diets for several days, I find it easy to understand any lectures and any textbooks, such as those offered in college or in graduate school. After I started experimenting with the “smart diets” around 1993, my academic performance improved. I graduated with honors from Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Russia in 1999, where my grade point average was 4.88 out of 5.00. After that, I was a straight A student at the George Washington University in Washington, D.C., where I attended graduate school (see the end of Appendix VI). In fact, my academic credentials, including GRE scores were so good upon graduation from NSU, that the admissions office at GWU awarded me with a Presidential Merit Fellowship in Biomedical Sciences. In summary, “smart diets” can improve intelligence, judging by general aptitude tests and academic grades.

Without further ado, another “smart diet” on our list is what I call the “antidepressant diet” (Chapter Four). It has the following composition (percentages represent proportions by weight):



I recommend raw dairy if you can find it. People who are lactose intolerant or allergic to cow milk may consider using special lactose-free dairy or milk from other species, such as goat milk. If whole milk does not cause problems with constipation, then you can drink it instead of low-fat milk. You can cook up to 90% of fruits and vegetables by boiling or steaming if this diet contains significant amounts of the raw wheat extract. Nuts, cooked grains, and legumes are not allowed. This diet also does not allow spices, salad dressings, seasonings, and any artificial ingredients (except indigestible fiber supplements).

Just like the ancestral diet, the antidepressant diet improves internal mood, when it is depressed (we will talk about this in more detail in Chapter Four). Understanding of lectures and textbooks is excellent, but attention control is somewhat worse than with the ancestral diet. There is a tendency for procrastination. Nonetheless, the attention function is sufficient for concentrating on lectures or audiobooks and on moderate amounts of reading. The antidepressant diet and the other “smart diets” have another beneficial effect in that they reduce the amount of personal problems. As a result of that change, life seems simpler and easier than usual. The antidepressant diet cannot elevate internal mood directly (when it is normal) but may do so indirectly by increasing the amount of positive life events. This diet does not increase activity level. As for scientific evidence, there are several studies showing that increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, or dairy correlates with better cognitive abilities [838, 876, 892, 899, 901, 940], including one randomized controlled trial [887].

This diet may have the following undesirable effects: procrastination with respect to school- or work-related writing tasks; slightly increased physical fatigue; if you consume milk incorrectly in the context of this diet, this situation may cause upset stomach (more details in Chapter Four); the person may look and feel happy but may laugh less than usual. (I attribute this to the development of a more refined sense of humor. This effect is characteristic of all smart diets, and we will discuss this in more detail in the “Potential adverse effects” section of this chapter.) Rare side effects include symptoms of hypomania: internal mood may become persistently elevated and this effect may reduce motivation for work; overexcitement may cause insomnia and disorganization of sleep. Readers should not stay on this diet longer than one to two weeks.

We can modify the antidepressant diet in order to enhance attention function. If you add cooked meat and fish and raw nuts to this diet, then what we have is the “modified high-protein diet.” We will talk about this attention-enhancing diet in more detail in Chapter Three. If all of the following conditions are true, then this diet will not lower mood and will not cause apathy:


  1. you cook meat and fish at moderate temperatures (by steaming or boiling);

  2. meat contains sufficient amounts of fat (at least 10%; 15–25% is best);

  3. the amount of low-fat milk (or unsalted unprocessed cheese, kefir, or buttermilk) is at least the same as the amount of the cooked meats by weight.


I do not have a good explanation for why addition of dairy to cooked meat reduces the negative effects of the latter. This result may be due to possible changes in how the liver processes mutagens from cooked meat.E It is best to grind nuts using a manual or electric meat grinder because they are tough on the teeth. The composition of the diet is as follows (proportions by weight):



Cooking temperature does not exceed the boiling point of water and the diet does not allow any artificial ingredients (food additives and dietary supplements). The recommended ratio of poultry to red meat is 1:1. You can eat fish from time to time or you can exclude it from the diet altogether.

Just like the ancestral diet, the modified high-protein diet improves the ability to understand and concentrate on complex texts. The modified high-protein diet is most useful when you have to perform large amounts of reading, for example if you are studying in college. Understanding of lectures (or audiobooks) is also excellent. The modified high-protein diet provides a slightly lower information processing speed than the ancestral diet, but the same or better speed compared to a typical mixed diet. The modified high-protein diet has no effect on mood or activity level. Some studies support the beneficial effects of this diet. In addition to the studies of fruits, vegetables, and dairy cited above, there are reports suggesting that addition of meat and fish to the diet can improve cognitive abilities or academic performance [822, 841, 851, 881, 890, 900], including randomized controlled trials [839, 887, 888].

People with kidney diseases should not use the modified high-protein diet (because it is a high-protein diet). In general, the diet may have the following undesirable effects: it may increase physical fatigue (you can reduce this problem using cold hydrotherapy as described in Chapter Two). Rare side effects include insomnia or other changes in the sleep pattern (Chapter Three) and symptoms of hypomania.

What about the Paleolithic diet, can it improve mental abilities? The Paleo diet consists of



According to its inventors, the Paleo diet is the diet of our ancestors prior to the advent of agriculture, that is, more than 11,000 years ago. In my experience, the Paleo diet improves mental clarity. Nonetheless, this diet may lower mood and make me feel bad if I follow this diet for several weeks to several months. On a temporary basis, the Paleo diet is an excellent choice if you need to concentrate on reading for 2–3 days a week. The effects of the Paleo diet are similar to those of the modified high-protein diet, except that the Paleo diet tends to worsen mood and reduce information processing speed, based on my personal experience. (My experience suggests that diets containing large amounts of cooked meat reduce information processing speed. A recent study, however, shows that a high-protein meat diet improves reaction time [933]. It is possible that reaction time and processing speed are related but different parameters.)

I find it difficult to perform writing tasks (e.g., writing of scientific papers) on diets that exclude grains. The best diet for writing seems to be the depressant diet, which consists of cooked red meat, boiled whole grains, nuts, and fruits and vegetables. Because this diet does not improve problem solving, it is not a “smart diet.” We will discuss the depressant diet in detail later, in Chapters Four and Five.

The absence of grains is one of the problems that I have with the Paleolithic diet; complete exclusion of cereal grains from your diet is likely to cause problems with anger and impulsivity; various sedative measures will be necessary. Another minor point on which I disagree with the Paleo diet is that the authors of this diet recommend lean meat. In my experience, small amounts of lean meat are OK, but consumption of large amounts of lean meat on a daily basis is an unbalanced and unhealthy approach. Ethnic groups who live on all-flesh diets consume fatty meat, i.e., they do not remove fat from meat. The northern fauna, such as whale, seal, and polar bear, are fatty types of meat. Chimps in the wild consume whole meat including muscle, fat, and organs. It is doubtful that carnivorous species of animals exist who consume muscle only and throw away the fat. The famous explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson reported that large amounts of lean meat can cause nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea within 1 or 2 days [251]. Addition of animal fat to the diet quickly alleviated these symptoms. Robert Atkins also does not recommend high-protein diets that are low in fat. In my personal experience, large amounts of lean meat (less than 7% fat) trigger a headache within one or two days. The headache goes away as soon as I add animal fat back to the diet.

Finally, there is another diet that can improve some mental abilities but worsens others. This is the fruit-and-vegetable diet (Chapters Three, Four, and Six). The key feature of this diet is that it contains a tiny amount of protein and fat. The fruit-and-vegetable diet does not allow protein-rich plant foods, such as nuts, grains, and legumes. This diet is similar to natural diets of some vegetarian primate species who are frugivores [44, 45] (the closest genetic relatives of humans among primates are not vegetarians, but omnivores [39 – 41]). You can cook up to 90% of the contents of this diet at moderate temperatures; this makes little or no difference. This diet appears to result in the highest information processing speed among any other diets that I know of. This high speed is useful when entertaining people and for tests that contain short questions and require speed. Because this diet worsens attention control, it is not appropriate for tasks that involve a lot of reading. Just like the other “smart diets,” the fruit-and-vegetable diet can clarify the mind. You will start seeing solutions to many (but not all) of the life’s problems that previously seemed insurmountable. Life will seem simpler and easier. Some studies suggest that increased consumption of fruits and vegetables correlates with better mental abilities [876, 892, 901]. There are no published studies examining a diet consisting of fruits and vegetables only.

The fruit-and-vegetable diet reduces work capacity and will make you unable to perform most types of difficult work. Despite the large amounts of food that you will be consuming, the satiety level is going to be low. This diet also increases impulsivity (reduces self-control) and can cause hyperactivity. Another undesirable effect is that this diet reduces psychological resilience. In other words, any verbal abuse and high-stress situations that you may encounter will seem painful—this is the opposite of “thick skin.” It is best to avoid pungent vegetables while on the fruit-and-vegetable diet (as we will see at the end of Chapter Four). In addition, high-carbohydrate diets such as this one can be problematic for patients with diabetes. Four or more days of the fruit-and-vegetable diet can result in a loss of interest in most activities. On the positive side, there is theoretical evidence that this diet may be useful as a nonsedating neuroleptic treatment.F In brief, this possible neuroleptic effect may be due to the reduced activity of neurons that use a chemical called dopamine to communicate with other neurons in the brain.

How strong is the scientific evidence that adherence to certain diets can improve your mental abilities? There are quite a few studies showing that people who consume a healthier diet tend to have better mental abilities [49, 826, 837, 838, 846, 858, 863, 866, 908, 943]. Most of those are epidemiological studies, which demonstrate a statistical correlation but not causation. Several statistical studies also show that a healthier diet of students correlates with better academic performance [843, 845, 868, 871, 876, 913, 940] (academic performance correlates with intelligence). Experimental studies such as [839, 887, 888, 928, 933] are needed to prove that a healthier diet can indeed improve intelligence in healthy people. One possible problem with this type of research is that the notion of what constitutes a “healthy diet” differs among different authors. In addition, some studies show that weight loss dieting can worsen some cognitive abilities [847, 872].

Going back to the smart diets, one hundred percent compliance with any of the above diets is going to be problematic if you try to follow a strict diet for a week or longer. It is advisable but not necessary to follow strict diets for extended periods of time because even a temporary improvement of mental abilities can have long-term benefits. When I have to make an important decision or if I face some difficult problems, I go on one of the above-mentioned strict diets for several days or weeks with 100% compliance. Once I have a clear plan in my head or on paper, I can reduce compliance with the diet to 99%. I prefer staying on a strict diet as long as possible, but I can follow the conventional dietary guidelines (official food pyramids) and live without strict diets for extended periods. Diets are a means to an end; they are not the purpose or a meaning of life. As you will see later, diets are not the only way to improve mental abilities. I devised a food pyramid, which I try to follow. It has four parts:



I named it the “Natural Food Pyramid” (Table 3 below) because most of it is based on the evidence for what is “natural” and what is “unnatural food” for humans. We reviewed this evidence in an earlier section of this chapter. The “good food” constitutes the base of the pyramid, “sedative food” the middle, and “problem food” with “horrible food” form the top of the natural food pyramid.


Table 3. The natural food pyramid.


Horrible food (avoid; contains carcinogens): any food containing meat or fish cooked at high temperatures (above the boiling point of water) such as grilled, broiled, fried, baked, microwaved, or barbecued meat; any smoked foods.

Problem food

(avoid or consume it sparingly; it can impair mental abilities or cause other health problems): food containing food additives (white sugar, brown sugar, vinegar, nitrates, nitrites, monosodium glutamate, and others), dietary supplements (artificial vitamins, minerals), baked grains (bread),3 roasted nuts, processed cheese, all kinds of junk food (candy, cake, ice cream, pastry, hot dogs, hamburgers, cheeseburgers, pizza, cookies, chocolate, pancakes, sandwiches, pasta, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, salad dressings, other seasonings; potato chips, soft drinks, chewing gum, and so on); large amounts of lean meat can cause problems; pungent vegetables may contribute to feelings of anger or hostility: this observation may also be true of some spices.

Sedative food

(can lower mood or cause slowing, without impairing judgment): minced meat (15% fat or higher) cooked by boiling or steaming, boiled or steamed fish, boiled eggs, whole grains cooked by boiling or steaming (for example, shredded wheat cereal, steamed brown rice); honey4; raw nuts2; natural junk food (free of artificial ingredients; can be found in a health food store).

Good food (does not cause sedation and does not impair mental abilities): raw fruits1 and vegetables; boiled or steamed vegetables, including boiled potatoes; pasteurized juices (free of additives); pasteurized or raw milk6, kefir, or buttermilk (free of dietary supplements), unsalted unprocessed cheese; raw or pasteurized cream and butter6,8; minced meat (15% fat or higher) cooked by boiling or steaming when you eat it (not in the same meal) with an equal or greater amount of the above dairy products; beef fat and tail fat (raw or boiled in water)7; raw water extract of certain grains (optional) such as wheat, buckwheat, and oats; unrefined vegetable oils2; raw or boiled eggs; pascalized meat.5


1)Acid-rich fruits such as oranges and apples are bad for teeth; it is best to replace them with juices and to limit the amount of fruit juices to 0.5 liters (a pint) a day (because they are easy to overdose).
2)Be careful with plant oils. I do not tolerate them well and avoid them completely. Nuts contain a lot of plant oil and I consider them the heaviest type of food. Contrary to what statistical studies show (“nuts are associated with good cardiovascular health”), I develop chest pains and/or liver pain when I eat nuts as much as I like. In the long run, limit your nut consumption to a teaspoon to tablespoon of pulverized nuts per day and exclude them from your diet on days off or on vacation.
3)According to Weston Price's research, virtually any store-bought bread is bad for health because the flour was stored before baking, and most vitamins got oxidized during this storage. For this reason, you need to find the bread that was prepared immediately after grain milling or make your own. Any whole-grain bread worsens mental clarity (performance on intelligence tests) and tends to increase body weight but is an effective sedative. Because there are many other effective sedative foods, herbs, and procedures, you can safely exclude bread from your diet. My experience and some scientific evidence (listed in the book "Cure tooth decay" by Ramiel Nagel) suggest that any cereal grains (e.g., boiled) promote tooth decay. Therefore, I recommend excluding all cereal grains in any form from your diet and replacing them with abundant animal fat, such as tail fat (boiled or raw).
4)Avoid melted supermarket honey. It is heated for automatic packaging. It is best to consume unheated (raw) honey, which you can buy at a farmer's market, and choose a hypoallergenic variety such as acacia honey. If you start consuming honey daily, you may experience some strange but temporary aberrations of metabolism. Furthermore, dilute honey well with water (a glass of water per level tablespoon) to prevent possible discomfort in the digestive tract. Honey is a good sedative.
5)Raw meat processed by means of ultrahigh pressure is available in some countries, such as Spain, Japan, and the U.S., and is very similar to raw meat but is as safe as boiled meat because pascalization kills virtually all relevant pathogens. There are some other methods of cold sterilization; see Appendix VIII “The raw diet.”
6)Avoid supermarket-bought dairy products because they have been powdered/rehydrated, pasteurized, and/or supplemented with various chemicals. Ideally, buy raw dairy in a farmer's market.
7)This animal fat calms the nerves in case of anxiety and will slow you down if you are hyperactive, but it does not cause sedation in a normal mental state. If you want to eat raw tail fat, then buy it in a halal or kosher store and keep it frozen at minus 20 degrees Celsius for 4 days (for safety).
8)Dairy fat, such as butter and whole milk, tends to promote constipation according to some studies [1006, 1007]. These data deal with pasteurized dairy; my own experience suggests that raw dairy fat also promotes constipation. It is easy to solve this problem if you add 1-2 tablespoons of castor oil (not for pregnant women) or flaxseed oil to your diet daily (good remedies for constipation). For more details, see section “Potential adverse effects of high-protein diets” in Chapter Three.

The horrible food should constitute 0% to 1% of your diet. The problem food is not as bad and can constitute up to 5% of the diet. In fact, nothing bad will happen to you (except for a weight gain) if you go on a diet consisting of problem food for a few days. But if you want to achieve the best mental clarity, you would need to completely exclude both horrible and problem foods from your diet for a few days or weeks. I prefer staying on a strict diet as long as possible, for months and years. If you can't stay on a strict diet permanently, it’s OK to treat yourself occasionally if problem food constitutes 1–5% of your nutrition; it is easy to prevent binging or overeating junk food if you use the chewing methods described at the end of this chapter. In brief, you need to chew junk food slowly and thoroughly at least two hundred times; to make this rule work, you would have to avoid mixing food with drinks while chewing. You can chew healthy food in the normal fashion. This method helped me to cut my consumption of junk food by about fivefold in the long run.

Some placements of food products within this pyramid may seem contradictory, and they are based on my personal experience rather than on any convincing theory. I can explain some of these contradictions as follows. Buttermilk and water extract of wheat can be considered “unnatural” because they are a processed type of food. Yet they are located at the base of the pyramid, with foods that one should consume in abundance. Earlier in this chapter, limitations of the natural intelligence theory explained this particular choice. At first glance, grinding and juicing may appear to be “unnatural.” But they do not change chemical composition of digestible nutrients. Juicing removes components that are virtually indigestible by humans. Therefore, juicing and grinding will not pose a problem. In my view, chewing of acid-rich (sour) types of fruit can be harmful for the teethB1 (for instance, citrus fruits, apples, cranberries, strawberries, other berries). Using a blender or consumption of fruit juices is less taxing on the teeth. One potential problem with fruit juices is a sugar overload if a person drinks large amounts of juices.

Every now and then researchers call into question scientific validity of official food pyramids, and the government responds by revising them. For example, government experts used to say that all dietary fat is bad for health. Nowadays, some food pyramids state that trans-fat and saturated fat are bad fats, whereas unsaturated fat is good for you. The official position of health authorities on dietary fat may change again in the future.

As discovered by dentist Weston A. Price, there is no single "healthy diet" suitable for everybody. He traveled the globe and studied about a dozen uncivilized populations in the 1930s; Dr. Price found that humans can thrive on diverse diets with widely varying proportions of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates as long as they obtain key vitamins from one of these three sources: organ meats of land animals, raw dairy from pasturing cows that eat rapidly growing grass, or animal sea foods. For details about Weston Price's research, see the end of Endnote D1. His research is consistent with ayurveda and the healing system invented by dentist William Donald Kelley, which suggest that people have different types of metabolism and require different diets for optimal health. Actually, the idea that people and animals (within one species) have different types of the autonomic nervous system (and hence metabolism) has been proposed and tested by a number of scientists or physicians: famous biologist Ivan Pavlov, physician-scientist Francis Pottenger, Sr, oncologist Emanuel Revici, biologist Ernst Gellhorn, psychiatrist Daniel Funkenstein, and physician-scientist Nicholas Gonzalez. According to their research, approximately 10% of the population are characterized by predominance of the sympathetic nervous system and therefore have metabolism that is too rapid. In another ~10% of the population, the parasympathetic nervous system is dominant, and their metabolism is too slow. Most people have a balanced autonomic nervous system and average metabolism. Sympathetic-dominant people do well on a vegetarian diet, whereas parasympathetic-dominant people function optimally on a diet that excludes fruits and contains plenty of fatty meat. For details, see footnote #1 in Appendix VII. The diets recommended for the three metabolic types are described in Appendix VIII (the paragraph about my latest raw diet; you can convert these diets into cooked ones if you wish). There is also a certain percentage of the population who do not tolerate polyunsaturated fatty acids; these people do well by following the nutrition style recommended by biologist Ray Peat.

Finally, it is worth mentioning "orthorexia," a fake disease and nonexistent problem, probably invented by the healthcare industry, so that people do not utilize diets to get rid of diseases and instead use pharmaceutical drugs and surgical treatments (which do not cure anything, with rare exceptions). Below, I will address the major talking points of junk food promoters. Among the more ridiculous promoters of junk food is Matt Stone, who recommends eating junk food as much as you want and claims that after an initial weight gain, your weight will stabilize, your junk food consumption will "normalize," your health will improve, and you may even lose weight. First of all, it should be noted that Matt Stone sells courses and advice on how to start an online business; as explained in Chapter Seven, you should be skeptical of anything this sort of people claim. Don't fall for this old scam: "give me a little money, and I will show you how to start a business." Second, there is no trustworthy evidence that this "stuff-your-face-with-fast-food" approach helps to lose weight. If it works for one person in a thousand, is it worth your time and risk? It is extremely unlikely that obese people can lose weight by following this advice; junk food is how they got fat in the first place. Now, let's tackle the typical nonsense propagated by critics of strict diets (i.e., promoters of the "orthorexia" label).

  1. "If you live on a strict diet, then your social interactions are severely impaired, and you are doomed to lifelong loneliness." Not true. If your strict diet is sufficiently filling and balanced (for example, see the starchless diet in endnote C1), then you are not hungry all the time and can attend various social events and interact with eating people without a fear of binging. If your diet is not too weird, then you can tell your friends and relatives about it, and they will understand and try to accommodate your dieting when they can.

  2. "All diets fail, don't try any dietary restrictions." Nonsense. It is very easy to live on a strict diet for years if you live either alone or with a person(s) also following a strict diet. It is true that a strict diet will fail quickly if disallowed foods are constantly present in your kitchen and refrigerator.

  3. "Thin people are not healthy and not sexy." False. There is nothing sexy about a puffy face and flabby abdomen.

  4. "A strict diet is a disorder, it is abnormal." Not true. All animals in the wild live on a strict diet and are "suffering" from orthorexia. As demonstrated by Weston A. Price and Edward & May Mellanby, a strict diet is the only way to prevent tooth decay. There is strong scientific evidence that strict diets can cure cancer (see [1186, 1187] and my other ebook, Fight Cancer, Appendix I). I would say that a strict diet is the only way to reduce the number of errors at work. You are brainwashed to think the other way around about this issue: actually, it is not dieters who are kooks, it is the "eat everything" crowd who are misled into eating garbage by the food industry with the help of government guidelines. If most of the population started eating various Weston Price diets depending on circumstances, then the healthcare industry would go bankrupt because it would lose most of its clients.

  5. "If you have no dietary restrictions, then your social interactions are happy and problem free." Nonsense. In actuality, if you are eating the typical horrible food, then your brain cannot think clearly and you are making tons of errors. Accordingly, your interactions with other people are anything but trouble-free. Conversely, you can make your interactions with people easy and trouble-free by adhering to a strict diet and thereby improving your brain function.

  6. "If you follow a strict diet, then you will develop a deficiency in some nutrients." Not true. Not all strict diets are alike, and a strict diet can include a wide variety of diet foods (see the Natural Food Pyramid). You can follow a strict diet and at the same time make sure that you receive all vitamins and minerals through foods.

  7. "If you follow a strict diet, then you are constantly hungry and craving disallowed foods." False. Not all strict diets are alike. See above.

  8. "In the long run, it is impossible to lose weight by dieting." Incorrect. Dieting is the only way to lose weight permanently (I do not regard bariatric surgery as a weight loss method because it is highly dangerous and destroys health). Dieting does not necessarily mean a restriction of calories: the Paleo diet and Atkins diet contain plenty of calories and are scientifically proven to reduce body weight. But several conditions should be met for long-term success of a strict diet: you can afford to live alone at least initially, your diet does not reduce work capacity, the diet is filling, food variety is sufficient, you consume plenty of foods that reduce weight, and you can counteract the changes in mental health that will result from dieting (see endnote C1). Junk food and other highly processed foods are the cause of obesity and countless diseases.

  9. "While on a strict diet, people feel miserable, but when they start eating everything, especially junk food, they start feeling great." Nonsense. Another self-serving guru, named Matt Stone, is leading you off a cliff. In reality, most people on a strict diet notice that they think more clearly and their numerous personal problems go away (some inconveniences associated with dieting will increase, that is a small price to pay). I agree that overconsumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids can make one feel bad, but it's a straw man, the absolute majority of dieters do not overconsume them. Vegans for example, typically avoid nuts because this food makes them feel awful. Overconsumption of fried and grilled meat can also make you feel awful, but the vast majority of dieters do not fit this pattern. Most dieters will honestly tell you that they feel well while on a strict diet but feel awful both physically and psychologically when they go back to eating everything. If you go back to junk food, you will be gaining weight steadily, and your brain will stop working, thus all your personal problems and stupid mistakes will come back. As proven by Weston A. Price, humans can live all their life on a strict diet and enjoy good health, in particular, excellent dental health. You can solve the deficiencies and problems associated with a strict diet by adapting it to your body and your lifestyle and by increasing the variety of diet foods. Eating everything permanently is not a solution, it's a disaster.

  10. "The longest-lived people do not adhere to diets; therefore, you shouldn't try to live on a strict diet." I can see several levels of deception here. First, it is unlikely that the powers that be would pass up the opportunity to deceive you about the longest-lived people [1137, 1138, 1152]. Official statistics and what you see in mass media is usually some sort of propaganda. Second, you can ignore everything about so-called "Blue Zones" (geographic areas where people allegedly live longer than usual) because the average difference is too small: approximately 10%. This is comparable to variance and not worth to bother investigating. If people in Blue Zones lived 6-fold longer than elsewhere, then they would get my attention. There is plenty of evidence casting doubt on the validity of the reported data on blue zones [1212]. Third, it is pointless to make longevity your meaning of life because too many factors (unrelated to health) can end your life abruptly and unexpectedly. It makes sense to make your life and health as wonderful as possible here and today and not to worry about what will happen in 60 years.

The invention of the new label—orthorexia—is a classic example of disease mongering. If you believe the propagandists, then you are allowed to engage in nutritional changes "only slightly," but if you completely cut out fast food from your diet, then this is "a mental disorder." It hasn't occurred to the inventors of labels that you can obtain a benefit or lose weight from dietary changes only if these changes are "excessive"? The definition of orthorexia is so ambiguous and arbitrary that you can attach this label to any person who undertakes dietary restrictions, even tiny ones.

Selfish motives of those who attach the new label are easily discernible [1214, 1215]: the healthcare industry and physicians need new clients, whereas mass media derive huge income from the advertising of the food industry’s products. If you don't stuff your face with GMO-laden, pesticide-rich, high-carcinogen garbage that they advertise and sell as food, this means that "you are abnormal"? According to the propaganda, diseases appear out of the blue and have nothing to do with the unnatural modern nutrition. If you question this poppycock, then you are crazy. Marginalizing the truth and health is an old and well-tested method of mind control. These disinfo agents have fabricated numerous unverifiable stories of people "suffering" from a healthy lifestyle. In actuality, strict diets can cure many diseases, for example, cancer and many disorders related to obesity and inflammation, while the healthcare industry loses clients and income. Then it is not surprising that many doctors claim that orthorexia is a mental disorder even though this "disorder" is not listed in the official classification of diseases. Even if it were listed there, you shouldn't believe official claims blindly.

The whole concept of "eating disorders" by itself is profoundly fallacious because it turns nutritional problems on their head: the unnatural modern human nutrition, which emerged only several centuries ago with the development of chemical manufacturing, is proclaimed to be the "norm." Meanwhile, officially approved garbage eating shortens the lifespan (that's right, modern medicine has shortened, not extended, the human lifespan), causes obesity in a large percentage of the population, tooth decay in everyone, and numerous other health problems. The widely accepted official diagnoses—bulimia and anorexia—in actuality, should be regarded as complications of the modern unnatural nutrition, and the latter should be labeled "pathological omnivorousness," which is characterized by blind faith in advertising and in the powers that be, indifference to one's deteriorating health, and the inability to see obvious causation.

Conventional medicine is imposed on the populace by the powers that be, serves the ruling elite, not the populace, and worsens instead of curing most diseases. The techniques of so-called evidence-based medicine do exactly the opposite of what they are supposed to do by proving that a treatment that causes nothing but harm "alleviates a disease" (see the second section of Chapter One). The elite has long been planning on reducing the world's population, especially the number of retirees. The elite itself carefully avoids the officially approved treatments.

In the meantime, the ruling elite is brainwashing the population with ridiculous zero-conspiracy theories by means of mass media: "a conspiracy in the highest echelons of power does not exist and is impossible," "the powers that be have no secrets from the population," "the ruling elite consists of good people," "the government is incapable of secretly subjugating mass media," "the government never deceives the people," "the ruling elite serves the people," and so on. Curiously, in its own relations with other governments and own population, any ruling elite always dismisses the naive fantasy about the absence of a collusion and always assumes that there is a conspiracy (look at how paranoid counterintelligence agencies are and at the millions of citizens accused by prosecutors of criminal conspiracy without any proof). It should be obvious to a thinking person that the fairy tale term "conspiracy theory" exists only in the parallel universe created for you by propagandists. In reality, if there is a motive and opportunity, then you can be 100% certain that a conspiracy exists (although details are often unknown), and the nonsensical zero-conspiracy theory should be rejected. The ruling elite deceives the people with total impunity and saturates all information channels with its lies, including government-approved education. A person who considers himself normal and proudly does not believe in "conspiracy theories" is actually a sucker who believes habitual liars. A normal smart person will demand proof that there is no conspiracy and will assume that there is some kind of conspiracy if such proof is not presented. If there is a motive and opportunity for a conspiracy, then proving its absence is extremely difficult: you need to know what potential conspirators did every second of the day and night for the last several years.


Key points


Saturated fat: friend or foe?

The main source of saturated fat in the human diet is animal products such as meat, butter, and whole milk. As an exception, saturated fat is also present in large amounts in some plant foods such as coconut and coconut oil. Traditionally, health care authorities have said that saturated fat is bad for health. Nonetheless, a number of recent epidemiological studies and dietary experiments have found that the amount of saturated fat in the diet does not have any effect on body weight and the blood cholesterol level [255 – 259]. Saturated fat has no effect on the composition of blood lipids, such as the level of “bad” cholesterol. One study shows that consumption of foods rich in saturated fat (red meat, butter, high-fat dairy) correlates inversely with the amount of body fat several years later [260]. By the way, dietary cholesterol has nothing to do with the blood level of cholesterol. It is the liver that synthesizes most of the cholesterol in your blood [61]. The most recent official dietary guidelines (MyPlate) dropped the outdated recommendation to limit cholesterol-rich foods in your diet.

Scientists have experimented on mice and rats to obtain most of the research data regarding the presumed deleterious effects of saturated fat. Rodents, however, have the digestive tract and physiology that are different from those of humans. For example, a classic high-fat diet, the ketogenic diet, causes a weight gain in rodents but a weight loss in humans [119, 261]. Many of these experiments on laboratory animals employ unrealistic, preposterous amounts of saturated fat, such as diets containing 80% fat by calories. Therefore, if an experiment on rodents shows that a diet containing elevated amounts of saturated fat causes some health problems, this does not necessarily mean that saturated fat is bad for human health.

Some epidemiological studies found that increased consumption of saturated fat correlates with certain cardiovascular diseases, but others found no such association [256]. Note that we are talking about a statistical association or correlation, not causation. Few epidemiological studies can offer proof of causation [36]; most of them show an association. Only randomized controlled trials can prove causation beyond a doubt. (In references [37, 99], readers can find a list of epidemiology-based lifestyle recommendations that scientists later refuted by randomized controlled trials.) The association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease in some epidemiological studies, if it is real, can have a number of alternative explanations. For example, a gene may increase dietary preference for saturated fat and at the same time make a person more susceptible to cardiovascular problems through a mechanism unrelated to dietary fats. Alternatively, saturated fat may prevent cancer and this effect will make the person more likely to die of the other major cause of death: cardiovascular disease. Another possible explanation is that people who have complied with the decades-old recommendation to avoid dietary fat are fundamentally different from those who ignored this recommendation. The compliant people may have engaged in various behaviors that are beneficial to their cardiovascular health. Those behaviors, not the avoidance of saturated fat, have contributed to the better health outcomes. There are other possible explanations. Yet when someone reports that consumption of saturated fat is associated with some unfavorable health outcome, people often jump to the conclusion that it is the saturated fat that causes the bad outcome. In actuality, saturated fat may have nothing to do with the health problem.

My guess is that one can find anything that they want to find in statistical data, with enough time and effort. It is likely that one can find disease associations with any types of food, even the holiest of holies of food pyramids: whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Even with physical exercise [262]. (As an aside, one experiment on laboratory rats, which is not an epidemiological study, shows that bread crust can cause weight gain and damage to kidneys [236].) If some skilled epidemiologists can show that increased consumption of whole grains, fruits, or vegetables correlates with some unfavorable outcomes, this finding will demonstrate the shortcomings of epidemiology-based dietary recommendations. After this book came out, I have been able to find several studies of this sort [873, 880, 895, 897, 905, 909]. As we saw earlier, this statistical association does not imply that whole grains (or fruits and vegetables) indeed cause health problems.

Animals in the wild never remove saturated fat from their food (muscle meat and whole milk). The same is true of ethnic groups who consume a lot of animal products, such Eskimos. They consume animal food as is and do not try to “improve” it by making it low fat. Calves drink whole milk from a mother cow and predators eat all flesh including fat, muscle, and organs. Some primates consume meat and they too consume whole meat, including fat. Human milk is fattier than whole milk from a cow. How come we do not remove fat from the milk of nursing mothers if saturated fat is such a bad thing for health? Some readers can say that saturated fat is good in infancy and bad for health after infancy. Well, a number of studies have shown that increased consumption of saturated fat by adults does not correlate with any negative effects on health [119, 255, 257, 258, 263, 264]. In addition, saturated fat serves several important functions in the human body [265]. Thus, the jury is still out regarding the presumed negative effects of saturated fat.

The kind of fat that may have adverse effects on health is fat that underwent cooking at high temperatures, 200–400°C (390–750°F). Some studies have shown that cooking of meat at high temperatures (by frying or grilling) increases the amount of cholesterol oxidation products 5- to 10-fold [124, 266]. Cholesterol oxidation products play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which can lead to a number of cardiovascular problems [178, 267]. Steaming of meat for extended periods (for example, for 30 min) can also increase the amount of cholesterol oxides in cooked meat [124, 266]. At the same time, boiling does not increase the level of cholesterol oxides [268]. Therefore, it is possible that there is “good animal fat” and “bad animal fat.” The “bad animal fat” is present in animal products such as grilled meat or fried butter, whereas “good animal fat” is present in boiled meat and pasteurized (or raw) dairy products. It would be interesting to conduct epidemiological studies on the association of bad and good animal fat with cardiovascular diseases. If an epidemiological study uncovers an association, it will be a good hypothesis to test in randomized controlled trials. One randomized controlled trial shows that food cooked at high temperatures causes pathological changes consistent with the development of diabetes and cardiovascular problems, whereas food cooked at moderate temperatures does not [830].

Another common fallacy regarding animal fat and dietary fat in general is as follows. Because low-fat diets can cause weight loss and improve cardiovascular risk factors (they can lower “bad cholesterol” in blood), then it seems logical to make some assumptions about high-fat diets. As the fallacy goes, high-fat diets should have the opposite effects: they should cause a weight gain and worsen cardiovascular risk factors. In actuality, high-fat low-carbohydrate diets (such as Atkins) cause an even faster weight loss and also improve blood cholesterol composition [119, 269 – 275]. As mentioned above, people who consume more animal fat than usual are not overweight, on average [255]. These people also do not have an elevated blood cholesterol level.

Experiments on laboratory animals show that addition of sucrose (refined sugar) to the diet of rats increases their blood cholesterol level and body weight [94]. These data suggest that “unnatural food” rather than dietary fat is responsible for obesity and cardiovascular problems. On the other hand, natural fats of plant and animal origin do not pose any danger to the health of humans. Health authorities should stop demonizing animal fat.

As for my own weight and physical health, I am somewhat overweight according to the body mass index (BMI) [337]. My BMI fluctuates between 28 and 29 depending on the diet I am consuming. Women tell me that I look fine and I am happy with my appearance. Despite being overweight, I haven’t had health complaints in a long time and received a clean bill of health recently.K My view is that if a person gains a little weight on healthy food such as boiled potatoes and whole grains, this is “healthy weight.” Epidemiological studies suggest that excess body weight correlates with a shorter lifespan and with some diseases on average. But these studies lump together all overweight people, regardless of how they gained weight. There are many healthy people who are overweight. Winston Churchill lived to be 90 despite being overweight. It is possible to put on a little weight on healthy foods, such as boiled potatoes and whole grains. There is no reason to believe that with this weight gain you will have the same undesirable effects on health as a person who puts on weight on junk food. A recent study shows that the current health of people who are overweight is not different from that of people with normal weight [741]. In contrast, obese people (BMI greater than 30) tend to have worse health [741].

There is also some research showing that animal fat can have beneficial effects on mental state or mental performance. Just to remind you, animal fat contains a high percentage of saturated fat and cholesterol, whereas plant-source oils contain little or no cholesterol and little saturated fat. A study out of Switzerland compared the effects of a single high-protein, high-fat, or high-carbohydrate meal on healthy volunteers [117]. The high-fat meal that consisted of equal parts of plant fat (palm and soybean oil) and animal fat (double cream) resulted in the best mental performance, during the 3 hours after the meal. The high-protein meal produced an intermediate result (it consisted of fried chicken and eggs), and the high-carbohydrate meal (glucose, maltodextrin, and rice starch) overall produced the worst mental performance three hours after the meal. The study examined the following mental abilities: simple reaction time, choice reaction time, average muscle activity and its variation, accuracy in short-term memory, accuracy in peripheral attention, central and peripheral efficiency. Another line of evidence in support of beneficial effects of animal fat comes from studies on laboratory animals. This research shows that high-cholesterol diets can improve spatial memory [276]. (Animal fat is the primary source of dietary cholesterol.)

A high-fat diet known as the “ketogenic diet” is an effective therapy for treatment-resistant epilepsy. This diet is based on saturated fat such as cream and butter. A variation of the ketogenic diet, the Atkins diet, which contains large amounts of animal fat, produces the fastest weight loss compared to other diets [119, 269 – 275]. It can also improve indicators of cardiovascular health and some measurements of psychological well-being in obese people [277 – 279]. My personal view is that the Atkins diet would be less controversial and more acceptable to healthcare authorities if it excluded fried meat and fried fat. The latter contain high levels of carcinogens and cholesterol oxidation products. I tolerate the Atkins diet much better if



The latter procedure can reduce possible side effects of this diet such as fatigue, low mood, and headache. Dietary fiber supplements are useful in the Atkins diet because they are effective against another side effect, constipation.

In the state of ketosis (dietary carbohydrates are severely limited), high-calorie diets, such as the Atkins, cause a weight loss. On the other hand, during a normal metabolic state (there is a sufficient amount of dietary carbohydrates), high-calorie diets containing increased amounts of fat tend to cause a weight gain. Thus, the relationship of dietary calories and body weight is not a simple one. To give another example, raw fooders, most of whom subsist on a vegan diet, eat a lot of raw fruit, which is a high-calorie food [920]. Yet raw fooders tend to be underweight [919], despite consuming plenty of calories. This observation further complicates the relationship of calories and weight. I developed my own weight loss diet, the “starchless diet,” which is not a low-calorie diet. It is not a low-carb diet either. In 2012, I lost 31 pounds (14 kilograms) on that diet, and I believe that it works because it excludes “fattening calories.” The description of the starchless diet is found in endnote C1.

Genetics also plays an important role and one person can become obese while another underweight when consuming an almost identical diet [947]. Different people also respond differently to weight loss diets: for example, many people lose weight quickly on the Atkins diet, whereas some people do not. The majority of people regain weight when they stop dieting and long-term compliance with weight loss diets is low [274, 954, 1001]. Surgical interventions such as gastric bypass surgery and liposuction are an option for those who can afford them. Gastric bypass surgery is the most effective treatment of obesity, with significant long-term weight loss and maintenance in more than 86% of obese people [946, 951]. As any major surgical intervention, this approach is also the most dangerous (life-threatening). Dieting is less effective in the long run (2–20% success rate, depending the source and definitions [274, 952, 991]). Exercise alone is the least effective weight loss strategy for obese people [949, 950]. Recent Consumer Reports (2011) analyzed a number of different diet plans and concluded that the Jenny Craig diet is the most effective program judging by long-term adherence and long-term weight loss. Yet the results of this diet plan are satisfactory for overweight, but not obese people: the dieters achieved an average weight loss of 7.4 kg (~16 lbs.) and maintained it for about 2 years [953, 954]. Note that there is a significant minority of obese people who are in good health. Some academic researchers who study obesity admit that the healthy obese will be better off if they do not try to lose weight. This is because their chances of losing a significant amount of weight and keeping it off by means of diets and exercise are about 10%. Weight loss strategies carry substantial costs from the standpoint of time, job productivity, and money (often futile costs). Some weight loss techniques carry health risks (for example, surgical methods and prolonged fasting).

Going back to the cognitive effects of fat, some studies show that low-fat diets correlate with increased feelings of hostility [280], suggesting that dietary fat may play an important role in mental health. Studies on laboratory animals show that high-fat diets have antidepressant and antianxiety effects [261, 281]. In humans, one statistical study shows an inverse relationship between consumption of animal fat and psychological distress [852].

In summary, the possible relationship between saturated fat in the diet and cardiovascular diseases remains controversial and many studies show that this relationship is either weak or nonexistent. On the other hand, evidence exists that animal fat can have beneficial effects on mental functions. I must qualify the beneficial effects of animal by my personal observation and some published evidence [1006, 1007] that dairy fat (cream, butter, whole milk, and sour cream) tends to promote constipation. It is easy to solve this problem if you add 1-2 tablespoons of castor oil (not for pregnant women) or flaxseed oil to your diet daily (good remedies for constipation). Based on the above evidence, we can make some practical recommendations for healthy people:


  1. Excluding animal fat from your diet is unnecessary because there is no proof that animal fat causes health problems in humans. The amount of animal fat in the diet does not correlate with either body weight or blood cholesterol level. Epidemiological studies do not constitute rigorous proof that saturated fat causes cardiovascular diseases.

  2. You need to avoid fried, grilled, or broiled animal fat because it contains high levels of cholesterol oxidation products, which participate in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. It is best to cook fat at moderate temperatures (for example, boiled meat). This fat contains the same low amount of cholesterol oxidation products as raw fat, and therefore it should not have adverse effects on health. Additionally, fried, grilled, and broiled meats contain detectable amounts of carcinogens, which are almost undetectable in boiled or steamed meat [146, 152].

  3. If you are still afraid of animal fat, you can continue consuming lean meat and low-fat milk. You can try using high-protein diets that are based on those low-fat products. If you notice, however, that you feel bad on high-protein low-fat diets (headache, depressed mood, abdominal pain, or diarrhea), you may consider fatty animal products. For instance, you can eat animal foods that contain a natural amount of fat: regular fish and regular meat (15–25% fat).

  4. This book does not advocate one permanent diet that you should adhere to for the rest of your life. Even if you are unconvinced by the above evidence of safety of animal fat, you may still consider using high-protein high-fat diets on a temporary basis. You can go on these diets when performing difficult mental tasks. At all other times, you can follow either conventional dietary recommendations or low-fat diets.


Key points


A diet that can worsen mental abilities quickly

If one has to prove that dietary changes can improve mental abilities, then it will also be necessary to demonstrate that some other dietary changes can worsen mental abilities. In my view, a good example of a “dumb diet” is the diet that consists of whole-grain bread and water solution of sucrose. This diet embodies the opposite of what the natural intelligence theory suggests a person should do in order to improve mental abilities. The bread-and-sugar diet, in addition to impairing mental abilities, causes an abnormal mental state as described below. I tested this diet on myself for 4 days once and for 2 days on another occasion, and I also tested similar control diets for several days each. The bread-and-sugar diet includes the most typical food additive (refined sugar) as well as grains cooked at high temperatures (bread). Bread contains acrylamide, a substance toxic to nerve cells at high doses (see Table 2). Boiled grains contain undetectable levels of acrylamide, and the composition of Maillard reaction products may be different from that in bread.

Some readers might say that the possible negative effects of the bread-and-sugar diet are the result of the unbalanced nature of this diet, that is, the lack of some vitamins and high-quality protein. This is not the case because the control diets, one consisting of boiled whole grains and the other consisting of raw soaked grains, do not have the negative effects characteristic of the bread-and-sugar diet.

The following is a description of my personal experience with the above diets. (Readers can skip the detailed description of these data and jump to the end of this section: press this link.) We will start with the diet that has almost no negative effects on mental abilities (raw soaked grains only). At the end, we will take a look at the diet that has the worst negative effects (the bread-and-sugar diet).

I tested the diet consisting of raw grains only (oats and shredded wheat soaked in water for 12 hours or longer) in the summer of 1995. The longest experiment was two and a half days. This diet has no noticeable adverse effects, except that the ability to concentrate on reading tasks is insufficient, but the capacity for manual work is good.

I tested the diet consisting of boiled whole grains only on several occasions in the past. The most recent experiment (boiled shredded wheat and boiled buckwheat only) lasted for 3.5 days (from August 18 to August 20, 2009). Compared to the diet of raw grains, this diet produces a significant slowing. The slowing can manifest itself as reduced activity or a feeling of boredom. In social situations, there is a tendency for taciturnity, inability to keep up with conversation, and a lack of initiative. The diet had no effect on either mood or fatigue, and I felt good both physically and mentally. On the fourth day of this diet, August 21, I developed a strong sugar craving and started consuming honey, about 6 tablespoons per day. On the same day, I developed a mild headache, which increased in intensity on the next day. I decided that the headache may be due to honey in the context of the vegan diet, and replaced honey with fruit juices (canned grape and pineapple juices, free of additives) on August 23. I did not use any other treatments for headache. The headache cleared up in the afternoon of August 23, and I continued the boiled grains diet with some fruit juices, the whole day August 24. I discontinued this diet in the morning of August 25. I was unable to force myself to write anything starting from August 19 (I was working on this book at the time) until the grains-only diet ended on August 25. I felt well both physically and mentally at the end of this experiment. This experiment suggests that honey may cause headache in the context of a vegan diet. Previous experiments with a diet that consists of boiled grains only were shorter, about two days (on several occasions in 1995–1997). Boiled grains do not increase the amount of errors at work (such as laboratory work at a research institute), but they cause a noticeable slowing in social interactions.

I tested the diet consisting of whole-grain bread and water for 2 days in February of 2009 and for 7 days in November 2009. I worked as a laboratory scientist during the test on February 11–12. There was a noticeable increase in clumsiness and errors in laboratory work on the second day of the diet. There is a substantial slowing in social interactions and there is a feeling that you are sedated and can’t keep up with what’s going on around you. I was working at home on this book during the most recent experiment from October 29 to November 5, 2009. I was unable to insert references in the book as planned, but was able to read the text and make some edits. Sleep was normal and there was no change in mood or anxiety level. Contrary to my expectations, I did not observe any negative physical symptoms.

The bread-and-water diet did not cause sugar cravings that I had after several days of the diet that consisted of boiled grains (see above). The bread-and-water diet does not have direct effects on mood or anxiety level under conditions when the person does not have to work or interact with other people. Nonetheless, it is possible that this diet may worsen mood or increase anxiety indirectly, via increased clumsiness and errors at work and difficulty with social interactions. At the end of the seven days of this diet, I attended a family event; I was slow, quiet, and taciturn as though I was sedated. Nonetheless, I felt well physically at the end of this experiment.

The bread-and-sugar diet consists of whole-grain bread and water solution of sucrose, approximately 2.5 grams of sucrose per kilogram of body weight per day. I tested this diet for 2 days in March 2009 and, most recently, for 4 days (July 27–31, 2009). This was the maximum dose of sucrose that I could force myself to consume. During the 2-day test on March 12 and 13, I was working as a laboratory scientist. Work productivity and activity level declined, social interactions were awkward, and there was a general tendency toward taciturnity. There was an increase in clumsiness on day 2 (increased number of errors in manual laboratory work). Later, during the 4-day test in July, I was working on this book and spent most of the time in solitude. There were no noticeable adverse effects during the first 24 hours except that I was unable to write anything until the end of this 4-day test. On day 2, there was moderate chest pain in the area of the heart and sleep pattern started to shift later into the night. On day 3, there was mild headache and moderate heartburn as well as insomnia; I slept about 4 hours on night 3. On night 4, I slept about 2 hours in the morning, and the insomnia was uncomfortable. The next day, I did not feel sleepy and felt well physically, but there was a weird feeling that the world around me was unreal (derealization). This feeling persisted throughout the day and was uncomfortable, although mood was normal and there was no anxiety. My abdomen increased in size, possibly because of slower than usual passage of food through the digestive tract. I decided to abort the bread-and-sugar diet after about 96 hours in the evening of July 31. All symptoms disappeared within one or two days after I switched to the modified high-protein diet. Because I was unable to get any work done during those 4 days, I spent most of the time chatting on the Internet, watching DVDs of my favorite TV shows with occasional walking outdoors. I can conclude that the bread-and-sugar diet impairs mental abilities. In addition, this diet may induce some psychotic symptoms (derealization). Some statistical studies show that schizophrenic patients tend to have poor dietary habits and are more likely to eat a diet that consists of junk food compared to the general population [282, 945, 990, 1125].

The above experiments suggest that sucrose and bread can worsen mental abilities without causing noticeable problems with physical health. This impairment can manifest itself as increased clumsiness and increased amount of errors in job- or school-related tasks. (A recent statistical study shows a correlation between consumption of junk food and an increased amount of errors and injuries [998].) My experiments also suggest that raw and boiled grains are healthy foods that do not impair mental abilities, although boiled grains appear to have a mild sedative effect. The summary of the findings is as follows. The diet of baked grains (bread) has metabolic effects that are different from those of a boiled grain diet. The bread-and-water diet will increase errors, cause substantial sedation, and will not cause sugar cravings. The boiled grain diet will not increase errors, but will cause sugar cravings and milder sedation. Addition of sucrose to the bread-and-water diet causes sleep disturbances [985] and further impairment of thinking, such as psychotic symptoms. None of these diets has direct biological effects on mood or anxiety level.

It is possible that the observed deterioration of intelligence on the bread-and-sugar diet is due to the “nocebo effect,” i.e., negative self-suggestion. On the other hand, I expected this diet to worsen mood or increase anxiety. This negative effect did not happen under the conditions when the person does not have to work or interact with other people. (The depressant diet described in Chapter Four lowers mood and increases emotional tension under these conditions.) I also expected the bread-and-water diet to cause some physical symptoms, yet I observed no negative effects on physical health after seven days of this diet. These observations suggest that the negative effects on mental abilities are real and not the result of the nocebo effect.

Those readers who wish to test my claims in volunteer studies may consider testing the following diets in parallel (for seven days or longer):


  1. bread-and-sugar diet;

  2. bread and fruit juice diet;

  3. the diet of boiled whole grains and fruit juice;

  4. modified high-protein diet (Chapter Three).


The cognitive tests should involve complex questions and calculations in order to detect differences in the amount of errors. These should be tests of fluid intelligence that do not require advanced knowledge (crystallized intelligence). Simple mental tasks will not be suitable for this purpose. Interested researchers can also test the above diets on people whose occupation requires unusual precision and motor coordination, such as golf or baseball players.


Key points


The “no-diet approach,” or food restriction without adhering to any strict diet

Caloric restriction or food restriction is a sustained reduction of the food intake by about 15 to 30% in laboratory animals, compared to their usual food consumption to full satiety. A typical caloric restriction regimen provides normal amounts of protein and vitamins but reduces the amount of calories at the expense of dietary carbohydrates and fat. Numerous experiments have shown that caloric restriction has a number of beneficial effects on health of laboratory animals. For example, caloric restriction can extend lifespan, prevent or delay cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and enhance the immune system. It is not known if caloric restriction has similar beneficial effects on humans, although it is likely to prevent or reduce obesity. In a recent study, researchers subjected monkeys to 30% caloric restriction for most of their adult lifespan. The study showed that the incidence of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and brain atrophy decreased, compared to the control group of animals [283]. Twenty years after the onset of the caloric restriction regimen, 80% of the food-restricted monkeys survived. Only 50% of control monkeys (normal feeding) were still alive at that time point. These data suggest that caloric restriction can extend the lifespan of primates and possibly humans as well. On the other hand, the most recent study of caloric restriction in monkeys shows that this regimen does not extend their lifespan [1005]. The diet in the latest study was healthier than the diet in the earlier study. Thus, it is possible that a healthy diet extends the lifespan of monkeys and caloric restriction provides little or no further benefit.

Researchers in the field of caloric restriction believe that caloric restriction is difficult to achieve in a sustained manner in free-living humans [284]. This is because in free-living humans, a period of self-imposed dietary restrictions leads to a period of overeating, in most cases. There is some evidence from laboratory animals and from human studies that individuals who undergo 20–30% caloric restriction feel hungry most of the time. These problems prompted some investigators to search for pharmacological agents or other physiological treatments that mimic caloric restriction in free-living humans [284]. There is an organization, the Calorie Restriction Society, that conducts research on the effects of long-term caloric restriction in humans and it is recruiting volunteers. The readers who are interested in this topic can find more information on their website.

This section describes some techniques that are useful for controlling appetite. You can use these techniques for restricting the amount of calories or for reducing the amount of junk food in your diet. For example, overly tasty food causes overeating and weight gain in laboratory animals [285]. Tasty junk food in all likelihood causes overconsumption of calories in humans as well. The techniques presented below can prevent overeating of palatable food. I don’t know whether these methods can help to lose weight; however, it is conceivable that they can maintain weight loss that you have achieved by other means.

Some studies show that it is possible to reduce the amount of food necessary to achieve satiety by prolonging the chewing process [286, 986]. These observations led me to do some experimentation and I found that the following principles may reduce the total food intake, perhaps, by 10 to 20% (unpublished personal observations):


a) Extend chewing of solid and semisolid food (60 to 70 times for each bite). It is possible to extend the chewing time further, but if you overdo it, the long chewing time may soon become inconvenient and therefore unsustainable, leading to cycles of restriction and binging. The key is consistency, with the chewing time being not too long and not too short. This approach will increase the duration or frequency of meals, which is a drawback of this method.
b) Chewing should not be hasty; the speed of chewing should be slow to average. Slow down and relax when you sit down to eat. Make it a habit to never chew hastily.
c) Do not mix any type of solid food with drinks during chewing (people tend to swallow moist food without chewing). This principle will make it easier for you to chew solid food thoroughly. You can consume drinks after you have chewed and swallowed the solid food. For example, if you are used to eating cookies with milk or hamburgers with soft drinks, try separating consumption of solid foods and consumption of drinks. You will see that instead of wolfing down two hamburgers at one sitting, you will eat only one hamburger and feel full. You also will enjoy the meal for the same duration of time.
d) Always make normal-sized bites of any solid or semisolid food and avoid stuffing your mouth. Stuffing the mouth results in violation of principle “c,” which leads to violation of principle “a.”


The precise magnitude of the food restriction that you can achieve with this approach is unknown and further research is needed. You can use this food restriction method with any diet and when you are not dieting. You need to apply the four principles outlined above to all types of food.

There is another variation of this approach, where you chew healthy food in your usual manner, but you apply the extended chewing to unhealthy food (junk food). In this case, you can extend the chewing of junk food to >200 times each bite. You can apply the latter alternative approach to official food pyramids, and it can help you to reduce consumption of foods at the top of the pyramid (which you should avoid or consume sparingly). This method helped me to cut my consumption of junk food by about fivefold in the long run and is useful during holidays when there is plenty of palatable food. Gluttony seems inevitable for most people during holidays, especially for those who are on some kind of a diet most of the time. The above-mentioned four principles can allow you to eat everything and adhere to a healthy diet at the same time. You will be able to enjoy small amounts of junk food occasionally, keep your appetite under control, and not feel guilty about your transgressions.

Some Eastern health systems, such as yoga, contain similar principles. People with eating disorders also employ a similar approach, which consists of chewing and spitting out large amounts of food without swallowing. Readers need to familiarize themselves with common eating disorders (type “eating disorder” into your search engine) and be careful not to fall into this trap. If you suspect that you may have an eating disorder, it is best to seek professional help immediately.

When you are restricting your food intake using the proposed approach, it is best to follow a conventional food pyramid, such as Harvard’s Healthy Eating Plate, without strict dieting. Self-experimentation suggests that the subjective benefits of the proposed food restriction regimen are the following:



There is another food restriction approach that seems to facilitate social interaction but may worsen reading and writing performance. Skipping breakfast daily or every other day can make you more sociable and talkative, in other words, a less boring person. It may also improve your understanding of lectures in the morning, if you are a student. In my experience, listening to lectures and taking notes during lectures do not require significant mental concentration. But skipping breakfast will reduce your work capacity if you have to perform heavy manual labor or some reading or writing tasks in the morning. Some studies showed that skipping breakfast can impair performance of school-related tasks in children [287]. Other studies demonstrated that skipping breakfast can have beneficial effects on some mental abilities (reviewed in [872, 999]). In my view, a good alternative to skipping breakfast is breakfast that consists of fruits and vegetables (a protein-free and fat-free breakfast). This method has similar effects, in my experience. Keep in mind that you can use the above-mentioned chewing techniques to prevent compensatory overeating at lunch and at dinner.

I sometimes have high-protein breakfast and skip lunch at work, the habit that I developed since I started experimenting with various “strange diets” many years ago. This approach can be useful when you need 100% compliance with a diet and the food available for lunch at work does not meet the criteria of your diet. Skipping lunch is not necessary with most of the “smart diets” because you can bring normal-looking meals from home to work and eat them in the company of other people.

Skipping breakfast and occasional skipping of both breakfast and lunch can be beneficial (it may reduce fatigue and apathy and improve mental clarity). Yet fasting for longer periods, greater than 36–48 hours, has negative effects on health. Caloric restriction without fasting has beneficial effects on health, but fasting longer than a couple of days has several adverse effects. In particular, it leads to a loss of productivity, suppresses the immune system [288], and can accelerate growth of tumors [289]. Intermittent fasting (eating every other day) has almost the same beneficial effects on physical health as caloric restriction [290]. Yet intermittent fasting has negative effects on mental health: test subjects reported being irritable or cranky on fasting days [291]. On the other hand, two days of caloric restriction did not have detectable effects on mental abilities and mental state according to one study [292]. Another study reported improvement of memory in elderly people as a result of caloric restriction [293].

In conclusion, skipping breakfast and moderate food restriction without malnutrition [287] can have beneficial effects on some mental abilities, but may reduce the capacity for some types of work. The weight of available scientific evidence suggests that prolonged fasting has negative effects on health.


Key points


Potential adverse effects

In addition to the possible adverse effects listed in the description of each diet above, there are some undesirable effects that are common to most of the diets described in this chapter. (Readers can skip the detailed discussion of this topic and jump to the key points: press this link.) First, some of these diets can be considered “strange diets” and strict compliance with these dietary changes for an extend period of time may cause some problems in your relations with other people. These diets can affect your relations with your family, friends, or with colleagues at work. The modified high-protein diet and the depressant diet are an exception because they include meals that look “normal” and socially acceptable in most situations. For example, a meal can consist of cooked vegetables with cooked meat and fruit juice mixed with wheat extract (Appendix I). Of course, what is “normal” varies among different cultures. You will do well to behave within the acceptable norms in a given social context.

Second, many of the diets proposed in this chapter lack culinary finesse and some people may find this food bland. In actuality, the taste may seem unusual at first try, but after several days, it can become enjoyable, especially if you observe beneficial effects on your mental abilities. For example, the antidepressant diet consists of low-fat milk, unprocessed unsalted cheese, water extract of wheat and fruits with vegetables without any seasonings. Although these foods are not gourmet fare, they have a pleasant taste and it is feasible to spend several days on this diet. In the case of the modified high-protein diet, a great variety of delicious recipes are possible, and you can copy many of them from the Paleolithic diet or the Atkins diet with some modifications. You can find some recipes in Appendix I. If you decide to give these diets a try, the expected change is from “overly tasty” to “just tasty,” rather than from tasty to bland.

Third, radical dietary changes can cause character changes, based on my personal experience. Some of the character changes are positive, but other changes may appear to be undesirable. In particular, the person may become less talkative in some situations and more talkative in others. My advice is to ignore these changes and act naturally; you should not feel compelled to keep talking in any situation, except when your job requires it. The change that is common to all of the above diets is reduced emotionality. By emotionality here I mean what psychologists call “trait neuroticism.” The person may become less prone to vivid displays of both positive and negative emotions. This change does not mean that the person will experience fewer emotions; it means that the person will be less likely to display strong emotions. The outward manifestations of some emotions may become subtler. With respect to internal feelings, the strength and amount of negative emotions such as anger, sadness, resentment, and hostility will decrease. Regarding positive emotions, some may increase, but others may decrease. For example, the amount of laughter may decrease. The person may feel happy but laugh less than usual. Some people may interpret the reduced manifestation of positive emotions as being “less happy.” Yet the reduced amount of personal problems and improvement of internal mood will result in “more happiness,” not less. Another positive change characteristic of the “smart diets” is that it becomes easy for you to crack jokes and make people laugh. These diets, especially the fruit-and-vegetable diet, can sharpen your wit. On the other hand, it will become much harder for other people to make you laugh. It is possible that increased mental clarity leads to a more refined sense of humor, such that most types of comedy will seem silly and unfunny.

People with a history of bipolar disorder should be careful with the antidepressant diet and the modified high-protein diet because these diets carry a small risk of hypomania. Please note that I am the only test subject who tested the antidepressant diet and I have never had a diagnosis of a mood disorder. Therefore, it is unknown if the antidepressant diet is effective in depressed patients.

Another possible change that may seem undesirable is a loss of interest in some activities that you previously enjoyed. There is a simultaneous gain of interest in other activities. Put another way, the interests and priorities can change, and this switch may be a good thing. In any case, you need to know what to expect. In addition, the antidepressant diet and the fruit-and-vegetable diet may increase sweating. All of the “smart diets” presented here are elimination diets because they allow a small number of food products. In patients with food allergies, elimination diets can result in the development of hypersensitivity to offending food products. Finally, high-protein diets can cause constipation or hard stool, especially at the extremes of age (more details in Chapter Three). It also bears repeating that people who have a chronic medical condition or are taking medication should consult a qualified healthcare professional before attempting any of the lifestyle changes described in this book.


Key points


Summary of Chapter One

In addition to the intelligence measured by IQ, also known as academic intelligence, there are two other major types of intelligence: emotional intelligence and social intelligence. Each of these three types of intelligence consists of two components: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence reflects how well the brain works regardless of knowledge, whereas crystallized intelligence is a measure of accumulated knowledge and skills. An alternative definition of fluid intelligence is the ability to understand and solve novel problems. A related concept, mental clarity is a measure of how well the brain performs various kinds of tasks, regardless of knowledge. This text defines “mental clarity” as the sum of fluid dimensions of academic, emotional, and social intelligence.

A number of studies have shown that consumption of artificial ingredients, such as various food additives (refined sugar, food coloring, nitrites, nitrates, and others), in high doses can have negative effects on mental abilities. Other studies have shown that cooking of animal products (meat and fish) at high temperatures leads to the formation of mutagenic chemicals. These chemicals can have adverse effects on physical and mental health, when taken in high doses. The same is true of chemicals formed by cooking of some plant products (grains) at high temperatures. Some of the above chemicals can have noticeable negative effects at doses present in food. In theory, a “natural diet,” which consists of raw food only and is free of any artificial ingredients, should have none of these negative effects. Some researchers have shown that children who consumed their mother’s milk (natural food) during infancy have an IQ about 5 points higher than children who subsisted on a baby formula (unnatural food).

Based on these observations, this book proposes the natural nutrition theory of intelligence (abbreviated as “natural intelligence theory”). This theory suggests that a raw diet, which is free of any artificial chemicals, will improve mental clarity. One implication of the theory is that a similar but safe diet should also improve intelligence. This is because those diets are similar to the diet of primates in the wild or to the diet of evolutionary predecessors of humans (the ancestral diet). Free-living primates do not consume any food additives and do not cook their food. This was also the case for evolutionary predecessors of humans before the mastery of cooking with fire approximately 300,000 years ago. The modern diet of humans for the most part consists of cooked and processed food supplemented with numerous chemicals. The natural intelligence theory suggests that the modern human diet has negative effects on mental abilities. This is because humans did not have sufficient evolutionary time to adapt to this diet through natural selection.

There are several limitations to the natural intelligence theory. Humans may have adapted to cooked food, at least partially, during the last 300,000 years of evolution. It is impossible to determine precisely what a natural diet for modern humans is. On the other hand, numerous synthetic chemicals (food additives) entered the human diet only a few centuries ago. Therefore, the additive-laden diet may still be “unnatural” for the majority of the population. Another limitation of the theory is that raw meat and fish can contain pathogens that cause infectious diseases, but there are safe and socially acceptable raw animal foods, such as eggs, tail fat, scallops, and dairy.

Nonetheless, it is possible to design balanced diets that are both safe and similar to the ancestral diet. One example is a diet that excludes all artificial ingredients and consists of fruits, vegetables, water extract of grains, low-fat milk, and unprocessed unsalted cheese. For convenience, I call it the “antidepressant diet.” Practical testing suggests that this diet improves intelligence in much the same way as the ancestral diet consisting of raw fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish. Cooking of fruits and vegetables at moderate temperatures (by boiling or steaming) does not make any appreciable difference, and neither does pasteurization of dairy products. Addition of meat and fish cooked at moderate temperatures and nuts to the antidepressant diet will not worsen mental abilities on one condition. The amount of cooked flesh should not exceed the amount of dairy by weight. It is also possible to improve mental clarity by restricting the amount of food you consume, without adhering to a strict diet.

The proposed dietary changes can have side effects, such as character changes.
[Next Chapter Summary]

CHAPTER 2: Sleep management

Contents:

Sedative and sleep-promoting effects of heat

Warm environment and moderately hot baths or showers

The mild sedative properties of cooked grains

Stimulant and wakefulness-promoting effects of brief moderate cooling

Adapted cold showers

Can a cold shower cause a cold or the flu?

Potential adverse effects

Summary of Chapter Two


Sedative and sleep-promoting effects of heat

This chapter describes several nonpharmacological treatments that can help a student or a knowledge worker to manage their sleep pattern. Please note that you shouldn’t skip a night’s sleep to cram for an exam or meet a report deadline. Chapter Five discusses procrastination and ways to reduce it to avoid such situations. Occasionally, however, shift work or unexpected circumstances may force you to stay up all night. Thus, you may need some techniques for staying awake and then for restoring a normal sleep pattern. Besides, if somebody promised to help improve your mental abilities, their advice would be useless if you couldn’t control sleep and wakefulness. In this chapter, we will talk about sedative (sleep-promoting) treatments first, and then about approaches to improving wakefulness.

One simple way to improve sleep is moderate heating of the body. One study on patients with dementia showed that immersion in hot water at 40°C (104°F) for 30 minutes starting 2 hours before bedtime improved their sleep [341]. In this experiment they immersed themselves in water to midchest level, but another study showed that heating of feet alone can facilitate falling asleep [342]. Healthy women used three conditions: a hot bath, a hot footbath, and no treatment (control). The hot bath consisted of immersion to midchest level in hot water at 40°C (104°F) for 20 minutes, starting at 10:10 PM. The hot footbath involved immersing the legs to the knees in hot water (42°C) for 30 minutes, starting at 10:10 PM. The test subjects in both experimental groups fell asleep faster and reported better quality of sleep the next morning compared to the control group of women. Additionally, studies show that placing animals in a warm environment for several weeks increases the amount of time they spend sleeping [343]. Even brief exposure of laboratory animals to heat can promote sleep [344 – 346]. Excessive heat, however, has the opposite effect [347]. Sleep disturbances in humans correlate with hot weather (heat waves). A research team in the Netherlands has conducted a lot of studies on the effects on sleep of various ways of heating and cooling the body [348]. Continuous warming of the skin throughout the night by about 0.5°C (~1°F) using a special thermosuit was effective in facilitating falling asleep and improving various characteristics of sleep [349, 350]. The researchers observed this effect both in healthy subjects and in patients with insomnia [351]. Mild warming of the skin that excluded the head, hands, and feet had the most pronounced sleep-promoting effect.

If moderate heating of the body promotes sleep, then it should slow down mental processes. One study investigated the effects on mental abilities of a brief exposure to heat (in a hot environment). This treatment slowed reflexes, impaired performance of some mental tasks, and increased fatigue temporarily [352]. These data are in line with the results of another group of investigators who have shown that heat reduces information processing speed in soccer players [924]. All of the above studies suggest that moderate heating of the body shares some physiological effects with sedative drugs such as benzodiazepines (Valium®): they can improve sleep and slow down mental processes. One study shows that during a heat wave, doctors see fewer patients with complaints of anxiety [353]. Several other studies report that heating or warming of the body reduces anxiety [817, 818, 894]. The possible mechanism of the sedative effect of heat may involve increased levels of two sedative chemicals, serotonin and GABA, in the brain.M These biological effects suggest that this treatment should be beneficial in some anxiety disorders,M although nobody has tested this idea in clinical trials, as far as I know. Because of the effects on brain serotonin, repeated daily heating of the body in hot baths or showers may also be beneficial in some depressive disorders.M Immersion in hot water raises the blood level of prolactin [354], a hormone that can serve as an indicator of serotonin activity in the brain [355]. One report indeed showed that repeated heating reduced depressive symptoms in a group of cancer patients [356].

In conclusion, significant heating of the body that raises core body temperature by several degrees Centigrade (the condition known as hyperthermia) is not necessary for improvement of sleep. Moderate surface heating will do the job. Moderate heating is also much safer than treatments that cause hyperthermia.


Key points


Warm environment and moderately hot baths or showers

Warning: Heating the body can adversely interact with some medications and can have adverse effects in some medical conditions, including but not limited to headache, hypotension, inflammatory conditions, and fever. Heat should not be combined with the following medications or substances: alcohol, alpha-andrenergics, amphetamines, anticholinergics, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, cocaine, diuretics, laxatives, neuroleptics, phenothiazines, thyroid agonists, and tricyclic antidepressants. If you are taking any medication or have a chronic medical condition, you need to consult with your doctor before using hot hydrotherapy. Do not drive or operate machinery after heat-based treatments because they can increase fatigue and slow down mental processes.


Heating the body may be useful for students or knowledge workers who have trouble falling asleep after a disruption, such as jetlag or cramming all night before an exam. There are three convenient ways of heating the body: a warm environment, moderately hot baths, and hot showers that exclude the head. You can use one of these procedures before going to bed (at night). If you use hot hydrotherapy in the morning or in the afternoon, it can disrupt your usual sleep pattern. For example, it can make you sleepy in the afternoon, and if you take an afternoon nap, you may not be able to fall asleep at your usual time at night.

If you have your own room, you can create a warm or moderately hot environment by means of a heater with a built-in fan, or you can use a heater and a separate fan. Depending on the output of your heater, you can increase the air temperature in your room by one to three degrees Centigrade (2 to 6°F) within 20 or 30 minutes. You can start heating the room about 2 hours before going to bed. If you stay in this warm environment during this time, you will start feeling sleepy, and this effect will help you fall asleep. You can either turn off the heater and fan when you go to bed or turn down the output and go to sleep with the heater on. You may need to experiment with different parameters of the above procedure to find the conditions that work best for you. The most effective temperature for me is 29°C (84°F) and I can have this air temperature the whole night, although it’s not necessary. I do not use sleep-promoting treatments on a regular basis. But when I have trouble falling asleep, I use one of the warming approaches proposed in this section. An additional layer of clothing (sweater and warm pants) improves heating of the body. Changing the way you dress (or the thickness of your blanket) when you go to sleep is trickier. If you dress too warmly, you may wake up in the middle of the night because you are too hot. An uncomfortably hot environment disrupts sleep, whereas a moderately hot or warm environment tends to promote it. Another effect of a hot environment is the lowering of mood [352, 651]. You may start feeling fatigued, apathetic, and pessimistic under these conditions, especially if you put on an extra layer of clothing. This approach may serve as an antimanic (mood-stabilizing) treatment, and clinical research is needed in this area.

If you can afford a hot tub with automatic regulation of temperature, this is the easiest type of hydrotherapy to help you relax and fall asleep. In a hot tub you can set water temperature to 38–39 degrees Celsius (100.5 to 102°F), turn on the bubbles or jet streams, and sit for 10 to 30 minutes. If you do not have a jacuzzi or hot tub, you can fill your bathtub with hot water at the above temperature. You need a thermometer designed for measuring temperature of liquids (not an air thermometer). Immerse yourself in the hot water up to the neck or midchest level and relax for 10 to 15 minutes. You can turn on the radio or put on some relaxing music to make the procedure less boring. The water temperature will drop by about one to two degrees Celsius (2 to 4°F) in 15 minutes. If you want to enjoy the hot bath longer, drain about one-fourth of the volume of water and refill with hot water. Stir the water and make sure the temperature is around 38 to 39 degrees Celsius (100.5 to 102°F). You can then use the hot bath for another 10 to 15 minutes.

If you do not have a jacuzzi and your bathtub is small and shallow, try a moderately hot shower. Set the temperature of water as above and take a shower without wetting your head. Heating the head is not safe and is, in fact, unpleasant. The duration of the hot shower can be 5 to 20 minutes. Again, turn on the radio or put on music if you like. If water pressure in your plumbing varies (you can sense fluctuations in water temperature during the shower), then either avoid hot showers or exercise caution. If water temperature jumps, you can scald yourself. In general, I do not recommend hot showers on a regular basis because they tend to promote swelling of veins in the legs (which probably may lead to varicose veins). Use a hot bath instead, where your body is in an almost horizontal position.

Any one of the following signs can serve as a signal that the session of hot hydrotherapy has sedated you and you can stop it:



Your core body temperature should not increase by more than 0.5°C (1°F) as a result of the warming procedures described above. If you overheat yourself and your core body temperature rises above 38°C (100.4°F), this change may disrupt sleep. The recommended time of day to start a hot hydrotherapy session is 30 to 60 minutes before going to bed. It is important that the air temperature in your home be comfortable or neutral because an uncomfortable hot environment will disrupt sleep. After a session of hot hydrotherapy you will need a comfortable, thermoneutral environment so your body can cool. Unlike the hot environment approach, which lowers mood, hot showers and hot baths tend to cause pleasant feelings or mild euphoria during the first few minutes of the procedure. After that, the mood gets back to normal and may decline further if core body temperature rises above 38°C (100.5°F). In addition, hot hydrotherapy can reduce physical pain [412], although cold hydrotherapy (described later in this chapter) is a more effective pain-reducing treatment. This is because heat tends to promote inflammation, which is a common underlying cause of pain. Both hot hydrotherapy and a hot environment reduce appetite. Another useful effect of body heating is normalization of blood pressure. Hot showers and sauna reduce blood pressure when it is elevated [979 – 981], but do not change normal blood pressure [982]. Even simple immersion in tepid water up to the neck reduces blood pressure [730] because of the so-called diving reflex.

Keep in mind that hot hydrotherapy can produce a psychostimulant effect 3 to 4 hours after the procedure. During the first one to two hours after the procedure, you will feel tired, relaxed, or sleepy. When these effects wear off, you may swing in the opposite direction: elevated mood, increased wakefulness, or increased activity. So, it’s a good idea to use hot hydrotherapy before bed. The warm environment approach does not cause swings in activity level. If I take a hot bath and follow this by the hot environment approach, the rebound of the activity level does not occur either. This combined method causes lethargy and works as a strong sedative [820]. Therefore, you should avoid this combination or use it as a treatment of last resort. You are not letting your body cool off after hot hydrotherapy and this increases the risk of heat-related illnesses [654, 655]. In my experience, combination of a warming procedure at night with a sedative diet is more effective at normalizing sleep than either treatment alone. The next section introduces a sedative diet.


Key points


The mild sedative properties of cooked grains

Before we talk about cereal grains, you should know that there is a well-known, cheap, safe, and effective herbal remedy for insomnia: the valerian root. I find it highly effective and reliable as do hundreds of millions of people. Try it first. Don't believe anyone who tells you that valerian does not work or is unproven as a sedative because these are probably pharmaceutical shills. Studies that show that valerian "does not work" are a classic example of fake science. You will need to find a dose that is effective for you. It is recommended to take valerian three or four times a day, you can safely increase the recommended dose up to fivefold [1146], and you can combine it with other sedative herbs (motherwort, lavender, hops, oregano, and peppermint). In my experience, the most potent sedative remedy is Sedative Mix No. 10 from a company called Travy Kavkaza (Травы Кавказа, Russia). If you wish to prepare it yourself, here is the recipe: oregano (Origanum vulgare) grass, thyme (Thymus serpylium) grass, motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) grass, lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) grass, Jacob's ladder (Polemonium coeruleum) root, peppermint (Mentha piperita) leaves, hops (Humulus lupulus) cones, hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) flowers, guelder rose (Viburnum opulus) fruits, chicory (Cichorium intybus) root, meadowsweet (Spiraea filipendula) grass, aralia (Aralia racemosa) root, valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root, and geranium (Geranium sylvaticum) grass. I turn this dry mixture into powder in a blender and take it raw (by adding to a smoothie) at a dose of 80 mg twice a day. This is an average dose for daily use (160 mg) for a person weighing 75 kg (my height is 183 cm if you must know), whereas 120 mg × 2 times a day is a strong dose, which can be increased if necessary. A less potent herbal mixture at the same doses is oregano (Origanum vulgare) grass, motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) grass, peppermint (Mentha piperita) leaves, hops (Humulus lupulus) cones, valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root, and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) flowers; the everyday dose for me is 120 mg twice a day (240 mg total per day). At higher doses, I don't feel well. Note that there are no herbs that will sedate or put you to sleep right away. The sedative effect will manifest itself after several days of daily dosing several times a day. Keep in mind that if you have chronic sleep problems, this means that there is something wrong with your lifestyle, and you need to comprehensively revise it (see Appendix VII).

Increased consumption of cooked whole grains also can promote sleep. Some studies show that high-carbohydrate meals have sedative effects (reviewed in [872]). My self-experimentation suggests that a diet consisting only of boiled whole grains can cause a noticeable slowing of behavior and improve sleep. In other words, consumption of significant amounts of boiled grains can serve as a sleeping aid. Even a single large meal of boiled whole grains can help me fall asleep. At present, there is not a good explanation of the biological mechanism of this effect. I tested many different high-carbohydrate foods, and cooked grains are one of the few that work as an effective sedative. Fruits and boiled potatoes, for example, have no sedative properties. Boiled grains contain small amounts of Maillard reaction products [212 – 214], which are chemicals formed by a chemical reaction between proteins and carbohydrates at high temperatures. We talked about this stuff in detail in Chapter One. Some Maillard reaction products, such as acrylamide, share several biological effects with sedative drugs (e.g., benzodiazepines). Acrylamide can reduce activity levels and cause temporary impairment of learning and memory in experimental animals [231 – 233], effects that are characteristic of benzodiazepines, such as Valium® or Xanax®. These effects manifest themselves at high doses of acrylamide (more than 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day), whereas this chemical is undetectable in boiled grains [215, 225]. Other Maillard reaction products may be present in boiled grains at detectable levels [212 – 214, 217 – 219], but their effects on the central nervous system are unknown. Thus, there is not a good explanation of the observed sedative effect of boiled grains.

In my experience, raw grains, such as soaked oats or a raw water extract of wheat, do not have this sedative effect and may have the opposite, wakefulness-promoting effect. These observations suggest that cooking grains leads to the formation of certain chemicals with sedative–hypnotic effects. Acrylamide is one possible candidate, but there may be others (my best efforts at searching biomedical literature have yielded only acrylamide so far). But the amounts of acrylamide present in grains cooked at moderate temperatures (for example, by boiling) are undetectable and do not pose a risk to health. In contrast, bread, which bakeries make by baking dough at high temperatures, contains significant but safe amounts of acrylamide (Chapter One, Table 2). Just like boiled grains, bread improves sleep. But it also can cause a subtle impairment of mental abilities, such as increased clumsiness and an increased amount of errors at work (based on my personal experience). It may also have negative effects on physical health according to some experiments on laboratory animals. Adding bread crusts in amounts that make up 5 to 25% of the diet of laboratory rats can cause kidney damage and weight gain [236].

My longest experiment with a bread-and-water diet was seven days, as described in Chapter One. Compared to the diet of boiled grains, the bread-and-water diet causes heavier sedation and impairs some mental abilities, although this diet also improves sleep. If boiled grains can’t help you fall asleep, you can eat whole-grain bread, which is a stronger sedative. Read the label with ingredients carefully. Bread should not contain vegetable oil or milk. Healthy whole-grain bread contains only salt, grains, yeast, and grain components, such as flour or bran.

In summary, if you have trouble falling asleep after disrupting your sleep pattern with work-related activities, you may consider switching to a diet consisting of boiled or steamed whole grains (for example, shredded wheat, brown rice, oats, buckwheat, and others). This diet should not contain any artificial ingredients (food additives, dietary supplements, and seasonings). A stronger version is the diet consisting of whole-grain bread and water only. If you are taking medication for any chronic medical condition, do not stop taking the medication. You can also try the depressant diet (Chapter Four), which can improve sleep as well. Use one of these diets for several days until sleep becomes normal.

I had sleep problems in the distant past, but at the time I was unaware of the approaches proposed in this chapter. Nowadays I sometimes have insomnia resulting from travel or daily cold showers. In these situations the proposed sleep-promoting treatments—a sedative diet and hot hydrotherapy—are effective. You do not need to use any of these treatments in the absence of sleep problems.

In conclusion, there are at least seven sedative nonpharmacological methods that you can use simultaneously to normalize your sleep, and the combination should be more effective than each treatment alone: 1) a sedative diet for several days [whole-grain bread and water or a depressant diet: three types are described in this book, see Chapter Four], 2) a moderately hot environment, 3) a hot bath or shower, 4) breath-holding exercises every evening, 5) excessive physical exercise 6 days a week, 6) complete colon cleansing followed by a course a good multi-probiotic, and 7) avoid coffee, tea, and caffeinated soft drinks. Note that many other products contain caffeine, for example, anything containing cacao (the main ingredient of chocolate). If you consume these foods in the evening, then it's no surprise that you have difficulty falling asleep. You can also try cognitive-behavioral therapy online. Points ## 4–6 are described in detail below.

Breath-holding exercise. Two to three breath-holds (30–60 seconds) with an interval of about 5 minutes. These sessions can be repeated once a day, when sedation is needed (once a week otherwise). This is an exercise for the brain and is known to have strong effects on the brain, for example, this method can cause a panic attack in patients with a diagnosis of anxiety. This treatment seems to have a sedative effect and if I do it every day, then I start feeling depressed.

Excessive amounts of physical exercise: they will keep you fatigued and sedated. (Small or moderate amounts of exercise will have the opposite effect.) A stationary bicycle in your home is the easiest form of exercise. You can do a 30- to 60-minute workout 6 days a week as follows: Turn on a TV or a radio or put on some music. Do 10 minutes of normal-intensity cycling followed by (optional) 15 seconds of maximal-speed cycling. Next, do 20–30 sit-ups. Then do 10 minutes of normal-intensity cycling and another 20–30 sit-ups. Add another one or two repetitions if necessary. Take a shower. All done.

Complete colon cleansing has a nice effect on sleep: I do not have a good explanation but I have observed this effect after each procedure (and I have approximately 20 years of personal experience on this subject; interval: 2–12 months). The sleep is unusually restful and refreshing on the night after this procedure, even though the procedure itself has no immediate sedative effect. For details, see the end of Endnote B and Appendix VII (footnote 8). The multi-probiotic is necessary because colon cleansing will shift the composition of the intestinal microbiota, not necessarily in the right direction. I use Bio-Kult (called Bakset in Russia), one capsule with each meal for several days (the most effective approach is to dissolve the multiprobiotic in the water that is used for colon cleansing). In general, you can use complete colon cleansing once or twice a year.

The most effective and safest sedative measures that can be used daily is the ratio of muscle meat to animal fat (for example, tail fat or beef fat) 1:3, high consumption of eggs (boiled or raw), elevated air temperature, warmer clothes, and a horizontal position of your body. All other sedative methods are not recommended for daily use, you can add them when necessary. And of course it is very important to avoid all foods/methods that stimulate the central nervous system. See the table in Appendix VII (you can ignore weak effects).


Key points


Stimulant and wakefulness-promoting effects of brief moderate cooling

The two previous sections discussed treatments that can normalize a sleep pattern by inducing sleep when needed. A less obvious approach is to try to reduce sleepiness in the morning and afternoon. This method can swing the pendulum of the sleep–wake cycle in the direction of alertness when the time is right. Consequently, the pendulum will move in the direction of sleep by itself at the appropriate time. Exercise and coffee in the morning may serve this function, but another treatment may be more effective and convenient: moderate cooling of the body. One of the first reports about the effects of cooling on the mental state belongs to Scottish physician James Currie, who two centuries ago used immersion in cold water to treat fever. He noticed that cooling of the body can act as a central nervous system stimulant [357]. Stimulants, or, to be precise, psychostimulant drugs, increase activity and alertness and disrupt sleep. Psychostimulants have the effects that are opposite to those of sedative drugs, which reduce activity and promote sleep. Some psychostimulants, such as caffeine and modafinil, have little or no effect on mood, whereas others can cause euphoria. Most psychostimulant drugs are controlled substances and their use without prescription is illegal in most countries. Coffee, which contains caffeine, is a mild and legal stimulant that you can use to improve your mental abilities. For example, some studies show that caffeine can improve sustained attention in healthy people [358], and readers know that caffeine increases alertness, or reduces drowsiness. In contrast to amphetaminelike stimulants, caffeine is not effective as a treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [359]. Coffee carries a low but real risk of addiction. Large doses, when taken daily, can cause symptoms of anxiety, sleep disturbances and, in rare cases, psychotic symptoms [360]. Therefore, you need to exercise caution and moderation with this popular drink. (My advice is to exclude coffee from your day-to-day diet and to drink it only on rare occasions, when necessary, in small doses.) Another “legal stimulant” is not a drug but a procedure that involves brief and moderate cooling of the body.

Cooling shares many physiological effects with psychostimulant drugs:



Most of these effects are temporary and disappear after you stop the cooling procedure. But the effect on alertness persists for several hours after the cooling, in my experience. There are some differences between cooling and psychostimulant drugs. Brief cooling does not change appetite, whereas many psychostimulants suppress appetite. There are no data in literature showing that cooling can cause addiction and psychotic symptoms. But psychostimulants can have these side effects when people use them without prescription and without a physician’s supervision. There are also differences in the effects that these treatments have on the brain.O Evidence exists to support the beneficial effects of moderate cooling on alertness, fatigue, and mood.


ALERTNESS. Several studies demonstrate a wakefulness-promoting effect. In one experiment [343] researchers placed rats in a cool environment, at an air temperature of 18°C (64°F), for four weeks. Researchers measured their total sleep time compared to control rats, who lived at 24°C (75°F). The total time the cooled rats spent sleeping decreased by one-third during the first two weeks of the experiment. The sleep time returned to normal by the end of the third week [343]. Although this study did not measure activity, other studies report that rats exhibit increased activity when placed in a cold environment [368]. These data suggest that cooling has a psychostimulant effect. In another experiment, eight patients with multiple sclerosis tested the effects of a special cooling suit on their quality of life. Among other improvements, all eight patients reported increased alertness [361]. In another study, a group of Canadian researchers investigated the effects of both moderate and significant cooling on various mental abilities of healthy test subjects [362]. The moderate cooling consisted of immersion in cold water at 8°C (46°F) up to the neck for a few minutes. Under these conditions, core body temperature does not change significantly, but skin temperature drops. The scientists achieved the significant cooling by extending the immersion period to 55–80 minutes. In this case, core body temperature dropped below 35°C (95°F): a medical condition known as hypothermia. The healthy test subjects reported increased alertness with moderate cooling, but not with hypothermia. Furthermore, moderate cooling did not affect performance of simple mental tasks but did improve performance of complex mental tasks compared to the control condition (no treatment) [362]. Hypothermia worsened performance of complex mental tasks.

Scientists in the Netherlands have reported that mild continuous cooling of the hands and feet by about 0.5°C (1°F) can reduce sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy [379]. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. In that experiment, such cooling of the largest area of the skin excluding the head, hands, and feet, was not effective at reducing abnormal sleepiness in the patients. A slight increase of core body temperature of the narcoleptic patients by means of hot food and drinks was effective at improving vigilance during repetitive tasks [379]. In the rats living in a cool environment in the above experiment, core body and brain temperature increased slightly [343]. Cold showers and immersion in cold water at 20°C can also increase core body temperature [378] by about 0.1 to 0.2°C (0.2 to 0.4°F), when the body temperature is normal. Wakefulness-promoting drugs also tend to cause a small increase in core body temperature [332]. To summarize these studies, surface cooling of the body can increase wakefulness. (Endnote P describes possible physiological mechanisms.)


FATIGUE. Some of the first studies of the effects of body cooling on fatigue appeared in the 1960s [363, 364]. One showed that exposure to cold air can reduce mental fatigue in children with or without physical exercise [363]. Another study, which assessed the effects of abdominal cold packs and cold showers on adults, concluded that these interventions can reduce fatigue [364]. A series of more recent studies, which included both healthy subjects and patients, revisited the effects of cooling on fatigue [361, 365, 366]. The observation that in some disorders (for example, multiple sclerosis) fatigue can increase in a warm environment [367] served as an impetus for some of these studies. These data led to the development of a cooling suit [380]. Two studies using a small number of multiple sclerosis patients (8 and 10 participants) showed that the cooling suit can reduce fatigue both in a warm and in a thermoneutral environment [361, 380]. The authors concluded that this treatment can improve quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients [361]. Several other studies investigated physiological effects of winter swimming, a practice widespread in Finland [365, 374, 375]. Winter swimming involves immersion in ice-cold water, 1–10°C (34 to 50°F), for several minutes. After participants in two Finnish studies reported reduced tiredness [374, 375], the authors set out to investigate the effects of winter swimming on general well-being, including fatigue [365]. In that report, a mixed group of volunteers, which consisted of healthy subjects and some patients with physical illnesses, used winter swimming 4 times a week for a total of 4 months. The study showed that winter swimming caused a significant reduction of fatigue compared to the control group (no treatment) [365]. The winter swimming group included patients with fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis, disorders often associated with chronic fatigue. Although this study did not report adverse effects of winter swimming among participants, you need to be extremely careful with this procedure. It can cause hypothermia and its associated adverse effects on health (detailed in the section “Potential adverse effects” below).

Several reports show that body cooling during exercise or between exercise bouts can improve athletic performance [366, 381 – 383]. Moderate cooling of the body shares a number of biological effects with psychostimulant drugs. Therefore, it is no surprise that moderate cooling reduces fatigue because most psychostimulants do. (Endnote R discusses possible physiological mechanisms.)


MOOD. Some stimulants elevate mood in healthy people and this is also the case with moderate cooling. Several studies have demonstrated that brief cooling of the body improves mood in healthy people and in some groups of patients [365, 371 – 376, 385, 387, 1124]. A study in 1983 showed that swimming in a pool can improve mood [371]. The temperature of water in a public swimming pool (27 to 29°C or 81 to 84°F [384]) is lower than normal body temperature. Thus, the modest cooling effect may have been responsible for the improvement of mood in swimmers. The authors concluded that the physical exercise associated with swimming (50 minutes per session) is responsible for the mood change [371]. A recent clinical trial in Iran showed that swimming in a pool has a weak-to-moderate antidepressant effect [385]. Several studies of winter swimmers [365] support this finding. Winter swimming does not involve significant amounts of physical exercise. It does, however, involve substantial cooling of the body because immersion in water colder than 16°C (61°F) can cause hypothermia (core body temperature of 35°C {95°F} or lower) in human subjects [386]. Two initial studies of winter swimmers in Finland focused on physiological changes caused by this practice and participants often reported improvement of mood and self-esteem after immersion in cold water [374, 375]. These observations prompted the authors to investigate the effects of winter swimming on mood. Their study showed that the participants’ scores on the “Profile of Mood States” questionnaire improved after four months of winter swimming four times a week [365]. The participants consisted of healthy subjects and some patients with physical illnesses (asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, hypertension, hypothyroidism, Parkinson’s disease, and fibromyalgia) and did not include patients with a diagnosis of depression [365]. Another study investigated the effect of a cooling suit on fatigue and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. The authors reported that 5 patients out of 8 experienced “feelings of well-being and happiness” after cooling and the other 3 participants had less irritation caused by fatigue [361]. A study at the National Institute of Mental Health investigated the effects of environmental temperature on the symptoms of several patients with summer seasonal depression [387]. These patients developed symptoms of depression every summer. One female patient, who tested cold showers several times a day during the summer, showed a dramatic improvement of depressive symptoms after 5 days of this regimen. After that, she discontinued cold showers for 9 days and had a complete relapse of depression [387].

To date there have been no statistically significant trials of cold-water treatments as a single therapy for depression. Nonetheless, a recent research paper out of Poland showed that the addition of cryotherapy to pharmacological treatments reduced depressive symptoms in a group of 26 patients with depressive and anxiety disorders [376]. Cryotherapy is brief cooling of the body by means of extremely cold air (minus 110–160°C or minus 170–250°F) in a special chamber [376]. Originally, researchers developed it for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: cryotherapy reduces pain and inflammation in this disorder [376, 388]. A group of Polish researchers observed in the late 1990s that, after several minutes in a cryogenic chamber, in addition to having less pain, patients often experienced improved mood and euphoria [373]. This observation led the group to hypothesize that cryotherapy has antidepressant properties and resulted in the above study of cryotherapy as an adjunctive (supplementary) treatment of depression [376].

Some of the above studies reported that body cooling can elevate normal mood. This is a euphoriant effect and it is not the same as the antidepressant effect, which means normalization of depressed mood. Most antidepressant drugs do not have euphoriant properties [8, 389]. On the other hand, psychostimulant drugs that have euphoriant properties are not effective or are marginally effective as antidepressants [390]. The one notable exception is a drug called tianeptine (brand names Coaxil®, Stablon®), which has both euphoriant and antidepressant effects [391, 392]. The FDA has not yet approved this drug as a treatment of depression in the United States, although government regulators approved it a long time ago in many non–English-speaking countries.

In summary, these studies suggest that brief cooling of the body improves mood in healthy people and that the addition of this treatment to pharmacotherapy benefits patients with depression. Further clinical studies are warranted because, in addition to the above data, theoretical evidenceS suggests that this approach shares some physiological mechanisms with existing antidepressant treatments. Therefore, cooling may be effective as a stand-alone treatment of depression [372, 376]. Cooling of the body lowers the level of serotonin in the brain [679, 680], and this effect is the mode of action of the above-mentioned drug tianeptine. Cooling also can increase the level of the chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine in some regions of the brain [472, 659, 686, 687]. This effect is similarS to the mode of action of another antidepressant drug, bupropion (brand name Wellbutrin®). Because many classes of antidepressant drugs exhibit antianxiety properties, it is possible that moderate repeated cooling such as adapted cold showers (described later) may also be beneficial in some anxiety disorders.S The aforementioned Polish study showed that cryotherapy is beneficial for patients with anxiety. In my own experience, combining the cooling treatments with the “antidepressant diet” (Chapter Four) is more effective against symptoms of depression and anxiety than water therapy alone.


* * *


In conclusion, research shows that moderate cooling has psychostimulant effects and therefore can increase alertness. You can use this approach to normalize the sleep pattern by reducing sleepiness in the morning and afternoon.


Key points


Adapted cold showers

There are many different ways of cooling the body. I developed a convenient procedure called “adapted cold shower.” You can use this technique to reduce sleepiness when you feel drowsy because of jetlag or all-night studies. (Endnote T describes the technical rationale for this cooling procedure.) It has several advantages over coffee but in rare cases can have undesirable effects, as you will see at the end of this chapter. The adapted cold shower is effective at improving alertness and information processing speed (the speed of thinking [924]). At the same time, this procedure is safe and easy to do, unlike the regular “sudden” cold shower.

You can use the method as follows: start with a tepid shower, 34–36°C (93–97°F), for one to three minutes. Get out of the shower and set the water temperature to about 20°C (68°F). Then get back in the shower and start gradually and slowly expanding the area of contact with the cold water from the feet up. This gradual adaptation phase should take another 3 to 5 minutes. After that, take the whole-body cold shower for 2 to 5 minutes. Dry yourself off with a towel immediately after getting out of the shower. Don't run around your home naked with wet skin; otherwise, you may develop skin dryness/irritation. Be sure to place a special rubber mat inside the bathtub and another mat near the bathtub so that you do not slip and fall. If you are feeling tired and sleepy, the adapted cold shower will make you alert and energetic within minutes. I recommend 5 minutes of high-intensity exercise immediately after the adapted cold shower for stronger and longer enhancement of alertness. In my opinion, a stationary bicycle requires the least time and will power.

The adapted cold shower has other effects as well: elevated internal mood, increased activity, reduced pain,U reduced fatigue, relief of fever [357, 1073], temporary constriction of blood vessels throughout the body, and a brief increase in blood pressure. Cold showers also reduce nausea and loss of appetite, if these symptoms are present,V but this procedure does not seem to increase normal appetite. Repeated cooling can also stimulate cellular immunity (reviewed in [393]). In most cases adapted cold showers increase capacity for work, especially heavy manual work. You may get a strong urge to go for a walk or do some physical exercise after a cold shower. Yet adapted cold showers may reduce motivation for work if your mood is elevated. They can also increase distractibility if you are feeling overactive. The last section of this chapter describes possible adverse effects in more detail.

Avoid sudden cold showers because they are difficult to do and can cause confusion and slow you down. They are too shocking for the central nervous system and work like a Taser blast. Sudden cold showers can increase anxiety, based on my experience. Adapted cold showers, on the other hand, do not have these negative effects and are not stressful at all. In one study the brief cooling of the body improved performance of complex mental tasks [362]. In my experience this is true of the adapted cold shower.

Moderate cooling is safe for healthy people [394 – 399]. Under certain circumstances, however, it is best to avoid it:



Coffee can also increase alertness. Thus, it may seem that using such a complicated procedure is unnecessary when you can have one or two cups of strong coffee. If caffeine works well for you, keep using it carefully, in small doses. It’s a legal stimulant but may not be effective for everyone. It isn’t for me. It cannot keep me up all night, even at large doses, and I have a horrible hangover for the next two days after a large dose. If my mood is low or apathetic or if I feel bad physically, coffee makes matters worse. This is not the case with cold showers. In my experience, coffee has little or no effect on mood and large doses increase nervousness [400]. Adapted cold showers, on the other hand, have a strong mood-lifting effect and do not increase, and may reduce, nervousness [376]. In my opinion, coffee is a poison that is easy to overdose. If you want to enjoy good health, then my advice is to exclude coffee and caffeinated drinks from your everyday diet and to drink them only on rare occasions, in small doses.

I had been using adapted cold showers regularly for about three and a half years when I discovered that they can interfere with writing (Chapter Five) and are not conducive to work in general. I stopped using them so often and now take one if I feel bad physically. To fight sleepiness during work, nowadays I use natural stimulants (green tea, ginseng extract, Rhodiola extract, or Schisandra extract) combined with cardio exercise (see below). My advice is to use no more than four doses of these stimulants per day (for example, one dose of green tea, two doses of ginseng, and one dose of Rhodiola, not four doses of each), and these should be normal one-time doses and separated by at least 3 hours. Brief cardio exercise can be done every 3 to 4 hours, simultaneously with one of the stimulants. To sum up, if you are healthy and need to stay alert because of work, then use cardio exercise combined with the above-mentioned natural stimulants. On the other hand, if you are not healthy and having sleep problems, then try adapted cold showers. Because adapted cold showers reduce self-control in healthy people, my advice is to use this procedure less often than once a month if you are healthy and/or to take various sedative measures (see Appendix VII). On the rare occasions when I have a fever, I use cold showers two or three times a day. If I have a headache, which can happen several times a year, I use the head shower (discussed in the next section) every two hours and adapted cold showers less often.

For the first one and a half years starting in August 2005, I was able to use cold showers twice a day, in the morning and in the afternoon, without noticeable problems. Later I had to reduce the frequency 2- to 4-fold because of insomnia and symptoms of hypomania. Nowadays if I take adapted cold showers once a day in the morning, I get insomnia. It is possible that the long-term use of cold showers increased my sensitivity to this procedure. If some event has disrupted your sleep pattern and you feel sleepy in the morning, you may consider using adapted cold showers until your sleep pattern normalizes. If you wish, you can combine this approach with a sedative diet. In my personal experience combining cold hydrotherapy in the morning with hot hydrotherapy at night is not effective against insomnia and can cause sleep problems when there are none. In the absence of sleep problems you do not need to use cold showers daily. I take warm showers daily but I do not use either cold or hot showers more than once a month, with rare exceptions.

Now let's discuss cardio exercise. I devised a regimen called brief cardio exercise, which takes only 15 seconds once a day. Intensive physical exercise may be harmful for people with some health problems, and in my opinion, brief cardio exercise should be avoided during a manic or hypomanic episode. For the elderly and people with cardiovascular diseases, it's a good idea to have a defibrillator nearby and to not exercise without supervision. People for whom cardio exercise poses a risk should start very carefully, with 2 seconds of mild cardio, and gradually increase the duration and intensity over 1 month. Excessive amounts of exercise (30–60 min daily or 6 days a week with sweating) induce fatigue and have a sedative effect. Ideally, your physical exercise regimen should take up little time and require as little will power as possible. The reason is that self-control is a limited resource; if you spend most of it on forcing yourself to exercise, then you have little left to maintain a healthy diet. In my view, the type of exercise that requires the least time and effort is a stationary bicycle in your home, for example, the following regimen: 1 minute of average-speed cycling followed by 30 seconds of above-average-speed (not maximal-speed) cycling once a day, 6 days a week. One day per week you do not exercise. Your pulse must accelerate at least twofold during each session. You can alternate different types of cardio exercise. The next day, you do several minutes of some other cardio exercise, for example, sit-ups (or lifting your legs while you are hanging from a horizontal bar), and the day after that, several minutes of cardio exercise with your arms. For this purpose, you need two dumbbells, not too heavy (mine are 3 kg each), with which you can do the following quick movements using your arms while standing up: at the neck level, move your hands horizontally simultaneously to the side (until each arm is fully stretched horizontally) and back. (Brief stretching for your arms is recommended before this exercise.) When you no longer can do these movements, wait several seconds and try again. During this first set, to avoid pulling a muscle, don't apply the maximal speed. Take a break for several minutes and do these arm exercises again at maximal speed. (Boxing movements with dumbbells are also a good cardio exercise, but they put too much strain on the spine; I don't recommend this exercise.) Three sets will give you good acceleration of heart rate. You will notice that your pulse and breathing accelerate almost as much as they do when you cycle with your legs, except your legs and knee joints are getting some rest. You need to take good care of your knee joints and give them plenty of time to recover from this strenuous activity. Alternate these three types of cardio exercise. To minimize intracranial pressure, instead of sit-ups, lift your knees rapidly while hanging from a horizontal bar (three sets of 30 repeats with a 1- to 2-minute break). Another version: your body is hanging in a vertical position while you are holding parallel bars (hands at the hip level); now lift your knees rapidly, three sets of 70-80 repeats. Avoid the types of exercise that strongly increase intracranial pressure, for example, pushups, because they can damage blood vessels in your head. Obviously, physical exercise is forbidden after a surgical procedure; you will have to wait until your surgical wounds heal properly. If you had a hemorrhagic stroke recently or are at a risk of hemorrhage, strenuous exercise is not for you either. There may be other contraindications; talk to a healthcare professional. I should say that brief cardio exercise reduces (not increases) fatigue, improves mood, enhances attention function, improves work capacity, does not increase impulsivity, does not require much time, and is easy to do. The most amazing effect is that I can complete as much work as usual throughout the day while consuming half as much food. I don’t want to eat more either, the need for food declines!

Some people, such as myself, cannot do brief cardio every day because there is a risk of hypomania and loss of self-control. Instead, you can walk outdoors for 1 hour. This procedure takes some time but does not require will power. See footnote # 39 in Appendix VII. Another type of easy exercise is to spend most of the day on your feet. You do not need to spend any extra time or apply any will power; all you have to do is modify your habits. See footnote # 39 in Appendix VII.

If you need excessive amounts of exercise for sedation, you can do a 30- to 60-minute workout 6 days a week as follows: Turn on a TV or a radio or put on some music. Do 10 minutes of normal-intensity cycling followed by 15 seconds of maximal-speed cycling. Next, do 20–30 sit-ups. Then do 10 minutes of normal-intensity cycling and another 20–30 sit-ups. Add another one or two repetitions if necessary. Take a shower. All done.


Key points


Can a cold shower cause a cold or the flu?

Many people believe that a cold shower will make them ill; in particular, it “can cause” a cold or the flu. There was a study on ~3000 people in 2016 in the Netherlands [1059], where three-fourths of the participants took cold showers every day for 30 days, while one-fourth of the participants (~750 people) took usual warm showers. People in the first group used a “sudden” cold shower, and the temperature of water was about 10-12 degrees Centigrade (50–54°F). The authors of that study did not detect adverse effects on health in the cold-shower group. The number of sick days was not significantly different between the two groups, but the number of days of absence from work owing to sickness was ~30% lower in the cold-shower group. Although numerous studies of moderate cooling show that it does not cause respiratory illnesses [394 – 399], the popular notion about the dangers of cooling persists in the populace. This belief is in part correct in that severe cooling, which lowers core body temperature below 35°C (95°F), the state known as hypothermia, can indeed have adverse health effects. Hypothermia can happen as a result of immersion in ice-cold water or administration of certain drugs. Using special “water blankets,” researchers can achieve mild hypothermia that lasts for several hours or several days. This treatment suppresses the immune system and predisposes the person to bacterial and viral infections. Severe hypothermia (core body temperature below 28°C or 82°F) can cause pulmonary edema (swelling of the lungs) within minutes [401 – 403]. In the vast majority of people, cold showers at 20°C (68°F) cannot lower core body temperature below 37°C (98.6°F) and therefore will not have the aforementioned adverse effects [378].

Epidemiologists know that upper respiratory tract infections occur predominantly, though not exclusively, during the cold time of the year. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown [404, 405], although two recent studies provide a possible explanation. The first shows that inhalation of cold air by horses during exercise suppresses immunity in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract [406]. This immunosuppressive effect of cold air can predispose a person to the flu or a cold. The other study shows that cold, dry air improves transmission and survival of influenza virus [407]. Cold air contains much less moisture than warm air. Transmission and survival of influenza virus in moist, warm air are much lower. The folk wisdom of keeping a boiling kettle in the house to prevent the spread of influenza among family members should be effective. Therefore, it is possible that the predominant occurrence of flu epidemics during the colder seasons is the result of


  1. immunosuppression resulting from inhaling cold air;

  2. improved transmission and survival of the influenza virus in cold air.


Cold showers in the atmosphere of room temperature air will not predispose a person to influenza. (Incidentally, there is no scientific proof that influenza is caused by a virus and that influenza can be transmitted between humans, see Appendix VII, footnote 13. Do not take any tests for any viruses.) In contrast, ice-cold food can cause a respiratory illness. Personal experience shows that if I eat cold food and drinks (out of the fridge, 4°C or 39°F) for 2 or 3 days, there is about a 30% chance that I will contract a cold. I have not documented those experiments and I couldn’t find similar studies in scientific literature. Another cooling procedure that can cause a respiratory illness is a lengthy air bath, whereby you are almost naked (only underwear) at an air temperature of 21°C or lower for 15 minutes or longer, if you do it daily without gradual training. I cannot explain this effect because there is no significant cooling of the throat and there is no hypothermia. Perhaps the immune system is unaccustomed to this procedure and malfunctions as a result. Air baths are discussed at length in footnote 55 of Appendix VII.

Personal experience suggests that moderately cold showers cannot cause respiratory infections, but if a cough is present, cold showers may aggravate this symptom. The same is true of laryngitis (not to be confused with a sore throat): the pain in the area of the Adam’s apple may become unbearable. If you modify the cold shower procedure to avoid cooling the neck (as described below), then the above problems do not happen. I use cold showers several times a day when I have a fever, and they make me feel better: the most noticeable benefit is instant relief from fatigue, pain,U and fever.W If the specific diagnosis is known (for example, if you have influenza), antiviral drugs will not be helpful [1162, 1168, 1171 – 1180, 1182, 1185, 1188, 1189, 1199 – 1206, 1232, 1298 – 1301, 1347]. As of this writing, Tamiflu is the only well-tested drug in this category, but the manufacturer has hidden all the raw original data of clinical trials; therefore, their published results and conclusions cannot be trusted. (Recently, the manufacturer did release the raw data from Tamiflu clinical trials, and it became obvious that this drug offers no clinically significant benefits.)

Do not agree to surgical removal of tonsils and adenoids either in yourself or in your children. Inflammation of these glands can be easily cured by anti-inflammatory measures (warming of the neck, adapted cold showers, turmeric, etc.) and by a healthy lifestyle (Appendix VII). The removal of these glands will worsen immune defenses of the upper respiratory tract for life.

Reducing or eliminating fever appears to be desirable during influenza illness because fever does not provide any known therapeutic benefit in viral infections. In bacterial infections fever can be beneficial [408, 409]. Studies show that fever-reducing treatments such as acetaminophen have no effect on the development of an immune response [410]. I used to get a flu shot every year in the fall until I looked at the evidence. I was appalled to find that virtually all studies about the effectiveness of influenza vaccines present the results in a deceptive relative way, by showing a relative risk reduction instead of absolute numbers. The absolute risk reduction is ridiculously small: an approximately 2% incidence of influenza is reduced to a 1% incidence [1158]. To be precise, 71 people should get a flu shot to prevent one case of influenza, assuming that the presented data are 100% truthful (unrealistic assumption). You should also keep in mind that dozens of other viruses are thought to cause influenza-like illnesses against which this vaccine cannot work. Furthermore, these effectiveness studies show that flu vaccines have failed to provide any benefit in some seasons and do not help some segments of the population. All the while, mass media are extolling flu shots and bashing anti-vaxxers.

Self-experimentation suggests that when body temperature is normal, a 20°C (68°F) cold shower will not lower core body temperature even if the shower lasts 30 minutes. Paradoxically, normal core body temperature increases by about 0.1 to 0.2 degrees Centigrade (0.2 to 0.4°F) during a cold shower, consistent with some published studies [343, 378]. The body increases heat production to defend normal core body temperature upon exposure to cold. On the other hand, if fever is present, core body temperature declines during the 20°C cold shower by about 0.2°C (0.4°F) every 5 minutes. The core body temperature declines by an additional 0.5°C (1°F) within an hour after you stop the procedure. This effect must be the result of the anti-inflammatory properties of moderate cooling.W Yet the cold shower eliminates the feeling of being feverish, even though core body temperature is still elevated. On the other hand, adapted cold showers are extremely uncomfortable and impossible to use during chills, even if body temperature is above normal.

So far, nobody has tested the safety of the above approach in clinical trials, aside from studies two centuries ago [357, 571]. I used this approach successfully with every fever that I have had since August 2005 (about once a year), except for the upper respiratory tract infection in March 2009. During that episode, cold showers eliminated most symptoms (fever, pain, and weakness), but coughing persisted (the specific diagnosis is unknown). The problem went away as soon as I changed the procedure to avoid cooling the neck.

If you have a cough or laryngitis, you need to modify this procedure as described below. The modified cold shower procedure does not worsen coughing and laryngitis, but it is more complicated. You skip the preliminary tepid shower, and when you start the gradual adaptation phase, you stop expanding the area of contact with cold water when you reach the neck. You can apply the cold shower to the shoulders, avoiding splashing water on the neck. Now bend down so that your torso is horizontal and shower your scalp and face avoiding the neck and ears. After you dry yourself off, wrap a dry scarf around your neck and keep it on for 10 minutes after the shower. To prevent your body temperature from creeping up, remove as many other clothes as possible. The scarf is optional if you do not have a cough or laryngitis. During the flu and during the recovery period, it helps to warm your neck with a scarf twice a day for 20 min. This procedure alleviates coughing. Drink lemon juice (Appendix VII, footnote #20) several times a day because it reduces inflammation and invigorates (reduces general weakness). A single dose is 60 ml of the juice diluted 10-fold with distilled water.

If you have a fever, then you will experience an unpleasant inflow of blood and mucus to your head in the horizontal position. For this reason, you should sleep in an almost sitting position during the flu. Cover yourself at night with only a sheet not with a warm blanket to prevent the fever from increasing.

The head shower is effective against headache; several studies support this observation [411 – 414]. You can use it more frequently than cold showers (up to once an hour) and the combination with the aforementioned analgesic foods is more effective against headache than either treatment alone. As a side note, there is some evidence that “natural diets” may be effective against recurrent headaches, as explained at the end of endnote X.

The modified cold shower procedure has beneficial effects similar to those of the adapted cold shower, without worsening a cough. Keep in mind that cold food and drinks as well as going outdoors in cold weather will worsen coughing. If you have a cough or sore throat, it is also beneficial to chew black cumin seeds in tiny portions (1-2 grams in one sitting), every day, once or twice a day. Also, I find that brief cardio exercise (once a day) helps to recover from a febrile illness (see the previous section in this chapter). To sum up, the best protocol for treating a cold or the flu is as follows: 1) modified cold showers several times a day; 2) lemon juice several times a day; 3) black cumin seeds once or twice a day; 4) brief cardio exercise once a day; 5) sleep in an almost sitting position; 6) rinse your throat with hot water once or twice a day. Optional procedures: coffee enemas (detoxification) and breath-holding exercises (nose decongestion). When you completely recover from the flu but your voice is still altered, you need to stop taking adapted cold showers for 3–4 days to let your voice box recover. Do not take any chemical drugs and avoid any vaccines. Some alternative health practitioners recommend ivеrmесtin or hydrоxych1оrоqиin during a flu-like illness. It's a bad idea because these drugs have many adverse effects, and I find that the above-mentioned protocol is far more effective. Other alternative doctors recommend zinc and vitamin D supplements against the flu; this is not a bad idea, but it is better to eat foods containing these substances (cod liver oil and zinc-containing foods).

If you find it unthinkable that the flu is treated with a cold shower, you can take a 25°C (77°F) shower instead; it is not cold, more like neutral, but it will reduce fever and make you feel better instantly. The drawback is that the analgesic effect is weaker. To measure the temperature, you will need a special thermometer for liquids; place it in a deep plate or pot and fill it with the water from your showerhead. You can also treat your children (who have the flu) with the 25°C shower and the analgesic foods, and nobody will be able to accuse you of child abuse. If bacterial pneumonia is suspected, don't take chemical antibiotics; contrary to a popular belief, they are not essential and safe drugs. There are much safer natural antibiotics: raw honey, garlic, and onions.

Regarding the cause of influenza and colds, I am now convinced that they are metabolic disorders caused by cooked food and unnatural substances that we ingest. The acute illness is triggered by cooling of the respiratory tract or by changes in sun activity or in Earth's magnetic field. As of this writing, I have stayed on a 100% raw diet for more than 2 years (Appendix VIII) and I hadn't had a cold or the flu for more than 3 years (I did have a mild influenza episode recently, in February 2024). Unfortunately, a raw diet is not for everyone, and most people will not be able to stay on a raw diet for long, for a variety of reasons.

Another trick during an upper respiratory tract infection (which I no longer recommend) is the washing of the nasal cavity with saline (you can skip this paragraph). You can use a kit called “SinuCleanse.” (Saline is a 0.9% solution of table salt, 0.9 grams per 100 milliliters.) This method removes all the mucus that accumulates in the nose during this kind of illness and reduces discomfort. But first you need to decongest the nose. You can achieve this using a decongestant spray or by holding the breath. Exhale maximally in a standing position, pinch your nose, start pacing the room, and hold your breath as long as you can (you will give up after 10-15 seconds). The nose will be unblocked for 10–20 seconds. Then wait 2 or 3 minutes and repeat the procedure one or two more times. The mechanism of this effect of breath holding is unknown. To prevent damage to capillaries in the head, always do breath-holding exercises in the upright position, never lying down. If the above procedure causes pain or discomfort in the abdomen, then do not use complete exhalation (exhale normally) and do not move during the breath-holds. Patients with anxiety disorders should be careful because breath-holding can trigger a panic attack in this group of patients [415]. I did not invent breath holding; similar breathing exercises are a part of yoga. You can use nasal washing while the nose is unblocked. When pouring saline into your nostril, tilt your head back in order to fill the nasal cavity with saline completely. When blowing your nose after a nasal washing, NEVER strain forcefully because this action can cause discomfort or pain in the ears. Blow your nose gently out of both nostrils simultaneously to minimize pressure on the ear canal. Never blow your nose if the nose is congested because you may force virus-loaded mucus into your eye sockets and ear canal, with consequent complications. You can also use dry Q-Tips (carefully) to remove mucus from the nasal cavity. Use moderately hot saline for nasal washings because heating will promote decongestion of the nose. The nasal cavity is a peculiar part of the body in that cooling causes dilation of the blood vessels (vasodilatation), whereas heating causes constriction of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) in the nose. This is the opposite of what will happen to any other body part. After the head shower and after a cold shower that includes the head, nasal congestion may worsen temporarily—this should not be a cause for concern. If you take a cold shower excluding the head, this procedure will reduce nasal congestion. I find head showers and adapted cold showers useful during respiratory infections, even though they can worsen nasal congestion temporarily. When the symptom of runny nose (rhinorrhea) is present, you can do nasal washings once or twice a day.

In conclusion, cold showers at 20°C (68°F) will not cause a respiratory illness, and in fact will help you recover from such an illness.


Key points


Potential adverse effects

This section discusses the potential negative effects of cooling and heating in detail. The general advice is to avoid using either hot or cold showers daily, unless needed for occasional sleep problems. As they say, “don’t fix it if it ain’t broke.” (Readers can skip the detailed discussion of this topic and jump to the key points: press this link.) My own experience suggests that each of these treatments can cause symptoms of hypomania when a healthy person uses them daily for many weeks or months. Daily use of hot showers can also cause physical health problems, including but not limited to back pain, muscle pain, skin irritation, and increased fatigue, based on my self-experimentation. On the other hand, once a week is fine and should not cause problems. If you feel nervous or depressed, you can use cold and hot showers, or the combination, as often as you like, up to 3 times a day. Don’t use adapted cold showers after 7 p.m. and if you use hot hydrotherapy before 9 p.m., you need to follow it with an adapted cold shower, in order to prevent changes in your sleep pattern.

A recent publication reviewed negative effects of exposure to acute cold [393] (an open access article). The article concluded that a body cooling procedure should have few or no adverse effects on health if it does not involve hypothermia, psychological stress, and inhalation of cold air [393]. Winter swimming does not satisfy these criteria. Note that Raynaud’s syndrome, or excessive sensitivity to cold, is considered a contraindication for (moderate) cold-water treatments [416], but I know a person with this diagnosis who uses cold showers regularly and says that this procedure does not worsen this medical problem.


  1. Water colder than 14°C (56°F) can cause pain in the skin [417, 418].

  2. Be sure to place a special rubber mat inside the bathtub and another mat near the bathtub so that you will not slip and fall.

  3. Exposure to acute cold for extended periods can cause a significant drop of core body temperature (hypothermia). This situation can have adverse effects on health, such as ataxia, hypovolemia, atrial dysrhythmias, and mental confusion [419, 420]. Immersion in cold water in the range of 16 to 23°C (60 to 74°F) will not cause hypothermia (core body temperature of 35°C {95°F} or lower) in healthy human subjects [378]. Hypothermia will not happen even if such immersion lasts for several hours. During this procedure, core body temperature stays virtually unchanged during the first hour [378] because of the unusual efficiency of the human thermoregulatory system [421]. Some elderly and people with certain metabolic disorders may develop hypothermia under these conditions; therefore, someone should monitor their body temperature if they use cold hydrotherapy [419, 420].

  4. The coldest months of the year show a higher incidence of acute heart failure and stroke (these problems are also more frequent during hot months) [422 – 424]. In the experiment by Holloszy and Smith, where rats stood in cold water 4 hours per day, the incidence of cardiovascular problems increased according to postmortem examination. The average lifespan, however, also increased, by about 5%, and the incidence of tumors declined [395]. It is not known whether daily brief exposure to moderately cold water (20°C, under 15 minutes), with gradual adaptation, has similar cardiovascular effects in the long term. Studies also show that sudden immersion in cold water can cause transient arrhythmias in some patients with heart problems [425 – 427]. But short-term cardiovascular effects of cold-water immersion are benign in normal test subjects [397].

  5. In humans, swimming in ice-cold water can cause transient pulmonary edema (swelling of the lungs) [401 – 403], which may be due to severe hypothermia, among other things [420].

  6. Some studies show that sudden immersion in ice-cold water increases permeability of the blood–brain barrier in mice [428, 429]. When repeated daily it can also increase mortality of neurovirulent infections (for example, West Nile virus and Sindbis virus). This effect is due to propagation of the infection to the brains of the mice [430, 431]. The increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier in these studies can be due to the psychological stress associated with a dive into ice-cold water. This is because a different treatment that also causes distress to the animals, isolation, has similar adverse effects [429]. In addition, immersion in ice-cold water rapidly causes severe hypothermia in mice [432]. Hypothermia increases permeability of the blood–brain barrier in healthy animals [433]. The proposed adapted cold shower procedure at 20°C (68°F) will not compromise the blood–brain barrier because it is not stressful (it contains a gradual adaptation phase) and is brief. Therefore, core body temperature will remain in the normal range.

  7. If coughing or laryngitis is present, cold showers can worsen these symptoms (the procedure has to be modified to prevent cooling of the neck).

  8. Because adapted cold showers promote wakefulness [343, 361, 362], you shouldn’t use them at night or they may cause insomnia.

  9. Because brief moderate cooling has psychostimulant effects, patients with bipolar disorder should be careful with adapted cold showers. Stimulant drugs can trigger mania in susceptible people (stimulant-induced mania). Bipolar patients should avoid cold showers during manic and hypomanic episodes. Personal experience suggests that if overactivity or elevated mood are present, adapted cold showers will further elevate activity and mood. (I have never had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.) I also know several people who went crazy and ended up in a mental institution after they started using cold water treatments daily. Therefore, it is probably best to take cold showers not more frequently than once a month when you are healthy physically. If you are taking them daily, then you need to discontinue this procedure as soon as you experience symptoms of hypomania. People with slow metabolism are least likely to experience these adverse effects of cold showers and can take them frequently. By contrast, people with rapid metabolism (approximately 5% of the population, choleric temperament) are most likely to experience mania and/or psychosis after this procedure and should avoid it or use it rarely (only when physically sick).

  10. Most contraindications of stimulant drugs may be applicable to adapted cold showers. In theory, this treatment may increase frequency of epileptic seizures in susceptible people, just like stimulants such as caffeine or amphetamine [87].

  11. Adapted cold showers can increase optimism and impulsivity. If you are trying not to make a rash decision, you need to avoid cold showers. Cold showers also seem to enhance anger and argumentativeness if these symptoms are present (whereas hot showers reduce these problems).

  12. In theory, repeated cooling can be harmful for patients with some leukemias or lymphomas and for patients that undergo an immunosuppression therapy (cooling enhances proliferation and activity of some cells of the immune system, such as T lymphocytes [393]).

  13. A cold shower should not be used during the first week after a hemorrhagic stroke or a surgical operation, and neither should physical exercise (except for walking when possible). In such cases, an increase in blood pressure, even a small one, will increase the risk of bleeding.

  14. The list of contraindications is probably incomplete and readers who are taking medication or have a chronic medical condition need to consult with their physician regarding the safety of adapted cold showers.


According to numerous studies, moderate and brief cooling of the body is safe and does not have either short-term or long-term adverse effects on healthy subjects [394 – 399]. In the Holloszy and Smith experiment [395], scientists immersed rats in 23°C (74°F) water (up to the collar bone) for 4 hours 5 days a week. The experiment showed that the long-term repeated moderate cooling did not have visible negative effects on health. It extended the average lifespan of the rats by a statistically insignificant 5% compared to control rats [395]. According to another study [394], daily immersion in water at 20°C (68°F) for 1 hour for 5 weeks did not have adverse effects on healthy volunteers. On the other hand, the evidence presented above suggests that the practice of winter swimming (sudden immersion in ice-cold water) is unsafe and can have adverse health effects. Nonetheless, in a 4-month study of winter swimmers, who used this type of cold hydrotherapy 4 times a week, participants did not report adverse effects on health [365]. Adapted cold showers at 20°C (68°F) are safer and less stressful than swimming in ice-cold water and I recommend moderately cold showers instead of winter swimming.

Heat-based treatments are not appropriate for people who are taking the following medications or substances: alcohol, alpha-andrenergics, amphetamines, anticholinergics, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, cocaine, diuretics, laxatives, neuroleptics, phenothiazines, thyroid agonists, and tricyclic antidepressants [654, 655].

Prolonged exposure to heat, for several hours to several days, can cause heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat exhaustion can happen at core body temperature between 37°C and 40°C (98.6°F to 104°F). It has the following symptoms: dizziness, confusion, headache, malaise or weakness, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, and vision disturbances. Heat stroke is a more serious condition. It can happen when core body temperature stays above 40°C (104°F) for several hours or longer. In addition to the above symptoms, heat stroke can result in a coma, seizures, loss of motor coordination, or internal organ failure.

Heating of the body affects the regulation of blood pressure and people with hypotension should be careful because there is a risk of fainting. As a rule of thumb, abort a hot shower or hot bath if you experience dizziness, changes of vision, malaise, nausea, or other unusual symptoms. Hot showers can trigger seizures in some patients with epilepsy and headache in some patients with migraine or other headache disorders. Both local and whole-body heating can worsen inflammatory conditions. Heat can cause severe fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. The list of contraindications above is by no means complete. Unless you are a healthy person who is not taking any medication, you need to consult your doctor before using hot hydrotherapy or a hot environment in your home.


Key points


Summary of Chapter Two

Students and knowledge workers often disrupt their normal sleep pattern when studying or writing keeps them up all night. Boiled grains appear to be mild sedatives, perhaps because they contain small amounts of Maillard reaction products. These are chemicals that form in a chemical reaction of proteins with carbohydrates at high temperatures. Several days of eating a diet of boiled grains only can aid sleep. Moderate heating of the body increases fatigue and shares many biological effects with sedative drugs: similar chemical changes in the brain and slowing of mental processes. Therefore, a warm environment or moderately hot baths or showers should also help to fall asleep. There are other simple sedative approaches: raw honey, sedative herbs, animal fat, and breath-holding exercises.

In contrast, brief moderate cooling of the body shares many biological effects with psychostimulant drugs, including increased blood pressure (a small and temporary increase), constriction of blood vessels, slightly increased heat production, reduced fatigue, increased activity, increased alertness, and elevation of mood. Adapted cold showers at 20 degrees Celsius (68°F), which include 3- to 5-minute gradual adaptation, promote wakefulness in the morning. Either these showers in the morning or hot hydrotherapy at night can restore a normal sleep pattern if some work-related activities have disrupted it.

Inhalation of cold air may predispose a person to a respiratory infection, whereas cold showers in the atmosphere of room temperature air will not. The proposed method of cold hydrotherapy is safe for most people. Readers need to exercise caution with hot hydrotherapy, especially people taking certain prescription drugs and people with low blood pressure, headache, or inflammatory conditions.
[Previous] [Next Chapter Summary]

CHAPTER 3: Attention control, or the ability to concentrate

Contents:

Food additives and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Similarities between effects of low-protein diets and pathophysiology of ADHD

Why increased protein intake can be beneficial for attention function

The low-protein diet that causes distractibility, impulsivity, and hyperactivity

Known beneficial effects of high-protein and high-fat diets

Improving attention by means of protein supplementation

Potential adverse effects of high-protein diets

Ways of reducing the adverse effects of the proposed high-protein diet

The modified protein supplement and modified high-protein diet

A possible relationship of attention with memorization and understanding

Summary of Chapter Three


Food additives and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often comes up in any discussion of attention function in scientific literature. It would be worthwhile to touch on the basics of this complex disorder. Patients with ADHD often have difficulty concentrating on routine day-to-day tasks, the symptom that psychiatrists define as inattention or distractibility [294, 295]. ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder with the core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (depending on the subtype of ADHD). These symptoms can cause discomfort and distress to the patient and have a negative effect on his/her school or work performance [294, 295]. The current classification subdivides ADHD into three subtypes: primarily inattentive, primarily hyperactive/impulsive, and the mixed type.

ADHD has a strong genetic link, in particular, such genes as DAT1 and DRD4 play a role in ADHD according to genetic studies [294, 296, 297]. The common treatments are amphetaminelike stimulants methylphenidate (brand names Ritalin® and Concerta®) and d-amphetamine (brand names such as Adderall® and Dexedrine®). These drugs have a rapid beneficial effect on such ADHD symptoms as inattention and impulsivity (within 30–60 minutes) [294, 298]. These psychostimulant drugs show beneficial effects in up to 75% of ADHD patients and can reduce symptoms and help patients become more organized and focused [294, 296, 298].

There is some controversy that surrounds ADHD. Some people in the mass media and among the general public have stated that ADHD is more of a cultural phenomenon than a true medical problem. They believe that ADHD is an artificial, made-up disease. These people think that ADHD does not pose any discomfort or danger to the patients, who are often just overly active young children. The percentage of children with the diagnosis of ADHD is higher in wealthy nations than in developing countries. Nonetheless, several recent studies have shown that ADHD is not a cultural phenomenon of wealthy nations and represents a valid medical problem [299].

We already discussed in Chapter One how American physician Benjamin Feingold proposed a hypothesis that certain food additives in the diet of children can contribute to the symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention. This theory became known as the Feingold hypothesis. The subject of the influence of food additives (artificial ingredients in human diet such as refined sugar, food coloring agents, monosodium glutamate, aspartame, and others) on mental health is a controversial one. There are a number of studies that support opposing points of view. The effects of any one food additive are often modest and difficult to detect against the background of numerous other food additives in the diet. On the other hand, elimination of several or all food additives from the diet should have more significant effects on mental performance or mental health. Several recent reviews analyzed existing studies of the role of food additives in the development of symptoms of ADHD. These reviews concluded that food additives have a small but significant effect on mental health of children [64]. In particular, food additives can make children somewhat more active and less attentive. Yet the size of this undesirable effect is too small to explain the significant difference between healthy children and children with ADHD [63, 64, 929].

An elimination diet excludes all food additives and includes only the most basic foods. A recent randomized controlled trial of an elimination diet showed that this diet has a beneficial effect on children with ADHD [67]. The diet caused a statistically significant reduction of symptoms as judged by questionnaires filled out by teachers and parents. The elimination diet in this study consisted of rice, turkey, lamb, vegetables, fruits, margarine, vegetable oil, tea, pear juice, and water. One possible shortcoming of this study is that it did not include a control diet because of the difficulty of designing a “placebo diet.” Another drawback is that the study was not blinded because parents and teachers had to supervise the diet of the children. The study included a randomly chosen control group of ADHD children who did not follow the elimination diet. As we will see later, the beneficial effects observed in this study may have been due to an increased amount of protein in the elimination diet. Therefore, further research is needed to confirm these results. After this book came out, the authors of the above-mentioned clinical trial have conducted a new, more rigorous study, with extensive controls. This later study shows that food additives are responsible for ADHD symptoms in a subset but not all of the patients [944].

Another study [63] investigated the effects of a mixture of benzoate and several common food colorings on young children (3-year-olds and 8- to 9-year-olds). The scientists put children on a diet free of all food additives and then added the aforementioned cocktail of food additives to the diet of some children. Controls received a placebo cocktail. This experiment was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The authors concluded that one of the mixtures of food additives promotes hyperactivity and inattention.

Several studies that investigated the effects of addition or withdrawal of a single food additive failed to detect any significant changes in behavior or mental performance. For example, a study on the influence of refined sugar on preschool children did not detect any effects on mental abilities [93]. The authors of that study reached similar conclusions about aspartame. Similarly, two other studies showed that aspartame has no effect on behavior of children [300, 301].

As to the possible physiological mechanisms via which food additives can affect the workings of the brain, this remains unknownG (Chapter One). One possible explanation is that most of the artificial ingredients have entered the human diet recently, during the last several centuries. This is when chemical manufacturing developed into an industry that represents a significant portion of the world economy. From the standpoint of human evolution, several centuries are a miniscule amount of time. Humans could not fully adapt to this change in the diet through natural selection. Therefore, food additives are unusual and “unnatural” components of the diet and thus may cause subtle negative changes in the functioning of the brain.G

We can conclude that further studies are necessary to confirm the beneficial effects of elimination diets on mental performance and mental health. On the other hand, investigation of the effects of individual food additives at realistic doses is unlikely to yield significant results. Simultaneous administration of many food additives may be easier to study. In summary, existing evidence suggests that food additives alone are not responsible for the symptoms of ADHD [63, 64, 929, 1000].


Key points


Similarities between effects of low-protein diets and pathophysiology of ADHD

A number of studies have attempted to identify abnormal physiological changes in ADHD patients (the study of pathophysiology). These data can help to identify possible causes and lead to new treatments. These studies have produced a lot of useful information about ADHD, but this chapter discusses only the findings related to nutrition. Some of these studies have uncovered abnormalities that are similar to the changes that can result from low-protein diets. In particular, a study on ADHD patients in Taiwan revealed lowered concentration of protein in blood [302]. Two other studies, from North America, showed that ADHD patients, on average, have a lower than normal concentration of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in blood [303, 304]. (Amino acids are building blocks of proteins and are the byproducts of digestion of proteins in your stomach.) Low-protein diets cause a drop of the level of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the blood. High-protein diets have the opposite effect; that is, they increase the blood levels of these amino acids [305, 306].

Studies on laboratory monkeys have shown that if young monkeys consume a low-protein diet, this causes retardation of growth of the brain [307]. Several studies of ADHD children have shown that these kids have a somewhat smaller brain volume compared to their healthy peers [308 – 310]. The brain size of ADHD children catches up to the normal size when the kids grow up [311]. These findings also suggest that protein malnutrition may be linked to ADHD.

Another relevant finding is that dietary iron deficiency (low level of iron in blood) is more frequent among ADHD patients compared to the general population [312, 313]. Iron supplementation of the diet can be beneficial for ADHD patients, according to some studies [314, 315]. On the other hand, research suggests that the blood level of iron correlates with consumption of meat [316]. Meat is a protein-rich food product and low consumption of meat may be responsible for both protein malnutrition and iron deficiency. In light of the above observations, it is reasonable to suppose that the more frequent occurrence of iron deficiency among ADHD patients may be the result of low consumption or impaired digestion of meat. On the other hand, the aforementioned Taiwanese study [302] showed a higher blood iron level in ADHD patients compared to healthy controls. Another recent study showed that the iron status of ADHD patients is not different from that of healthy controls [879]. Further research is necessary to resolve these discrepancies.

To summarize, the above studies point to one of these possible causes of ADHD:


  1. low consumption of protein by ADHD patients;

  2. low quality of dietary protein;

  3. alternatively, ADHD patients may have deficiencies in the digestion of protein-rich foods.


These pathological changes can be responsible for lower protein levels in blood, lowered blood levels of tyrosine and phenylalanine, and slightly smaller brain size in ADHD. The potential flaw in the above “protein malnutrition theory” of ADHD is that ADHD drugs (psychostimulants) suppress appetite and thereby can reduce intake of dietary protein. If this is the case, then the low quality of dietary protein is not the cause of ADHD but a consequence of pharmacological treatment. In actuality, this possible flaw most likely is not valid. Many of the above studies deal with unmedicated ADHD patients separately from medicated patients and controls. Many of these studies found the signs of dietary protein deficiency in unmedicated patients. The studies of blood levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine included unmedicated patients only [303, 304]. The brain imaging studies used separate groups of medicated and unmedicated ADHD patients [308]. The above studies found somewhat smaller brain volumes and lowered blood levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine in unmedicated ADHD patients compared to healthy controls. Another recent study [317] compared body measurements among three groups: medicated ADHD children, unmedicated ADHD children, and age-matched controls from the general population. Both medicated and unmedicated children with ADHD have shorter height and somewhat smaller head circumference compared to age-matched controls. Head circumference correlates with brain volume. The only statistically significant difference between medicated and unmedicated ADHD children is the amount of body fat and thigh circumference. Both are smaller in medicated children. Parents often blame stunted growth of ADHD children on stimulant drugs, yet the above studies suggest that this problem is unrelated to ADHD medication.

The aforementioned Taiwanese study by Dr. Jiun-Rong Chen and colleagues [302] found that ADHD patients consume the same amount of protein compared to healthy controls. Yet these patients have a lower total blood concentration of protein. This observation suggests that ADHD patients either consume lower quality protein (e.g., plant rather than animal protein [318]) or protein assimilation is impaired in these patients, or both. A recent report out of Australia showed that, on average, ADHD patients consume 50% less meat, fish, and eggs compared to the general population [889]. These data support the hypothesis of low quality of dietary protein in ADHD patients.

We can conclude that


  1. the adverse effects of stimulant medication are smaller than what many people assume;

  2. stimulant medication is not the cause of the hypothetical protein malnutrition in ADHD children;

  3. the hypothetical protein malnutrition in ADHD may be the result of low quality of dietary protein, insufficient assimilation of dietary protein, or both.


These observations suggest that increased consumption of high-quality protein such as meat [120, 318, 319, 835, 836, 853, 912] should be beneficial for ADHD patients, as we will see in the next section.


Key points


Why increased protein intake can be beneficial for attention function

An introduction to some basics of neuroscience will be helpful at this point, in order to make the discussion in this section more comprehensible to lay readers. (Readers can skip the technical details by pressing this link.) The readers curious about fine details of how neurons communicate with each other can read articles “neuron” and “chemical synapse” on Wikipedia.org. Most people know that brain cells are called neurons. There are roughly a hundred billion neurons in the brain and they form numerous and complex connections among each other. A single neuron can send electrical signals to tens and hundreds of other neurons via its long and branched “sprouts” called axons. Each neuron can also receive signals from many other neurons via its shorter “sprouts” called dendrites. There are many different types of neurons. The type of neural cells relevant in this context is the neurons that use a chemical called dopamine to send signals to other neurons. The ends (terminals) of an axon of such a neuron can release dopamine. This event causes propagation of an electrical signal from this neuron to its target neuron (from the axon of the signaling neuron to the dendrite of the target neuron). This is because the receiving end (dendrite) of the target neuron is responsive to dopamine. The connection point between two neurons, i.e., the junction between an axon and a dendrite, is called a synapse. The signaling neuron releases dopamine into the synapse, and the recipient neuron detects the presence of dopamine in the synapse. Dopamine and other chemicals, such as serotonin, that neurons use to communicate with other neurons are called neurotransmitters. Neurons are not the only type of cells in the brain. There are numerous supporting cells called glia, which in most cases do not conduct electrical signals and do not participate in the neural networks of the brain. The so-called interstitial fluid fills the spaces between neurons and glial cells. Local concentration of neurotransmitters in the interstitial fluid can change when neurons are sending and receiving signals within a given region of the brain. This is because neurotransmitters can leak out of synapses (connections between neurons) into the interstitial fluid and vice versa.

Neurons that send signals to other neurons by means of the neurotransmitter dopamine are called dopaminergic neurons. The dopaminergic neurons are concentrated in several discrete regions of the brain. Because axons can be long, up to one meter (about three feet) and longer, dopaminergic neurons can send signals to target neurons in a distant area of the brain. Dopaminergic neurons send signals to neurons that are responsive to dopamine. Whether a neuron is responsive to dopamine depends on the properties of the dendrites or “receiving terminals” of these target neurons.

Suppose the concentration of dopamine increases or decreases in an area of the brain where the neurons are responsive to dopamine. These changes will affect the firing activity of those neurons. This alteration in turn can have subjective and objective effects on a person’s mood, motivation, and attentional performance. Drugs that psychiatrists prescribe for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as Adderall®, increase the level of the chemical dopamine in several brain regions that participate in attention control. In particular, these drugs can increase the level of dopamine in the frontal part of the brain (called prefrontal cortex). They also increase the concentration of dopamine in a central region of the brain called the striatum (translated from Latin as “a striped body”) [294, 297, 320]. Research shows that these changes are essential for the attention-enhancing effects of psychostimulant drugs such as Ritalin® and Adderall® [294, 297, 320].

These same drugs can improve attention control and attention span in healthy people as well [321 – 328]. People whose attention function is average or below average benefit most from these drugs. The minority of people who have excellent or optimal attention function do not benefit from psychostimulant drugs and their attentional performance can deteriorate with these drugs [294]. Healthy people, such as college students and some professors, increasingly use psychostimulant drugs without prescription (illegally) as a study aid or vocational aid. This practice carries a risk of abuse and addiction [9 – 18]. This risk is small when patients use prescription stimulants at therapeutic doses under a physician’s supervision.

Going back to the effects of diets, several studies on laboratory animals have shown that a high-protein diet increases the level of dopamine in some regions of the brain. These are the same brain regions where psychostimulant drugs increase the dopamine level—the frontal cortex and the striatum [329, 330]. One of those studies has also shown that a low-protein diet has the opposite effect: it lowers the level of dopamine in these brain regions [329]. These data suggest that a low-protein diet may worsen attentional performance because it has an effect that is opposite to that of attention-enhancing drugs.

High-protein diets increase the level of dopamine less than psychostimulant drugs do [329, 331]. It is still intriguing that a dietary change produces effects that are similar to those of ADHD medication. Why do high-protein diets increase the level of dopamine in some brain regions? The likely reason is that brain cells make dopamine from the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. Those are byproducts of digestion of dietary protein.H It is likely that foods containing high-quality protein rich in essential amino acids, such as red meat, are more effective at improving attention function [120, 318, 319, 835, 836, 853, 912]. Food products containing lower quality protein, such as plant products, should be less effective.

Some studies have shown that high-protein diets or even a single high-protein meal can produce subjective changes that are similar to the effects of stimulants. For example, one study shows that in obese patients, a high-protein diet increases self-esteem, which is unrelated to weight loss [278]. Another study showed that a high-protein meal makes a person feel “warmer”; that is, it increases production of heat in the body. The researchers did not see this effect with high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals [117]. The participants of the study also felt more alert and energetic after the high-protein meal compared to the high-fat or high-carbohydrate meal [117]. Finally, one study of the Atkins diet, which is a high-protein, high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, has shown that this diet contributes to insomnia during the first month of this regimen [277]. Increased self-esteem, increased production of heat by the body, and increased wakefulness are common effects of amphetaminelike stimulants [332]. In summary, high-protein diets share several biological effects with attention-enhancing drugs, and therefore should have beneficial effects on attention function of healthy people.

So far, nobody has tested the effects of high-protein diets in clinical trials with ADHD patients. Therefore, the patients who are reading this book need to seek professional psychiatric treatment instead of experimenting with diets. My personal view is that the combination of a high-protein diet with pharmacotherapy should be more effective than either approach alone, especially in severe cases of ADHD. Further research is needed in this area.


Key points


The low-protein diet that causes distractibility, impulsivity, and hyperactivity

From the discussion in the previous sections it follows that low quality of dietary protein, impaired digestion of dietary protein, or both may be the cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The validity of this hypothesis depends on whether a low-protein diet can reproduce symptoms of ADHD in healthy people. My personal experience suggests that the fruit-and-vegetable diet is a good experimental model of ADHD because it reproduces many symptoms: distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. I have not conducted statistically significant volunteer studies with the fruit-and-vegetable diet and have data for only one experimental subject (yours truly). Anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder that involves severe protein malnutrition, correlates with hyperactivity and poor attention [915, 916]. A recent study shows that protein malnutrition causes hyperactivity and impulsivity in young rats [1002].

To be precise, the fruit-and-vegetable diet is not a low-protein diet but an almost protein-free and fat-free diet. The amount of protein in this diet is tiny and quality of the protein is also low. This diet consists of fruits, vegetables, and juices only and excludes protein-rich plant foods (grains, nuts, and legumes) and all food additives, seasonings, pungent vegetables, and spices. The duration of the diet is 3 to 5 days. Participants in this study can eat any amounts of fruits and vegetables (raw and cooked) and a sample menu is shown below.


Breakfast: 1–2 glasses of carrot juice, a salad made of cucumbers, dill, tomatoes, and boiled potatoes; 1–2 apples.

Lunch: vegetable soup, a glass of orange juice, a salad, several dates.

Dinner: 1–2 glasses of tomato juice, a salad, some fruit for dessert.


You can find some relevant recipes in Appendix I. Because this is a high-carbohydrate diet, it is not safe for diabetic patients. My experience suggests that this diet can cause muscle cramps, in which case, reducing consumption of fruit is helpful. This diet has several unusual effects: it reduces fatigue but at the same time causes reluctance to perform most types of work especially heavy manual and intellectual work. Due to poor attention control and distractibility, it is impossible to perform any work- or school-related reading or writing tasks on this diet. Hyperactivity manifests itself as unusual talkativeness and inability to sit still. The amounts of food consumed will increase 2-fold or more, compared to the mixed diet [505]. The person on the fruit-and-vegetable diet may still feel that the stomach is empty most of the time (but will not feel hungry). Because fruits and vegetables are not a filling type of food, following this diet is difficult in the presence of temptations, i.e., in the presence of disallowed types of food. It is possible to comply with this diet for a week or two but beyond that, periodic binging on disallowed food is inevitable. Other possible adverse effects include loss of work capacity, reduced stress resistance, and increased sweating.

Adding fat to this diet will not reduce distractibility and impulsivity but may reduce hyperactivity. If you continue the fruit-and-vegetable diet beyond 3–5 days, the symptom of hyperactivity seems to disappear, but impulsivity (low self-control) and poor attention control will persist. Further continuation of this diet results in a loss of interest in many activitiesF and inability to perform most types of work, with a few exceptions. It is possible to extend the hypothetical experimental model of ADHD beyond 3–5 days. Add a glass of milk and half a glass of wheat extract (Appendix I) to each meal, starting on day 4. Reintroduction of normal amounts of good-quality protein (such as beef, fish, cheese, and nuts) into the diet reverses the symptoms of distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

A diet consisting of boiled grains plus fruits and vegetables is a low-protein diet. The quality of protein in this diet is low too. This diet appears to cause attention deficit without hyperactivity. I am unable to concentrate on any type of work-related reading or writing while on this diet. The activity level is low to normal with this diet most likely because cooked grains have sedative properties, as we saw in Chapter Two.


Key points


Known beneficial effects of high-protein and high-fat diets

Several studies on healthy human subjects and on laboratory animals have shown that high-protein diets and high-fat diets can have beneficial effects on mental health. Note that there are many variables that can differ among studies that investigate “a high-protein diet.” For example, the composition of a high-protein diet and the segments of population under study can be different between different research projects. Therefore, it is often difficult to draw a direct comparison or an easy conclusion. With these limitations in mind, we can take a look at some of the existing data from literature.

For instance, both high-protein and high-fat diets (separately) reduce anxiety in laboratory rats [281, 333]. A high-fat diet reduces anxiety in human subjects [280]. Some studies suggest that meals consisting of fat only have a mild sedative effect on humans (reviewed in [872]). The above study on rats used a high-protein diet containing large amounts of a milk protein called casein. This diet is different from what most people consider a high-protein diet: a diet that contains lots of meat, fish, eggs, and cheese. In another report [261], a high-fat diet had an antidepressant effect in laboratory rats; this study used plant-derived oils as a main component of the high-fat diet.

We are discussing high-fat diets here because, as explained later, a high-protein diet that contains large amounts of lean meat can cause severe adverse effects. It seems necessary to use fatty meat in high-protein diets. This book’s high-protein diets contain large amounts of fatty meat and have few side effects. Strictly speaking, these diets should be called high-protein, high-fat diets. On the other hand, if you feel well on high-protein low-fat diets, then you can ignore my recommendations regarding fat content of meat.

On the subject of dietary fat, a study by Dr. Karina Fischer and colleagues in Switzerland [117] compared the effects of a single high-protein, high-fat, or high-carbohydrate meal. Overall, the high-fat meal, which consisted of equal parts of plant and animal fat, resulted in the best mental performance during the 3 hours after the meal.i The high-protein meal resulted in better attention and efficiency, whereas the high-carbohydrate meal improved working memory and accuracy during the 3 hours after the meal. On the other hand, an earlier study in the United Kingdom found that a single high-fat meal resulted in worse cognitive performance compared to a single balanced meal [334].

Another study led by Dr. Fischer compared the effects of a single high-protein and high-carbohydrate meal on various measures of attentional performance [335]. Overall, the high-protein meal resulted in better attentional performance during the 3 hours after the meal compared to the high-carbohydrate meal.

Earlier, during the discussion of the effects of food additives on attention, we talked about a study of a “few foods diet” on ADHD children [67]. That study shows that the diet consisting of rice, turkey, lamb, vegetables, fruits, margarine, vegetable oil, tea, pear juice, and water can improve ADHD symptoms of the patients. The main source of protein in this diet is turkey and lamb, which are the source of highest quality protein rich in essential amino acids [120, 318, 319, 835, 836, 853, 912]. The authors attributed the beneficial effects of the diet to elimination of all food additives. Yet it is possible that the benefits were in part due to the improved quality or amount of dietary protein compared to the patients’ regular diet.

A report out of the Netherlands [336] has shown that a high-protein meal in the evening improves attentional performance in the morning. The high-protein meal in that study included a tryptophan-rich protein called alpha-lactalbumin. These results lend further support to the idea that increased consumption of protein-rich foods has a beneficial effect on attention. The beneficial effects of high-protein diets on attention are likely to be the result of biochemical changes in several relevant regions of the brain.H, J

Finally, anthropological studies suggest that animal-source foods, which are rich in protein, have played a crucial role in the evolution of the human brain over the last several million years [42, 44, 46]. Therefore, these foods must be necessary for optimal mental performance, including good attention function.


Key points


Improving attention by means of protein supplementation

The studies that we reviewed in the previous sections suggest that two different approaches should improve attention control: 1) increased consumption of high-quality protein, 2) reduction or elimination of food additives from the diet.

There is a great number of ways of increasing protein content of the diet, not the least because there is a great variety of protein-rich foods of plant and animal origin. My personal experience (self-experimentation) since the early 1990s suggests that the following composition of the protein supplement is effective at improving attention:



Why is this combination most effective? There is not a good explanation. I developed this protein supplementation approach through trial and error, without any coherent theory in mind. Nonetheless, I found possible theoretical argumentation sometime later: we discussed it in the previous sections of this chapter. Red meat must be effective because it contains the highest quality protein [120, 318, 319]. It is possible that nuts are effective because they contain both protein and certain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Taiwanese study of ADHD patients showed that they have some abnormalities in the metabolism of fatty acids [302]. Therefore, some fatty acids must be important for attention function. (It is also possible that the abnormalities of fatty acid metabolism and poor attention merely correlate and the former does not cause the latter.) It is possible that nuts contain certain fats that are important for attention function and this constituent may be responsible their unusual attention-enhancing properties.

I consider nuts the most difficult and least healthy type of food. They can make me feel awful if I consume them in large amounts every day. (For comparison, this adverse effect will not happen with such foods as bread or refined sugar, as we saw in the section “A diet that can worsen mental abilities quickly” in Chapter One.) You need to be careful with plant oils in general. I tend to develop a strange back pain or a pain in the area of the liver if I consume them in large amounts (3–4 tablespoons a day).

As for the practical aspects of protein supplementation, the best cooking method for animal products is steaming or boiling because the cooking temperature is moderate (100°C or 212°F). At this temperature the formation of mutagens and carcinogens in cooked animal products is miniscule or undetectable [146, 152]. If I cook beef and fish by steaming or boiling, then these foods have almost no adverse effects, even if I eat them in large amounts every day for weeks and months. If you fry, roast, grill or microwave these animal products (high cooking temperature), then beef and fish can make you feel bad within a few days. This effect may be due to the formation of significant amounts of mutagens and carcinogens in meat and fish at high cooking temperatures [129, 152, 158]. In order to simplify cooking, you can vary the animal products day to day rather than meal to meal. For example, you can have ground beef one day, ground turkey the next, and fish on the third day. I often mix ground beef and ground chicken in equal amounts and cook them together.

In my experience, simple addition of large amounts of the above protein supplement (200–250 grams or 7–9 ounces) to each meal improves attention control. This is what I call the “protein supplementation diet.” This regimen does not forbid any types of food and adds large amounts of protein-rich foods to each meal. The aforementioned amounts of protein supplement are for a person whose energy needs are around 3000 calories per day. You may need to prorate the amounts according to your energy needs using this convenient calculator: [337]. The beneficial effects will kick in one to six hours after you start this high-protein regimen. You may find that distractibility decreases and the ability to concentrate on reading and writing tasks improves. Normally, you shouldn’t eat more than 200–250 grams (7–9 ounces) of cooked meat per meal. You will facilitate digestion of this food if you break up your daily dose of cooked meat into five parts and eat the meat five times a day. (This is inconvenient for many people.)

Fat content of red meat should be no less than 10%, better if it’s 20–25%. Fat content of poultry should be no less than 7%. If you feel well when you consume large amounts of lean meat daily, then you can ignore my recommendations regarding fat content of meat. I feel awful on diets that contain large amounts of lean meat. Fat content of fish does not matter. The nuts should be raw and it is best to grind them because most nuts are a hard food that can damage your teeth. In my personal experience, consumption of roasted nuts on a regular basis can lead to headache; this observation may or may not be true for everybody.

The protein supplementation diet is effective at improving attention control, based on my personal experience since the early 1990s. A high-protein meal allows me to concentrate on reading for 2 to 3 hours and to concentrate on writing for one to two hours. When my mind starts wandering, I take a short break, then eat a high-protein meal and start reading or writing again.

I recommended this approach to an acquaintance of mine, Natasha R. (I changed the name per her request.) She is a biomedical researcher and has to read a lot of scientific articles at her day job. For those of you who have never read a scientific article, this sort of literature is difficult to understand and boring to people who are not experts in the subject matter of the article. After testing the aforementioned protein supplement, Natasha told me that with this approach she can keep her attention in an article and can read for several hours at a time without distractions. This is in contrast to her previous experience with reading, when she was not able to keep her attention in a text longer than an hour or so, in one sitting. Neither Natasha nor I have a history of ADHD.K Therefore, these data support the notion that high-protein diets should improve attention in healthy people.

Although protein supplementation alone is beneficial for attention, you will achieve even better attentional performance with a high-protein diet that excludes all artificial ingredients (food additives, junk food, and dietary supplements). Food additives include sugar, salt, nitrites, vinegar, seasonings, and others. You can find the list of all known food additives on Wikipedia, the article titled “List of food additives.”

The more complicated approach, which is the high-protein diet free of artificial ingredients, is the next step. This is the “balanced high-protein diet” and it consists of fruits, vegetables, “clean” juices (free of salt, sugar, and other additives), meat, fish, and nuts. This diet has the word “balanced” in its name because it contains sufficient amounts of carbohydrates. This diet is similar to the Paleolithic diet. You can drink water in any amounts that you wish. You can also use vegetable oils, if needed (not for frying). This diet does not allow any junk food, food additives, spices, seasonings, and artificial ingredients, such as dietary supplements. The same rules apply to the fat content of meat and fish as we talked about earlier. The balanced high-protein diet does not allow any food cooked at temperatures higher than the boiling point of water. It excludes all fried, broiled, grilled, and baked food. Smoked food is not allowed either. The unseasoned food in this diet may seem bland at first, but you can get used to it and discover that it has its own rich flavor. You can find some relevant recipes in Appendix I. The complete absence of all food additives and seasonings is unacceptable to most people. As a compromise, you can add small amounts of sea salt or Himalayan salt to various dishes because this does not affect mental abilities, in my experience. Another thing that makes this “bland” food tolerable is that this diet is temporary. You don’t have to use any special diets on days when you are not performing any demanding mental tasks.

A sample menu is shown below. The menu below lists essential ingredients of each meal and does not provide any recipes. You can prepare a great variety of dishes using various combinations of vegetables and animal products (meat or fish), such as stews and soups, to name just a few (Appendix I). You can also use eggs in recipes, but they have a modest effect on attention. Therefore, they are an optional component of the balanced high-protein diet. The amounts of food listed below are for a person whose energy needs are about 3000 calories per day. You may need to prorate these amounts according to your energy needs using this calculator: [337].


Breakfast: A salad or vegetable juice, or cooked vegetables; 200–250 grams (7–9 ounces) of boiled or steamed ground beef; 10–15 grams (~0.5 ounce) of pulverized nuts (for example, walnuts);

Lunch: Fruit or fruit salad or a glass of fruit juice; 200–250 grams (7–9 ounces) of boiled or steamed chicken or ground chicken; 10–15 grams (~0.5 ounce) of pulverized nuts;

Dinner: A vegetable salad or juice, or cooked vegetables; 300–350 grams (10 to 12 ounces) of boiled or steamed fish (e.g., salmon); 10–15 grams (~0.5 ounce) of pulverized nuts (for example, pecans).


It is best to eat cooked meat in smaller amounts 3–5 times a day rather than large amounts once or twice a day (Appendix III). You can replace any one of your meals with your usual food if you don’t have to perform any important mental tasks during the 3–4 hours after the meal.

I recommended the balanced high-protein diet to an acquaintance of mine, Anatoly C. (I changed the name per his request.) He was a graduate student and had to perform a lot of reading and writing tasks. Anatoly used to be a vegetarian and used to think that meat was bad for health and for mental work. Following my advice, he decided to test the balanced high-protein diet and meat cooked at moderate temperatures. He was amazed to discover that meat does not make him feel bad and on the contrary, it serves as an excellent fuel for the brain. He now considers fried meat and processed meats a poison that gives a bad name to meat. Anatoly told me that the balanced high-protein diet can increase mental clarity same as any diet that is free of junk food and artificial ingredients. In his opinion, only diets that contain sufficient amounts of meat and fish can improve capacity for work and mental concentration.

These two approaches, the protein supplementation and the balanced high-protein diet, can have adverse effects on health as described in the next section. For those readers who wish to test these treatments in a clinical trial with ADHD patients, the modified protein supplement and the modified high-protein diet are a better option.L These two have fewer side effects and we will discuss them in a later section of this chapter.

Psychiatrist Daniel G. Amen also believes that ADHD patients will benefit from a high-protein diet, but he offers different argumentation. He categorizes ADHD patients into six subtypes and states that one of these subtypes will not benefit from a high-protein diet and may require sedative interventions. Real life is even more complicated because many patients have several psychiatric diagnoses. In his private practice, "on average, the first 2,500 patients had: 4.2 diagnoses (such as a combination of ADD, depression, anxiety, and addictions), failed with 3.3 medical or mental health providers before coming to us, and tried 6 different medications" [1157].


Key points


Potential adverse effects of high-protein diets

The above-mentioned high-protein diets improve attention control and reduce distractibility but they can also have several undesirable side effects even in healthy people. (Readers can skip the detailed discussion of this topic and jump to the key points: press this link.) Patients with kidney disease should be careful with high-protein diets and must consult with a doctor before attempting this lifestyle change.

Some studies have reported that high-protein diets (containing substantial amounts of cooked red meat) can have adverse effects. For example, they can lower mood and cause emotional tension, fatigue, and bad breath [110 – 114]. Most people tolerate well a low-carb high-protein diet, such as the Atkins diet, for extended periods of time. But this diet may have some negative effects on health during the initial period (the induction phase).

Bodybuilders use high-protein normal-carbohydrate diets on a daily basis and tolerate these diets well in the long run [338, 339]. There are, however, several differences between high-protein diets proposed in this book and typical bodybuilding diets:


  1. bodybuilding diets contain negligible amounts of red meat (they use poultry and fish instead) [338, 339];

  2. bodybuilding diets exist in combination with large amounts of strenuous exercise;

  3. the diets proposed in this book contain significant amounts of pulverized nuts, which may cause low mood and malaise when consumed in large amounts daily [252 – 254].


In my experience, increased amounts of cooked animal protein in the diet can cause drowsiness, increased fatigue or lowered mood. Even a single high-protein meal consisting of roasted chicken and eggs can lower mood according to one report [117]. It seems that lean meat lowers mood more strongly than fatty meat. Sleepiness or drowsiness can occur with the protein supplementation diet; that is, when a person adds more protein to the diet and there are no restrictions on what the person can eat. Sleepiness does not occur with a high-protein diet that is free of cooked grains and all artificial ingredients (the balanced high-protein diet). According to my self-experimentation and some studies [252 – 254], nuts are probably the most difficult type of food. They can make me feel bad if I consume them in large amounts daily. Large amounts of nuts, i.e., 60 grams (~2 oz.) of pulverized nuts or more per day, can cause apathy, nausea, and headache. At the same time, nuts have a strong beneficial effect on attention and thus are an essential component of an attention-enhancing diet.

If you follow the balanced high-protein diet (from the previous section) for several weeks or months, you may start to feel bad both mentally and physically. The most common side effects that I have observed with myself are sadness, apathy, and physical fatigue. Another effect that you may notice with these dietary changes is various character changes, some of which may appear to be undesirable. The possible character changes include increased confidence and self-esteem; the person may become more reliable (more organized, can keep her word); the person may become less emotional, at least outwardly: manifestations of both positive and negative emotions may become less pronounced. Talkativeness may decrease or remain unchanged within the normal range. The section “Potential adverse effects” in Chapter One explained why the reduced emotionality does not mean that the person will become “less happy.”

Dealing with constipation. Although boiled ground meat (Appendix I) is not a filling food, my advice is to avoid eating large amounts in one sitting (greater than 200–250 grams or 7–9 oz.). This action can cause constipation or hard stool. The latter condition can be painful in the bathroom and can cause small amounts of blood to appear in the stool. Diets containing large amounts of cooked meat and fish promote constipation, and the best way to prevent or reduce this problem seems to be the following:


Popular sources of dietary fiber such as fruits, vegetables, and cooked grains, although somewhat helpful, are not effective. Vegetable puree is somewhat effective, but increases flatulence. Microcrystal cellulose works OK for some people, but I cannot use it because it gives me digestive problems.


Here is a ranking of foods and combinations that contribute to constipation, starting from the strongest:

  1. Dairy plus meat

  2. Dairy fat or full-fat dairy

  3. Cacao or chocolate

  4. Regular dairy

  5. Fatty meat

  6. Goat dairy

  7. Normal-fat meat

  8. Any animal protein in large amounts, e.g. raw eggs

  9. Mutton fat or beef fat does not contribute to constipation if the meal or diet does not contain meat and fish


Patients with a recent history of hemorrhagic stroke should not use high-protein diets, even if these diets contain extra fiber. Straining forcefully while sitting on the toilet can cause these patients to have another stroke, and therefore they need to be extra careful. With respect to low mood, fatigue, and apathy that can result from high-protein diets, my experience suggests that there are several approaches that can reduce or eliminate these problems. This is the subject of the next section.


Key points


Ways of reducing the adverse effects of the proposed high-protein diet

The most effective approach is addition of low-fat milk or related dairy products to the protein supplement (in a separate meal). (Readers can skip the detailed discussion of this topic and jump to the key points: press this link.) For example, if you feel bad on the balanced high-protein diet, you can replace one of the high-protein meals with several glasses of low-fat milk (pasteurized). If this is not effective, you can alternate meals that contain the protein supplement with


  1. meals that consist of low-fat milk or

  2. meals that consist of unsalted unprocessed cheese mixed with low-fat cultured milk.


If you are lactose intolerant, you may consider using special lactose-free dairy products. If you are allergic to cow milk, you may consider using goat milk instead. If I feel apathetic, fatigued or depressed after an extended period on the balanced high-protein diet, addition of dairy makes me feel better right away and reverses most of the above symptoms. If you are drinking six glasses of milk per day or more, you need to avoid milk that contains dietary supplements such as vitamins A, C, D, or calcium. You risk overdosing on those supplements with such large amounts of milk.

You can also increase fat content of meat to 50% or more because fatty meat is tolerated much better than lean meat (which I regard as a poison), or you may replace all meat with beef or mutton fat (not fried fat). These products contain some protein, they are not 100% fat, and they enhance attention almost as effectively as meat does. Additionally, to feel well while eating large amounts of boiled meet and fish, you need to lower air temperature in your home (to 18–20°C), to dress lightly (especially when you sleep), and to take cold air baths daily (see point # 55 in Appendix VII).

This brings us to the modified high-protein diet. This diet is the same as the balanced high-protein diet, but it includes low-fat milk or related dairy products and wheat extract. The modified protein supplement is the same as the protein supplement that we saw in a previous section, except that you replace some high-protein meals with low-fat milk or related dairy products. This supplement can include half a glass of wheat extract per meal as well. The modified high-protein diet has little or no effect on mood, whereas the balanced high-protein diet (similar to the Paleolithic diet) gradually lowers mood and increases apathy. There is a small probability that the modified high-protein diet will cause symptoms of hypomania. In this case, you need to exclude dairy and wheat extract from the diet, for several days. Next time you transition to the modified high-protein diet, you can reduce the amount of dairy 2-fold and see how it works for you.

To sum up, low-fat dairy products and water extract of grains are two additional sources of protein, which have fewer negative effects than meat, fish, and nuts. I devised a diet, which I named the “antidepressant diet” for lack of a better term, that consists of pasteurized dairy products, raw water extract of grains as well as fruits and vegetables. We will discuss this diet in more detail in Chapter Four. The antidepressant diet is another approach that you can use to reduce adverse effects of the meat-based diets. The composition of the antidepressant diet is as follows:



As you can see, this diet contains all types of nutrients: carbohydrates, protein, and fat and most of the essential vitamins as well. If full-fat dairy does not cause problems with constipation, then you can consume it instead of low-fat dairy. In addition, if it contains sufficient amounts of unprocessed unsalted cheese in each meal, then this diet provides sufficient attention control. The recommended duration of the antidepressant diet is one to three days, but you can extend it up to 7 days if necessary. As soon as the symptoms of apathy, fatigue, or lowered mood disappear, you can resume another type of a high-protein diet. Or you can return to your usual diet if you don’t have to perform any attention-intensive tasks. Official dietary guidelines such as the USDA’s MyPlate or Harvard’s Healthy Eating Plate [61] are suitable for everyday life. By the way, in Appendix II, you can find a summary of the effects of various diets described in this book.

As an aside, people who are vegetarians because they believe that meat makes them feel bad can resume consumption of meat if they use these three simple rules:


  1. for every 100 grams (~3 ounces) of meat, add a double amount (200 grams or ~6 ounces) of low-fat milk, cultured milk, unsalted unprocessed cheese, or a mixture thereof to your diet (in a separate meal);

  2. always use high-fat or normal-fat meat and avoid lean meat;

  3. avoid meat cooked at high temperatures (fried, grilled, baked, or broiled) and instead use boiled or steamed meat.


In my experience, this approach can make consumption of meat tolerable and free of such negative effects as lowered mood or apathy. You will also enjoy such benefits of meat consumption as good attention control and good work capacity.

Another way to reduce the negative effects of the proposed protein supplement is to replace red meat (beef, pork, and mutton) with white meat (poultry and fish). In this case, the protein supplement will consist of poultry and fish; this food is similar to the preferred source of protein of bodybuilders. I tolerate this “more vegetarian” protein supplement better, but it is less effective at improving attention. Perhaps because the quality of protein is lower. You can take this approach a step further and exclude poultry and keep fish and nuts. Keep in mind that fish may contain mercury as a pollutant and high consumption of fish is not appropriate for everybody. You can also use an all-vegetarian protein supplement that consists of unsalted unprocessed cheese mixed with cultured milk and pulverized nuts.

How much fat meat contains determines how well people tolerate meat-based diets. My experience and some studies suggest that large amounts of lean meat can have adverse effects, such as upset stomach, diarrhea, and headache. Therefore, in the context of high-protein diets, meat and poultry should contain sufficient amounts of fat: greater than 7% for poultry and greater than 10–15% for red meat. The fat content of fish does not make any difference. This recommendation goes against the traditional official guidelines that you should limit animal fats. We reviewed the subject of animal fat in detail in Chapter One. If you feel well on high-protein diets that are based on lean meat, then you can stick with low-fat diets and ignore my advice regarding animal fat.

My experience and experience of the many followers of the Atkins diet suggest that, in the context of a low-carbohydrate diet, people tolerate large amounts of meat well. Low-carb diets are also known as ketogenic diets. Although people tolerate ketogenic diets well and these diets help to lose weight, in my experience, they are not the best diets for performance of mental tasks, such as reading and writing. Hence my view is that high-protein diets that contain sufficient amounts of carbohydrates are more effective at improving mental performance than ketogenic diets. Recent research supports this opinion [933, 941].

Some people can live on an all-meat diet for extended periods of time; this diet consists of meat only and excludes everything else. Some ethnic groups in the far North can subsist on meat and fish only during the winter [58]. Famous explorer and anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson spent many years studying ethnic groups of the Arctic Circle. In the late 1920s, he invited several prominent doctors to observe him and his assistant as they spent one year eating nothing but meat. The doctors published the results of this experiment in the Journal of Biological Chemistry [251]. The doctors did not find any health problems in these two people after one year of the all-meat diet. In particular, this diet did not even result in vitamin deficiencies.


Key points

Several approaches (listed below in order of usefulness) can reduce negative effects of meat-rich diets such as apathy, fatigue, and low mood:


The modified protein supplement and modified high-protein diet

This section summarizes the most effective dietary approaches to improvement of attention function, based on my experience. The modified protein supplement is the following (percentages by weight):



This is the gist of the modified protein supplementation diet, which does not forbid any types of food, but adds large amounts of the above supplement to each meal. This regimen improves attention control. This protein supplement can even serve as a whole meal because it contains all types of nutrients (fats, protein, and carbohydrates). In contrast to the protein supplement described earlier, the modified protein supplement does not cause apathy and does not lower mood, in my experience. The best way to consume large amounts of meat in my view is to eat small amounts of meat three to five times a day. It is also a good idea to add raw fruits and vegetables to each high-protein meal.

A high-protein diet that excludes all artificial ingredients (junk food, food additives, and dietary supplements) is more effective at improving attention compared to the protein supplementation. If you add low-fat dairy and wheat extract to a high-protein diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, nuts, cooked meat and fish, it will become the modified high-protein diet. A sample menu is shown below. The menu below lists essential ingredients of each meal and does not provide any recipes. You can prepare a number of tasty dishes using various combinations of these foods. You can find some recipes in Appendix I. The amounts of food listed below are for a person whose energy needs are around 3000 calories per day. You may need to prorate these amounts according to your energy needs by means of this calculator: [337].


Breakfast: A vegetable salad; 150–250 grams (5–8 ounces) of boiled or steamed ground beef; 10–15 grams (~0.5 ounce) of pulverized nuts (for example, walnuts).

Lunch: Fruit or fruit salad; 150–250 grams (5–8 ounces) of boiled or steamed chicken or ground chicken; 10–15 grams (~0.5 ounce) of pulverized nuts.

Dinner: A vegetable salad; 150–250 grams of unsalted unprocessed cheese mixed with an equal amount of low-fat cultured milk.


The amounts of food listed above may seem large, but this diet is not filling, probably because all types of food in the diet are easily digestible. If you don’t have to perform any attention-intensive tasks, you can replace any one of the daily meals or all of them (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) with your usual food. The above diet improves performance of reading tasks, but is not the best regimen for writing tasks, such as writing of scientific papers. We will discuss this in more detail in Chapter Five.

In addition to improved attention control and reduced impulsivity, the modified high-protein diet seems to cause some other beneficial changes. These changes include improved self-esteem and self-confidence and a patient and friendly attitude toward people in general. (The latter effect may require exclusion of nuts from this diet. In my experience, large amounts of nuts can increase irritability.)

As for the scientific evidence, there are some studies suggesting that increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, or fish can improve mental abilities [822, 838, 839, 841, 851, 876, 881, 887, 888, 890, 892, 899 – 901]. Exclusion of food additives and other artificial chemicals from the diet can also improve some mental abilities [62 – 67, 929, 1000].

The possible undesirable effects of the modified high-protein diet are the following. The diet may slightly increase physical fatigue, but you can prevent this by means of cold hydrotherapy in the morning as described in Chapter Two. Rare side effects include insomnia and symptoms of hypomania. Symptoms of hypomania can occur if you stay on this diet for many months or after a positive life event. This effect rarely happens, but you need to be aware of this risk. One or more of the following signs and symptoms can serve as a signal that you may be having a hypomanic episode: a persistent feeling of euphoria or excitement; the need for sleep less than 5 hours a day; the activity level increased to unusual levels, so that you are constantly moving about, pacing the room or unable to relax and sit still; argumentativeness and low self-control; flood of ideas or racing thoughts; grandiose ideas or plans (nondelusional); excessive libido; and hyperhedonia, i.e., pleasure from activities that would normally be boring (for example, looking at the same painting or listening to the same song for hours). These criteria are based on my own experience (a healthy subject without a history of bipolar disorder). They are different from the diagnostic criteria for hypomania in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) [340]. The criteria in the DSM-IV-TR serve the purpose of diagnosis of bipolar disorder, whereas the criteria listed above are designed to detect hypomania in a healthy person who is leading an overly stimulating lifestyle. Nonetheless, the DSM-IV-TR criteria may serve the latter purpose too. If you have a history of depression or bipolar disorder, you need to see your doctor if you suspect that you are having a hypomanic episode. If you do not have a history of mood disorders, my advice is to switch to the depressant diet (Chapter Four). Also stop using cold and hot hydrotherapy (Chapter Two). A hot environment (Chapter Two) will help to calm down and will be beneficial, whereas hot hydrotherapy will not be useful. In most cases, the state of hypomania is undesirable because it can lead to foolish business deals, excessive spending, overly optimistic decisions, and activities that have a high potential for painful consequences.

In most cases, the modified high-protein diet does not have any effect on mood, but it may cause overconfidence. This diet can also cause some other character changes; we talked about this in more detail in the section “Potential adverse effects” in Chapter One.

Some researchers reading this book may be interested in testing these two approaches, the modified protein supplement and the modified high-protein diet, in a clinical trial with ADHD patients. They can use the protocol from endnote L. The modified high-protein diet must include boiled grains if a person follows this diet longer than a week. Boiled grains are especially important for ADHD patients because diets excluding cooked grains increase impulsiveness (my personal regrettable experience). Patients with the primarily impulsive/hyperactive subtype of ADHD should benefit from liberal amounts of raw honey and sedative herbs (as explained elsewhere in this book) in the meat-rich diet. The last paragraph of endnote L explains how to measure possible benefits of this approach in knowledge workers. If an ADHD patient prefers avoiding boiled grains, then he/she must take other sedative measures to reduce impulsivity: sedative herbs, higher consumption of animal fat, breath-holding exercises, higher air temperature, and higher consumption of raw honey (instead of fruits). Finally, it bears repeating that unsalted unprocessed cheese and the antidepressant diet, if it contains enough of this food product, are also beneficial for the attention function. They are less effective than the above techniques.

Another way to reduce the apathy and low mood associated with a diet containing lots of cooked meat is a combination of several methods that improve mood: consume vitamin-rich foods (not supplemented with vitamins, e.g., small amounts of a multivegetable juice, see Appendix VII, point # 7 and its footnote), do the brief cardio exercise once a day, use a home solarium for one minute twice a day, tepid (thermoneutral) showers twice a day, and hyperventilation exercise once or twice a week. For details, see Appendix VII.

The protein supplement described above will work for people with average or slow metabolism but will not be helpful for people with fast metabolism (choleric temperament or predominance of the sympathetic nervous system). Such people tend to become angrier and more hyperactive from high-protein foods such as muscle meats. I am this kind of person because I have driven my metabolism to insane speed by means of daily lemon juice (footnote # 20 in Appendix VII), adapted cold showers, and brief cardio. What improves concentration for me is elevated air temperature (I put on winter clothes at home when I work) and animal fat, such as tail fat, even without any protein foods. I consume small amounts of beef brain (~20 grams daily), not because I need it for attention function but because a diet that contains no animal protein gets old pretty quickly.

In conclusion, I recently found that procedures that stimulate the central nervous sytem (adaptogens, such as ginseng, adapted cold shower, lemon juice, and/or brief cardio exercise) also improve attention function but only briefly (half an hour), and then attention worsens owing to hyperactivity.


Key points


A possible relationship of attention with memorization and understanding

This book devotes little attention to the function of memory, and I am not aware of any effective biological methods that can improve memory function in healthy people. (There are some relevant studies [293, 844, 926, 927, 970], but I have not verified the validity of these techniques.) In theory, a diet that is free of artificial ingredients, such as the “smart diets” proposed in this book, may improve memory because of the general improvement of functioning of the brain. If you ask my classmates from college (NSU, 1994–1999), many of them will tell you that I have excellent memory. I cannot say with certainty whether I have good or average memory. My academic performance improved when I started experimenting with smart diets, but this does not prove that these diets improved my memory. These diets may have improved attention or fluid intelligence with no change in memory function.

Improved attention control can allow a person to read the same text more times than an average person can. Reduced distractibility will also allow the person to store more information in memory after reading a text once. This is in contrast to a more distractible person who was not paying attention while reading some portions of the text. Thus, improved attention control will improve memorization by reducing distractibility and by increasing the number of reads. Put another way, increased attention control should improve memorization, independent of the memory function.

Another potential benefit of improved attention control is an increased ability to understand complex texts. If attention control is low, then a person may give up after encountering a few unfamiliar concepts in the text. Thus, poor attention control is an insurmountable obstacle to comprehension of complex texts. On the other hand, if attention function is in good shape, then the person will be able to look up the meaning of every unfamiliar word. Good attention control will also allow this person to read some introductory texts on the topic. Thus, little by little, the person with good attention function is bound to understand any unfamiliar text. People with a high IQ can grasp complex texts that are unintelligible to people with an average IQ, but good attention control may serve as a “great equalizer.” This “equalizer” will ensure that, given enough time, people with average intelligence will be able to understand complex texts.


Key points


Summary of Chapter Three

Studies show that high-protein diets cause some biochemical changes in the brain that are similar to those caused by attention-enhancing drugs, such as Ritalin®. In addition, research shows that a restrictive elimination diet, which is devoid of artificial ingredients, benefits patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, this chapter proposes a high-protein diet that is free of junk food and food additives as a method of improving attention. One possible diet (I call it the “balanced high-protein diet”) consists of boiled meat, poultry, fish, raw nuts, fruits, and vegetables. Another diet, the “modified high-protein diet,” is similar but also includes substantial amounts of dairy or raw eggs, raw tail fat, and other safe raw animal foods. The latter diet has fewer adverse effects than the former.

Several published studies and personal experience of the author suggest that increased intake of high-quality protein, such as meat, improves the ability to concentrate. You can achieve even better results, in particular better reading comprehension, if you simultaneously increase protein intake and eliminate artificial chemicals and junk food from the diet. A reverse approach, almost complete elimination of protein from the diet (for example, a fruit-and-vegetable diet) reproduces most symptoms of ADHD: distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. You can reverse these symptoms if you add protein-rich foods back to the diet.

Several studies suggest that ADHD patients exhibit signs of low consumption of dietary protein. These signs include a somewhat smaller brain size in ADHD children compared to their peers and lowered levels of total protein and some amino acids in blood.
[Previous] [Next Chapter Summary]

CHAPTER 4: Emotional intelligence

Contents:

The concept of emotional intelligence

Treatments that may reduce or increase emotional sensitivity

Why high consumption of cooked meat and cooked grains can cause symptoms of depression

The “antidepressant diet,” or why a safe raw high-protein diet can improve mood

Lifestyle changes that reduce anxiety

A lifestyle that can cause hypomania and boost creativity

Is constantly elevated mood desirable?

A possible anger management protocol

Summary of Chapter Four


The concept of emotional intelligence

(This literature review has not been updated since 2010.) As we saw in Chapter One, there are types of intelligence different from academic intelligence, also known as “intelligence” or IQ. Just to remind you, academic intelligence includes mental abilities related to understanding and manipulation of words and numbers as well as geometrical shapes of objects and spatial relationships among them. The other two more or less validated types of intelligence are emotional intelligence and social intelligence. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and behave intelligently in social relationships and we will talk about it in Chapter Six. It is possible that there are additional types of intelligence, for instance, practical intelligence and spatial intelligence. This topic is outside the scope of this book.

According to the researchers who formulated this scientific concept, emotional intelligence is “the ability to carry out accurate reasoning about emotions and the ability to use emotions and emotional knowledge to enhance thought” [23]. These psychologists, John Mayer and Peter Salovey, have devised a model of emotional intelligence that combines abilities from four related areas: (a) accurately perceiving emotion, (b) using emotions to facilitate thought, (c) understanding emotion, and (d) managing emotion. To avoid ambiguity, we will use the following definition of an emotion: “an integrated feeling state involving physiological changes, motor-preparedness, cognitions about action, and inner experiences that emerges from an appraisal of the self or situation” [23]. Both the definition of emotions and the concept of emotional intelligence are not without controversy in the field of psychology. There are different models and definitions, advocated by different authors [434 – 439]. At present, many researchers view the model developed by Mayer and Salovey as the best-validated model of emotional intelligence. The initial enthusiasm and hype related to emotional intelligence in the 1990s have subsided by now. Many preliminary claims and assumptions made by other authors turned out to be incorrect. In particular, later studies have shown that emotional intelligence does not predict academic performance and job performance better than IQ. Some studies have even shown that emotional intelligence does not predict them at all. At this point, it is safe to say that the IQ is still relevant, whereas emotional intelligence has some unresolved issues and needs further validation. For example, there are competing definitions and models of emotional intelligence, and different tests of emotional intelligence show poor correlation among themselves. It is still unclear how one should measure certain components of emotional intelligence [23]. This is not the case with academic intelligence and IQ tests. Readers can find a good critical overview of emotional intelligence research in these sources: [440 – 442].

The MSCEIT (Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test) is thought to be the best-validated test of emotional intelligence, although it is not perfect. For example, the ability to perceive emotions of other people, as measured by the MSCEIT, does not correlate well with this ability as assessed by other well-designed tests [23, 435, 436]. Here is how the MSCEIT test works [23]: trained technicians administer the test, which consists of a series of multiple-choice questions, some of which contain pictures. The test contains 141 questions distributed among eight tasks. Each task assesses a different component of emotional intelligence: (1) emotional perception in faces and (2) in landscapes; using emotions (3) with objects not normally associated with emotions and (4) in facilitating thought; (5) understanding emotional changes across time and (6) blends; (7) managing emotions in oneself and (8) in relationships. The MSCEIT test produces the score for overall emotional intelligence as well as four subscales: perceiving, facilitating, understanding, and managing emotions.

There are a number of other tests of emotional intelligence. Some of these tests consist of self-rating questionnaires [434, 443]. Research shows that this self-assessment produces results that are different from the results of more objective tests, such as the MSCEIT [444]. If different tests show divergent results, we can assume that many of the existing tests measure something other than emotional intelligence, for example, personality traits or psychological well-being. Consequently, readers need to exercise caution when interpreting findings about possible real-world applications of emotional intelligence testing. Even the best-validated tests still have unresolved issues, as discussed above.

Preliminary findings suggest that there may be a weak to moderate correlation of emotional intelligence scores with the following life outcomes [23]:



Some studies did not find these correlations and further research is needed. Additionally, there may be some overlap between the abilities related to social intelligence and those related to emotional intelligence [31]. In contrast to academic and social intelligence, it seems impossible, at present, to distinguish the crystallized and fluid components of emotional intelligence by means of existing tests. Most tests, including the MSCEIT, assess crystallized emotional intelligence, that is, knowledge and skills related to emotions [445]. Because one can acquire knowledge and skills, it is possible that emotional intelligence will improve as a result of special training [23]. Further research is needed in this area.

In conclusion, the research of emotional intelligence is a growing and promising field. Tests of emotional intelligence await further validation and resolution of inconsistencies. Some self-rating tests are available free of charge [443]. When interpreting the results of self-rating tests please keep in mind the limitations discussed above. The mental clarity questionnaire presented in this book (Appendix IV) is designed to assess some components of emotional intelligence. The number of questions, however, is too small and this test does not provide a separate score of emotional intelligence.

The sections that follow describe techniques that may improve some components of emotional intelligence. We will talk about management of internal mood, suppression of undesirable emotions such as anger and resentment, and regulation of sensitivity to emotions of other people. For the above reasons, this book cannot supply readers with an instrument for measuring improvements in emotional intelligence. Nonetheless, an honest assessment of the effectiveness of my advice is still possible. For example, if you find the creativity regimen to be effective (the section “A lifestyle that can cause hypomania and boost creativity”), this means that you can gain greater control over your emotional state. If the anger management protocol (last section of this chapter) does not prevent fits of anger, you can conclude that this method does nothing for your emotional intelligence.


Key points


Treatments that may reduce or increase emotional sensitivity

One of the components of the emotional intelligence model of Mayer and Salovey is the ability to perceive other people’s emotions accurately. There are several well-designed tests of accuracy of perception of emotions, but they do not correlate well among each other. The reason for this lack of correlation is unknown [23]. There is a similar concept, which is related to perception of emotions, which I call emotional sensitivity. This chapter defines that term as the ability to pay attention to the emotions of other people and willingness to foresee emotional responses of other people to one’s actions. As you can see, emotional sensitivity is related to two components of the Mayer and Salovey model: perception and understanding of emotion. Yet emotional sensitivity as defined above also includes the component of interest in (or indifference to) other people’s emotions. Most people can accurately perceive and understand others’ emotions, but an emotionally sensitive person is also interested in (or unable to ignore) other people’s emotions. An emotionally insensitive person is indifferent to (or able to ignore) others’ emotions. The word “sensitivity” in English has an additional meaning: the propensity to take offense. For simplicity’s sake, we will assume that “emotional sensitivity” only deals with perception of emotions of other people and does not have the additional meaning in the context of this chapter.

On the surface, it may seem that emotional sensitivity is subject to free will,Q i.e., you can become sensitive or insensitive at will whenever you want to. In my view, this notion is incorrect, and emotional sensitivity is difficult to control by a mental effort alone. Although you can change your behavior if you decide to pay more attention to others’ emotions, your intrinsic interest or indifference to the emotions of other people will remain unchanged. For example, a law enforcement officer may find it difficult to subdue and arrest a suspect if the arresting officer is too sensitive to the emotions of the suspect. As you can see from this example, low emotional sensitivity can be useful in some situations and is not a bad thing. Low emotional sensitivity is not the same as rudeness or offensive behavior.

The following techniques, which can increase or decrease emotional sensitivity, most likely change the “interest/indifference” component of emotional sensitivity. These methods are unlikely to increase accuracy of perception and understanding of emotion. At present, the biological mechanism underlying these methods is unknown.

In my experience, the most effective approach to increase emotional sensitivity is the fruit-and-vegetable diet (fifth section of Chapter Three and Appendix II). This diet contains negligible amounts of fat and protein. If other people tell you that you are rude and insensitive, you can try switching to the fruit-and-vegetable diet for several days. You will notice that you have become keenly aware of other people’s emotions. You may catch yourself trying to avoid causing even the slightest inconvenience to another person. Politeness should increase and you will be trying to avoid doing things that others may interpret as impolite. The awareness of other people’s emotions may reach the point of being uncomfortable. This is why emotional sensitivity is not subject to free will. While on this diet, it will be all but impossible for you to ignore other people’s emotions. You will be unable to change this state of affairs by a mental effort alone. On the other hand, you will be able to reduce your emotional sensitivity if you discontinue the fruit-and-vegetable diet. Also keep in mind that this diet will reduce your capacity for work and you shouldn’t stay on this diet longer than 3 to 4 days.

Another diet that can increase emotional sensitivity is the antidepressant diet, which we discussed in Chapter One. It consists of low-fat milk, wheat extract (Appendix I), fruits, vegetables, and unprocessed unsalted cheese. This diet contains significant amounts of protein and fat, but the protein is not of the highest quality. In my experience, this diet can make you more aware of other people’s emotions and more interested in the potential effects that your actions will have on others’ feelings. This diet is not as effective at increasing emotional sensitivity as the fruit-and-vegetable diet. On the positive side, it will not reduce your work capacity (with some exceptions for certain occupations). The antidepressant diet will increase emotional sensitivity to an above average level when the level is low or normal. This elevated level is within the normal range and will not become uncomfortable. If emotional sensitivity is excessive, for example, after an extended period of the fruit-and-vegetable diet, then switching to the antidepressant diet will lower emotional sensitivity to a more normal level.

The approach that can reduce emotional sensitivity is the modified high-protein diet (Chapter Three). It contains large amounts of highest-quality protein and is effective at improving attention control. This diet reduces emotional sensitivity, in that you may become less aware and less interested in emotions of others. Your ability to recognize and understand emotions of others will not change, but rather, you will be paying less attention to them.

This approach will not make you rude or antisocial—it will do the opposite. If you believe that you are rude and can’t help it or if you have difficulty getting along with other people, you can try this diet and it should reduce those problems. The reduced emotional sensitivity will manifest itself as the ability to ignore other people’s emotions and what others think about you. It can also manifest itself as increased bluntness and a tendency to poke fun at other people. This method also makes it easier to observe or witness disgusting, disturbing, or tragic events, which would traumatize sensitive people. For this reason, the modified high-protein diet may be beneficial in occupations that require low emotional sensitivity, such as surgery, law enforcement, and the military.

Some readers may be wondering what the cause of rudeness is if rudeness is unrelated to emotional sensitivity, according to my claims. Many vegetarians that I know believe that consumption of meat makes people rude and aggressive. One can refute this notion by testing an all-meat diet [251]. If meat does not make people rude (according to my claims above), then what does? My view is that the combination of bread with junk food and other “problem foods” listed in the natural food pyramid (Table 3) can contribute to rudeness. I do not have rigorous proof, but if I switch to this kind of dietary regimen, I become rude and heavy-handed in my relations with some people. I can’t help being rude under these conditions. The problem goes away if I exclude bread and junk food from the diet or reduce consumption of these foods significantly. Boiled grains do not cause this problem. These observations lead me to believe that rudeness involves a subtle cognitive impairment, which a person can reverse by a proper diet.

In conclusion, a question may arise: does emotional insensitivity (as defined above) correlate with thick skin, or a low propensity to take offense? In my experience, the correlation exists at the extremes (the fruit-and-vegetable diet and the modified high-protein diet). High emotional sensitivity correlates with thin skin, whereas low emotional sensitivity correlates with thick skin. This correlation does not apply to the antidepressant diet, which produces intermediate effects on emotional sensitivity. This diet makes the skin “somewhat thicker,” but at the same time, improves sensitivity to other people’s emotions.


Key points


Why high consumption of cooked meat and cooked grains can cause symptoms of depression

Warning: The diet described in this section should not be used by patients with a diagnosis of depression or by anyone who suspects that they may be having a depressive episode.


Most high-protein diets contain significant amounts of cooked meat. Research shows that, in humans, high-protein diets can lower mood [110, 111] and cause fatigue [111, 113] and emotional tension [110, 114]. Some high-protein diets, when combined with a regimen of physical exercise, can worsen mood [110, 111]. There are studies suggesting that vegetarians tend to have better subjective ratings of mood compared to people consuming a mixed diet [115, 116, 827]. Even a single high-protein meal consisting of cooked chicken and eggs can lower mood in healthy human subjects [117]. My personal experience is in agreement with these findings. Cooked red meat, such as cooked beef, has the most noticeable mood-lowering effect, especially when I eat large amounts daily for one to two weeks (0.5–1.0 kilograms or 1–2 pounds a day). The mood-lowering effect of cooked meat disappears in the context of a ketogenic diet, that is, in the context of a diet that contains negligible amounts of carbohydrates, such as the Atkins diet. As explained in endnote D, self-experimentation suggests that raw meat does not lower mood in the context of any diet and has the opposite effect. (Warning: Readers should not consume raw meat because it carries a risk of infectious disease, see Table 1; there are safer ways of improving mood, as you will see in the next section.) A recent research article shows that a single raw high-protein meal does not lower mood [942]. The high-protein meal in this study was based on cheese (made from pasteurized milk) and salami (made from uncooked meat). The above observations suggest that cooking of meat changes its effects on mood.

One possible explanation is that the brain of Homo sapiens had evolved on a raw diet and does not work well on the cooked diet. The evolution of the human brain started about 15 million years ago, when the first hominids or great apes appeared. This evolution continued through the time point about 300,000 years ago, when humans adopted fire for cooking. Therefore, it is possible that the human brain did not have enough evolutionary time to adapt fully to cooked meat and cooked grains. To some extent most people may be adapted to consumption of these foods and may experience only mild negative effects. Yet some genetically susceptible people may develop clinical depressionX when they consume a diet that contains large amounts of cooked meat and cooked grains. As a side note, epidemiological studies have shown an association between an unhealthy diet and depressive symptoms [822, 824, 829, 838, 861, 862, 877, 885, 902, 903, 939, 948, 988]. Some reports have shown that a healthy diet correlates with better mental health in general [882, 892, 893, 989]. A recent research article shows that when monkeys switch to the modern human diet, they become more susceptible to depression [934]. The authors of this report are hypothesizing that the negative effects of the modern human diet are due to dietary cholesterol and saturated fat. (Yet another example of bashing of animal fat!) On the other hand, it is possible that the negative effects in the monkeys are due to the switch from a somewhat unnatural diet (laboratory chow) to an unnatural diet. This unnatural diet contains cooked meat, cooked grains, fried fat, and so on. The natural diet of most species of primates in the wild is a raw vegan diet [44, 45]. There are some exceptions, such as chimps, who consume raw meat [39 – 41].

It took me awhile to figure out a possible mechanism of the mood-lowering effect of cooked meat. It turns out that this effect may be due to the small amounts of mutagens that form during cooking of muscle meats. As we saw in Chapter One, cooking of meat can form two major types of mutagens: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aromatic amines. (Readers can skip the technical details by pressing this link.) The former are formed in significant amounts when you cook meat on an open flame. Benzo[a]pyrene is a well-known polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzo[a]pyrene has a depressant effect on the central nervous system of laboratory animals, i.e., it makes the animals slower and less active at high doses [172, 173]. It is unclear if the small amounts of this compound present in cooked meat have the same effects on humans. Another mutagen from this group, called pyrene, also has depressant properties in experimental animals at high doses [170].

The other major class of mutagens, heterocyclic aromatic amines, forms in meat during any type of cooking. The amount of these chemicals in meat increases with the duration and temperature of cooking [136, 146, 165]. Two of these chemicals, called harman and norharman, have psychoactive properties in laboratory animals [199, 446, 447].

Unfortunately, these chemicals exhibit antidepressant rather than depressant effects in laboratory animals, and these findings do not support my argument here. Nonetheless, this research shows that, in principle, heterocyclic amines can have psychoactive properties. It is possible that some of the other 15 (or more) heterocyclic amines that science identified in cooked meat [152] can have the opposite, mood-lowering effect. Psychoactive properties of the majority of heterocyclic amines are unknown.

Psychotropic drugs do not always have identical effects in humans and in laboratory rodents. For example, different classes of antidepressant drugs work differently in different animal models of depression [448]. Porsolt swim test, also known as the behavioral despair test, is an established experimental model of depression. It involves placing a rodent in a cylinder filled with water, from which the animal cannot escape, and measuring the time the animal spends without moving. The original Porsolt swim test was sensitive to the effects of older classes of antidepressant drugs such as tricyclics and MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors). But researchers had to modify this test later because it could not detect the antidepressant properties of SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), the newer class of antidepressants [448]. In addition, SSRIs have a rapid antianxiety effect in rat models of anxiety, within hours [449]. In humans, they start to reduce anxiety only after 2 or 3 weeks of daily administration [450]. In summary, the mood-lowering effect of cooked meat may be due to the psychoactive properties of mutagens that form during cooking of muscle meats.

Note that the amount of mutagens in meat cooked at moderate temperatures is negligible, almost undetectable. Therefore, this kind of food does not pose any risks to health, although it may have subtle effects on mental state. We saw in Chapter One that low doses of chemicals often have effects that are different from the effects of high doses, the phenomenon known as hormesis.

Another chemical that may be responsible for the mood-lowering effect of cooked meat is creatinine. It plays a role in normal metabolic processes of the human body and is present at a low level in blood. Research shows that creatinine can be responsible for fatigue and low mood that may result from consumption of large amounts of cooked meat. The level of creatinine in meat increases over 30-fold during cooking [130]. A meal of uncooked meat has no effect on blood level of creatinine in humans [130], whereas a meal consisting of cooked meat raises the blood creatinine for several hours [130, 184]. Elevated levels of creatinine in blood and insufficient elimination of creatinine from circulation by kidneys correlate with fatigue [185 – 187] and symptoms of depression in various groups of patients [188 – 191]. This association does not necessarily mean that creatinine causes fatigue and depression. Elevated blood creatinine is an indicator of kidney dysfunction, and it is possible that kidney dysfunction rather than creatinine itself is responsible for fatigue and symptoms of depression. This is because elimination of all kinds of waste (including creatinine) from circulation is impaired when kidneys are malfunctioning. Further research is needed to determine whether creatinine contributes to fatigue and symptoms of depression or if creatinine merely correlates with these problems. Elevated blood levels of creatinine also correlate with cognitive impairment in various groups of patients [192 – 195], but it is unknown if this relationship is causal or coincidental.

Large amounts of cooked meat do not worsen mood in the context of a low-carbohydrate diet, when the body switches to burning of fat instead of carbohydrates as a main source of energy. This metabolic state is called ketosis, and many low-carb diets are called ketogenic diets because they can induce ketosis [451]. Several studies show positive effects of ketogenic diets, such the Atkins diet, on mood [277], and my personal experience supports these results. In my experience, the Atkins diet (the induction phase) can worsen mood during the first few days but subsequently mood normalizes. Why does the Atkins diet not worsen mood, but a mixed diet that contains large amounts of cooked meat worsens mood? Maybe because during ketosis, the human body processes cooking mutagens in a different way.E

To summarize, creatinine, some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic amines may be responsible for the negative effects of cooked meat on mood. Yet hard evidence at realistic doses is lacking.

In my experience, another type of food that can lower mood is raw nuts, such as walnuts, filbert, or pecans. Several studies on laboratory animals show that nuts can cause malaise and symptoms of depression [252 – 254]. These findings do not imply that nuts should lower mood in humans, but my personal experience suggests that nuts do lower mood. If I consume them in large amounts daily, nuts can cause apathy, nausea, and headache. I have not been able to find a possible explanation for these effects of nuts. In addition, roasted nuts give me headache even if I consume them in small amounts (on a daily basis).

As for cooked grains, we saw in previous chapters that boiled whole grains have a mild sedative effect: they can slow you down and improve sleep. In contrast, my personal experience suggests that raw grains or raw water extract of grains do not have this sedative effect. We saw in Chapter Two that the sedative effect may be due to the small (safe) amounts of Maillard reaction products, such as acrylamide. These chemicals form during cooking of grains (Table 2). (Readers can skip the technical details by pressing this link.) Acrylamide at high doses reduces the level of activity of laboratory animals and can impair short-term memory and learning [231 – 233]. Sedative drugs such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates have similar effects on the central nervous system. High doses of acrylamide (over 1 milligram per kilogram of body weight per day) are toxic to nerve cells and can cause neurological damage. The average exposure to acrylamide from food is hundreds of times lower [220]. This lower dose of acrylamide does not cause any detectable neurological damage in laboratory animals. These low levels of acrylamide may have subtle effects on mental abilities of humans, but scientists have yet to investigate this area.

Some foods, such as crispbread, potato chips, and French fries, contain significant amounts of acrylamide, but they cannot cause acrylamide poisoning even if consumed in large amounts on a regular basis (Table 2). Whole grains cooked at moderate temperatures contain undetectable levels of acrylamide and should not be a cause for alarm. Bread (high cooking temperature) contains detectable but low levels of acrylamide, and it is unclear if such small amounts can cause negative effects on health in the long term (Table 2). The mild sedative effect of cooked grains may also be due to some other, yet unidentified compounds, which are unrelated to Maillard reaction products. In summary, cooked grains appear to cause a slowing of behavior, that is, a mild sedative effect. This effect may be due to Maillard reaction products or to some other chemicals that form during cooking of cereal grains.

It bears repeating that you should not be scared of the small amounts of mutagens and Maillard reaction products (e.g., acrylamide) that may be present in cooked meat and cooked grains. These low doses cannot cause detectable health problems in humans and laboratory animals. The detoxification system in the human liver can neutralize these small amounts of those chemicals. Don’t be scared of food cooked at moderate temperatures (by boiling or by steaming). Keep in mind that humans must have adapted to cooked food at least partially during the past 300,000 years of evolution. Meat and grains cooked at moderate temperatures are healthy foods and will not cause adverse effects on physical health in the context of a balanced diet. You will see later that the moderate lowering of mood and slowing can serve several useful functions.

The combination of the slowing with lowered mood resembles symptoms of clinical depression. Hence I named the diet that is based on boiled grains, boiled meat, and nuts the “depressant diet.” This diet also includes raw fruits and vegetables, but it excludes all dairy products. We saw in Chapter Three that adding significant amounts of dairy to the diet can reverse the low mood and apathy that result from consumption of large amounts of cooked meat. The mechanism underlying this beneficial effect of dairy is unknown. It is possible that milk may somehow facilitate neutralization of mutagens by the liver detoxification system.E

The detailed composition of the depressant diet is as follows (proportions by weight):



The recommended proportion of red meat (beef, pork, or mutton) is at least one half of all meat; the rest can be poultry such as chicken or turkey. This diet does not allow any dairy products. Most of the fruits and vegetables should be raw. You can drink water in any amounts. If you use this diet for 2–3 days, the most noticeable effects are slight apathy, lowered mood, the feeling of being slowed down, fatigue or drowsiness, and increased emotional tension or mild anxiety. If the diet excludes all artificial ingredients, then it will not worsen mental abilities, i.e., it will not impair judgment. But it will not improve mental abilities either. The composition of the depressant diet as described above cannot cause clinically depressed mood even if you use this diet for a month or longer. But low mood or apathy of tolerable intensity are likely. You may also start feeling stressed out. Sometimes, this diet may elevate mood during the first one or two days, but afterwards it lowers mood, increases sleep, and reduces activity, based on my experience. This diet improves sleep as effectively as the grains-only diet (Chapter Two).

We can modify the depressant diet such that it excludes all grains, while cooked red meat is the only source of animal protein. This version of the diet can cause significantly depressed mood within one or two weeks. This diet, however, has little or no sedative effect. This “harsh” version of the depressant diet consists of



It is important to exclude all dairy from this diet. The amount of fruits and vegetables should be sufficient to prevent ketosis. This harsh version of the depressant diet does not improve sleep and may cause nightmares if you use it long enough. The person may also start feeling stressed. The harsh depressant diet, in my view, may serve as an experimental model of depression, and it is possible to test this diet in controlled studies. If meat contains sufficient amounts of fat and is cooked at moderate temperatures, then the person may feel well physically but will feel bad mentally. On the other hand, if meat is lean and cooked at high temperatures, then the volunteer will feel bad both physically and mentally. This lifestyle will not be a good experimental model of a mental disorder.

Granted, the harsh version of the depressant diet, even when it lasts for several months, may cause only mild (yet clinically significant) depression. Nonetheless, this experimental model seems to predispose a person to severe depression—a negative life event can serve as a trigger. Thus, in order for severe depression to occur, it seems that there are two necessary conditions: biological predisposition and a negative life event. I went through all of this myself in the late 1990s, when I was using this high-protein diet for extended periods of time. At one point, I became suicidal and was able to recover from the severe depression only when I abandoned this deficient diet. This negative experience is what prompted my interest in experiments with raw animal food. (Readers should not follow my bad example in this case.)

Going back to the first version of the depressant diet (the milder one, containing cooked grains), it has some beneficial effects. These effects include a tendency to think things through before doing anything (low impulsivity); an ability to suppress almost any urge or impulse; improved sleep and maybe an increased amount of sleep. We will discuss the ways of reducing impulsivity in more detail at the end of Chapter Six. This diet also reduces procrastination, as you will see in the next chapter. This diet is not a “smart diet” because it causes substantial slowing (for example, in social interactions) and it is not useful for solving complex problems.

Bread is not the healthiest food and tends to promote weight gain. For this reason, I have been searching for a healthier version of the depressant diet. Finally, I have found that unheated honey is a pretty good sedative, especially if you mix it with pulverized nuts. On days when I eat honey (two or three tablespoons), I feel so lazy that I have difficulty forcing myself to do physical exercise. Another excellent remedy that can slow you down to the point of being sleepy is the valerian root, from Valeriana officinalis, which is a well-known sedative herb. Thus, the second version of the depressant diet includes unheated honey and the valerian root (or its mixture with other sedative herbs: motherwort, lavender, hops, oregano, and peppermint) instead of bread and boiled grains. My advice is to replace fruits with honey in the alternative version, to reduce the amount of sugar in this diet. The third type of depressant diet is a high-fat low-protein diet, where the staple foods are finely chopped tail fat (mutton fat), vegetables, and diluted honey. Judging by my experience, this is the most powerful sedative diet but also the most difficult one. It is described in Appendix VIII (my latest version of a balanced raw diet; it can be converted into a boiled diet if you wish); of note, this diet helps to lose weight if it is raw.

In theory, the depressant diet should be beneficial for patients with bipolar disorder during manic and hypomanic episodes. Nobody has tested this idea in clinical trials. (I have never had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, although I have had undiagnosed episodes of depression and artificial hypomania.) A depressant diet containing large amounts of raw honey and sedative herbs should be more effective during manic episodes. Researchers who wish to test the effectiveness of this diet in bipolar patients can use a study protocol similar to the one described in endnote L. (A hot environment should also be effective in mania, but it is not compatible with sedative and neuroleptic drugs.) Based on my experience, possible side effects of the depressant diet are the following. This diet may cause a feeling of being stressed out; it can increase apathy and boredom; after several months, this diet can cause a small weight gain. On the positive side, the depressant diet does not impair judgment.

In conclusion, the ability to lower one’s mood when necessary may give a person greater control over his/her emotional state and thus may improve emotional intelligence. Sections that follow describe the opposite approach, which lifts internal mood when necessary.

A clarification is necessary at this point as to what “internal mood” means. Internal mood is how a person feels mentally, as opposed to what the person shows to other people. For example, a person can feel miserable (depressed internal mood) and laugh at the same time. Conversely, it is possible to be in a state of euphoria (internal mood is elevated) but appear unemotional outwardly. Based on my self-experimentation, all treatments described in this chapter have reliable effects on internal mood, but they have inconsistent effects on external mood.


Key points


The “antidepressant diet,” or why a safe raw high-protein diet can improve mood

I should say up front that I would categorize myself as a proponent of the reform psychiatry movement, not the antipsychiatry movement. In particular, the notion that mental disorders do not exist is based on several fallacies, as explained in endnote F1.

Scientists have proposed a number of different theories over the last half a century to explain the biological basis of clinical depression. Early experiments with a drug called reserpine, which depletes the stores of norepinephrine within neurons, revealed that this drug can induce symptoms of depression in healthy people. This and other observations led to the formulation of the “monoamine hypothesis of depression.” This theory postulates that depression may be a result of the shortage or insufficient activity of some chemicals in the brain [452, 453].

Pharmaceutical companies have developed a number of drugs based on the monoamine hypothesis. Many of these drugs seemed to be effective antidepressants both in laboratory animals and in clinical trials on patients. Unfortunately, later, it turned out that these clinical trials included various distortions bordering on fraud. Psychiatrists David Healy, Peter Breggin, and other researchers have shown that virtually all clinical trials of antidepressants in the last two decades can be disregarded as unreliable evidence [1045, 1128, 1306, 1307]. After decades of research in this area, David Healy concluded that the adverse effects of antidepressant drugs (including an increased risk of suicide and drug dependence) outweigh the small benefits (if any) of these drugs. He recommends revising your lifestyle in terms of diet and physical exercise and waiting several months because depression typically goes away within this time frame with or without treatment. See his presentation here. Psychiatrist Peter Breggin—who has served as an expert in various lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies and has seen the primary data from clinical trials—is convinced that antidepressants and other psychiatric drugs should be correctly called neurotoxins because they disrupt various biological mechanisms in the brain and cause all kinds of abnormal thinking and behavior [1128]. My own research indicates that there are too many ways to manipulate the results of modern clinical trials, and therefore they do not prove anything (see Appendix I, 40 ways to distort the results of a clinical trial and cancer statistics, in my other ebook "Fight Cancer"). After studying this question for many years, I am convinced that so-called "antidepressant drugs" in actuality worsen depression and make it chronic.

A related issue is that a number of studies have failed to identify a “chemical imbalance” in the brains of depressed patients [1045, 1305]. For example, the brain level of serotonin in depressed patients is not different from that of healthy people [457], although depression is known to be associated with slight aberrations in the blood levels of a stress hormone and inflammation indicators [1099, 1100]. Another question is how antidepressant drugs that act on serotonin can change mood. Among the chemicals affected by various antidepressants in the brain, only dopamine directly participates in the regulation of mood. The brain region called “ventral striatum” is a part of the system that regulates emotions (ventral means “lower–frontal”). Experiments on laboratory animals and on human subjects have shown that dopamine activity in the ventral part of the striatum has rapid effects on mood. Drugs that increase dopamine activity in this area of the brain elevate mood within 30 minutes [458, 459]. Drugs that inhibit dopamine activity (e.g., neuroleptics) can lower mood within hours [460, 461]. In contrast, drugs with specific effects on serotonin (for example, SSRIs) or norepinephrine (NRIs) do not have immediate effects on mood. A rare exception is tianeptine, which is a selective serotonin reuptake enhancer (SSRE), and it can elevate mood in healthy subjects within hours [391, 392, 462]. Note that tianeptine has a mechanism of action opposite to that of SSRIs and has potential for abuse.

The euphoriant effect, i.e., elevation of mood in healthy people, is not the same as the antidepressant effect, which means improvement of mood in depressed patients. Most antidepressants have no euphoriant properties and carry negligible risk of abuse [8, 389]. One possible explanation of the rapid mood-altering effect of tianeptine is that serotonin neurons inhibit activity of the dopamine neurons that regulate mood. Tianeptine suppresses the activity of serotonin neurons and thereby increases the activity of the dopamine neurons, and this change will lift the mood [463].

In summary, there is some questionable supporting evidence but also unresolved questions regarding the monoamine hypothesis of depression. This theory suggests that depressed mood will improve if we increase the amount or activity of serotonin, noradrenaline, or dopamine in the brain.

These three chemicals derive from amino acids, and the natural source of amino acids is dietary protein. It can be hypothesized that insufficient consumption of protein is a possible cause of depression. In other words, if a person increases her consumption of protein-rich foods, this action will facilitate the synthesis of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine in the brain. Conversely, a low-protein diet should worsen the symptoms of depression. One study supports the second part of this argument. In that study, a low-protein diet enhanced depressive symptoms in laboratory rats [466, 1003]. The first part of the argument—the possible antidepressant properties of a high-protein diet—is trickier.

As you may recall, in Chapter Three we talked about experiments on rats where a high-protein diet increased activity of these animals and increased the level of dopamine in a relevant brain region [329, 330]. The high-protein diet in one of those reports contained 50% casein by calories, and just to remind you, casein is a predominant protein in cow milk. Therefore, you could say that this high-casein diet is a raw high-protein diet. The chemical changes in the brains of the laboratory rats in the above studies point to the possible stimulant and euphoriant effects of this type of high-protein diet. The antidepressant effect can sometimes coincide with, but is not the same as the euphoriant and psychostimulant effects.

In the same experiment, a low-protein diet (10% casein by calories) did not change the level of activity of the rats, but it reduced the level of dopamine in a mood-related brain region [329]. This observation points to a possible dysphoric effect (lowering of mood by a low-protein diet). Additionally, there is a growing body of evidence of the important role of dopamine in depression [467, 468]. Electroconvulsive therapy, which damages the brain but may elevate depressed mood at least temporarily, increases the release of dopamine by neurons in the brain [469]. (Peter Breggin is strongly opposed to electroconvulsive therapy, as am I.) The above observations suggest that a low-protein diet may contribute to symptoms of depression. A high-protein diet produces changes that are consistent with an antidepressant effect in laboratory animals.

The $64,000 question is whether a similar high-protein diet can have an antidepressant effect in humans. Existing studies on humans are inconsistent. High-protein diets containing large amounts of cooked meat can worsen mood in healthy subjects [110, 111, 114 – 117], but may improve mood in obese subjects [277]. Nobody studied the effects of the Atkins diet on patients with clinical depression. According to my personal experience, this diet does not have antidepressant properties and may have negative effects on a depressed person. The Atkins diet (a low-carb diet) can lower mood to some extent during the first few days of the induction phase, but afterwards mood becomes normal. In contrast, a diet that contains a normal amount of carbohydrates and large amounts of cooked red meat, in my experience, worsens mood gradually. These are effects on normal mood. If I feel depressed, the Atkins or any other diet containing large amounts of cooked meat tends to make me even more depressed. One study showed that the Atkins-type diet caused a relapse of symptoms of anxiety in a patient who has been in remission [118]. We saw in the previous section that these negative effects on mood may have to do with the small amounts of mutagens that are always present in cooked meat and fish. Therefore, a high-protein diet should contain no muscle meats in order to have antidepressant properties.

Raw and pasteurized dairy contain no mutagens and are a suitable source of protein of good quality (better than plant protein). We saw in the previous section that raw nuts tend to lower mood (the mechanism is unknown), and therefore they cannot serve as a source of protein for a prospective antidepressant diet. Cereal grains, such as wheat, are a good source of protein, but cooked grains contain small amounts of chemicals that may be responsible for the sedative effect of this type of food. Sedative drugs are usually a bad idea for depressed patients. On the other hand, a raw water extract of wheat (or other whole grains) is free from problematic chemicals. Consequently, the wheat extract (Appendix I) can be a good source of protein for the prospective antidepressant diet.

This brings us to the “antidepressant diet,” which we discussed a few times in earlier chapters. It consists of



People allergic to cow milk may consider using goat milk instead, and lactose-intolerant people may consider special lactose-free dairy. The antidepressant diet is safe and belongs to the category of raw high-protein diets. (We saw in Chapter One that chemical differences between raw and pasteurized milk are negligible.) Juices can be pasteurized and fruits and vegetables can be cooked by boiling or steaming (this includes boiled potatoes). The diet does not allow nuts, cooked grains, legumes, and any artificial ingredients (food additives, dietary supplements, seasonings, salad dressings, junk food, etc.).

Low-fat milk or the related dairy products should not contain artificial vitamins or added calcium. You can overdose on these dietary supplements with the amounts of dairy present in this diet. A grown man can drink up to 4 liters (a gallon) of milk or cultured milk per day; the amounts are smaller for women. The staple food in this diet consists of unsalted unprocessed cheese mixed with low-fat cultured milk (buttermilk or kefir) and sweetened with fruit juice if necessary. An antidepressant diet based on milk and excluding cheese is also possible. You can add wheat extract and raw, boiled, or steamed fruits and vegetables to each meal without restrictions. If whole milk does not cause problems with constipation, then you can drink whole milk instead of low-fat milk. It is easy to solve this problem if you add 1-2 tablespoons of castor oil (not for pregnant women) or flaxseed oil to your diet daily (good remedies for constipation).

In the context of this unbalanced diet, (uncultured) milk can cause abdominal pain or discomfort (upset stomach) if you consume it in the same meal with other foods. The best way to consume milk is to drink it on an empty stomach 30 minutes before a meal. In the context of balanced diets (such as the modified high-protein diet and the safe ancestral diet, Appendix VIII) milk does not cause any problems. If you use the antidepressant diet frequently, then you may stop having problems with milk, regardless of how you consume it.

The definition of a high-protein diet is a diet that provides more than 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. The antidepressant diet described above provides the amount of protein around 1.0 g/kg. Increasing the amount of cheese in this diet will increase the amount of dietary protein further. An antidepressant diet based on high-fat dairy also works (if you do not experience problems with constipation). The wheat extract is optional, but it will make the diet more balanced and it seems to prevent mild physical fatigue that may result from high consumption of dairy.

I am a healthy subject who has never had a diagnosis of a mood disorder, although I have had undiagnosed episodes of depression. Nowadays, I can become depressed once or twice a year. These episodes fulfill the diagnostic criteria of a major depressive episode [340], except the duration is always less than one week. An official diagnosis requires the duration of at least two weeks.

First, we will take a look at the effects of this diet during a normal mental state. This diet does not change internal mood or activity level. Physical fatigue may increase slightly. The antidepressant diet based on raw dairy seems to be more effective. When I am on the antidepressant diet, the work capacity is good in general and attention control is good. Social interactions become easier, and solving day-to-day problems also becomes easier. These effects may take 2–4 days to manifest themselves. There is a tendency for procrastination in relation to writing tasks. This diet may increase sweating. One may have to take showers more frequently (warm showers) and change clothes several times a day. Washing under arms with soap several times a day also helps. Antiperspirants can leave stains on clothes but are also an option. Another possible side effect is the feeling of heaviness/fatigue in the legs. You can reduce this problem by means of cold showers for the legs, if you use this procedure several times a day.

Because the antidepressant diet cannot elevate normal mood directly, it carries a low risk of hypomania. Nonetheless, internal mood may become elevated as a result of a significant positive event, in which case you need to discontinue the antidepressant diet. In most cases, hypomania is an undesirable mental state that you need to avoid. One or more of the following signs and symptoms can serve as a signal that you are having a hypomanic episode: a persistent feeling of euphoria or anger; the need for sleep dropped below 5 hours a day; the activity level increased to unusual levels, so that you are constantly moving about, pacing the room or unable to relax and sit still; argumentativeness and low self-control; flood of ideas or racing thoughts; grandiose ideas or plans (nondelusional); excessive libido; and hyperhedonia. These criteria are based on my own experience (a healthy subject without a history of bipolar disorder). They are different from the diagnostic criteria for hypomania in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) [340]. Criteria in the DSM-IV-TR serve the purpose of diagnosis of bipolar disorder, whereas the above criteria are designed to detect hypomania in a healthy person who is leading an overly stimulating lifestyle. Nonetheless, the DSM-IV-TR criteria may serve the latter purpose too. Thus, if you experience hypomania, then you need to take many sedative measures (Appendix VII), including a depressant diet. Also stop using cold and hot hydrotherapy (Chapter Two). A hot environment (Chapter Two) can help to calm down and will be beneficial; hot hydrotherapy will not be helpful. In most cases, the state of hypomania is undesirable because it can lead to foolish business deals, excessive spending, overly optimistic decisions, and activities that have a high potential for painful consequences [340]. In rare situations, this mental state can be beneficial as we will see in the next section.

When I feel depressed, the antidepressant diet has a rapid beneficial effect, in that it can normalize internal mood within 2 to 3 days. Noticeable improvements can materialize already on day one. The combination of the antidepressant diet with cold or hot hydrotherapy (Chapter Two) is even more effective. (In my experience, adapted cold showers are beneficial, whereas sudden cold showers are not effective when mood is depressed.) The following regimen works well: an adapted cold shower in the morning (can include an optional head-out hot shower), the same in the afternoon, and a head-out hot shower at night.

I should say that if depression is severe, then cold and hot showers are unbearable and impossible to do, as are any strong external stimuli. When my father died in 2007, I was severely depressed for about one week and could not bring myself to take adapted cold showers or hot baths. I was able to use the antidepressant diet and ancestral diet.

As for the scientific evidence, a recent ground-breaking study [1044] shows that improvement of nutrition quality can alleviate depression in one third of the patients tested. Another recent study revealed that the Mediterranean diet is effective against depression [1056]. Some studies show that dairy products can improve mood [865, 898] and that depressive symptoms correlate with low consumption of dairy [829, 859]. These data support the effectiveness of the antidepressant diet proposed in this book. The beneficial effects of this diet involve both biological and psychological effects. This diet improves mental clarity, and I start seeing solutions to depressing problems. As a result, the mood improves due to psychological factors: the reduced amount of negative life experiences. (There are several studies showing that increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, or dairy correlates with better cognitive abilities [838, 876, 892, 899, 901, 940], including one randomized controlled trial [887].) This diet has a positive effect on internal mood, i.e., how a person feels mentally, but the effects on external mood (observable positive affect) are inconsistent and unpredictable. In particular, this approach may make a person less joyous and less emotional outwardly or less talkative in some situations and more talkative and joyous in others. My personal view is that external mood is irrelevant, whereas internal mood is important for subjective well-being.

Based on my personal experience, the antidepressant diet is effective in mild and moderate depression but may not be effective in severe depression. Another possible problem with a high-dairy diet is constipation. On the other hand, a raw high-protein diet based on raw meat has stronger antidepressant properties and does not cause constipation. It is effective in severe depression, according to my latest experience in May of 2011, as described at the end of endnote D. Recently, I developed and tested a safe and socially acceptable version of the ancestral diet (a raw diet containing animal foods), and I recommend it against depression (see Appendix VIII).

Nobody has proven the effectiveness of the antidepressant diet or ancestral diet in clinical trials (there are clinical trials of the Mediterranean diet). Yet the theory presented above and my preliminary data suggest that this diet should be useful as an antidepressant therapy. Researchers who wish to test this diet in a clinical trial can use a study protocol similar to the one described in endnote L. In this case, it is best to explain to the patients the difference between external and internal mood in order to prevent wrong expectations about this approach. If the reader takes an antidepressant drug or other psychiatric drugs regularly, then my advice is to gradually discontinue such drugs by tapering the dose (see Endnote G1). Numerous studies suggest that antidepressants in particular and psychiatric drugs in general cause more harm than good [35, 457, 1045, 1046, 1049 – 1055, 1057, 1058, 1060, 1067, 1068, 1080, 1080 – 1082, 1088, 1098, 1101, 1109, 1111 – 1118, 1128]. The various lifestyle changes proposed in this book (see Appendices VII and IX) will help to overcome the withdrawal effects of psychiatric drugs.

The major problem with adapted cold showers and the antidepressant diet (and the ancestral diet) is low self-control, i.e., increased impulsivity; therefore, after mood improves and your energy level increases, you need to think about sedative measures (Appendix VII). Alternatively, there are several other nonpharmacological treatments that have a good antidepressant effect without increasing impulsivity: a) skipping a night's sleep, b) physical exercise, c) free online cognitive-behavioral therapy, d) a healthy balanced diet, e) hot hydrotherapy, f) supplementation of your diet with small amounts of vitamin-rich foods (not artificial vitamins; see Appendix VII, point # 7 and its footnote), g) moderate sunbathing and/or daily use of a home solarium in small doses, and h) tepid (thermoneutral) showers twice a day. "A," "b," "c," and "d" are scientifically proven. In addition, i) hyperventilation exercise has a mild stimulant effect and should be beneficial for depressed patients. You can combine methods "a" through "i" to beat depression faster without losing self-control. For details on these interventions, see footnotes in Appendix VII.

It is also important to get rid of dysfunctional beliefs and behaviors in order to overcome depression. You don't have to hire an expensive psychotherapist. There are inexpensive types of online or software psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy. To give an example of a dysfunctional belief, many people believe that laughter is good for you; they also incorrectly assume that if a person does not laugh much or does not laugh, then this person is unhappy or depressed. Nonsense. It is also worthwhile to master the rules of logic and to familiarize yourself with typical logical fallacies. Finally, according to the research from the website Greenmedinfo, the following nontoxic treatments of depression are supported by scientific evidence: vitamin D (abundant in cod liver and fish oil), curcumin (abundant in turmeric), saffron, probiotics, St. John's wort, psilocybin, yoga, acupuncture, meditation, and physical exercise.


Key points


Lifestyle changes that reduce anxiety

Anxiety is the most prevalent mental disorder. Many patients have a combination of psychiatric diagnoses. For example, in his private practice, psychiatrist Daniel G. Amen has encountered patients with four psychiatric diagnoses on average who tried about six medications before coming to his clinic [1157]. Combinations of psychiatric drugs will wreak havoc on your brain, while some cheap, safe, and simple antianxiety treatments exist that most people are not aware of. First and foremost, the valerian root is a centuries-tested and safe sedative with some evidence of antianxiety effects. Kava-kava is another antianxiety herb, which is more strongly supported by scientific evidence. Or you can take a mixture of sedative herbs (see the beginning of the third section in Chapter Two). Try them first. A hot environment and hot baths (Chapter Two) have sedative effects, and several studies show that heating the body reduces anxiety.M Cooling of the body does not have sedative effects, but one study shows that repeated cooling sessions are effective in patients with anxiety disorders [376]. Therefore, it is likely that adapted cold showers (Chapter Two) can serve as an effective antianxiety treatment. In my experience, adapted cold showers reduce anxiety in situations where impulsivity is not a problem. They increase anxiety in situations where low impulsivity is crucial, for example, if you are trying to prevent yourself from doing something rash and stupid. Chapter Six will give some tips on reducing impulsivity. In my experience, sudden cold showers tend to increase anxiety in any situation.

Milk can reduce anxiety according to one study [898]. This effect may be due to the antianxiety properties of some components of milk, such as lactoferrin and casein [333, 865, 884]. The antidepressant diet, which is based on dairy, is effective at reducing anxiety, based on my experience. Studies show that high-fat diets reduce anxiety [280, 281] and high-fat meals have mild sedative properties [872]. Therefore, an antidepressant diet that includes melted beef fat or pork fat (added to vegetable soups or stews) will be more effective.X Large amounts of cooked flesh in the diet can increase emotional tension and cause anxiety according to some studies [110, 114, 117, 118]. Therefore, temporary exclusion of cooked meat and fish from the diet should reduce anxiety.

Large doses of caffeine induce anxiety both in humans and in laboratory animals; therefore, excluding coffee and all caffeinated drinks (many soft drinks contain caffeine) from the diet will reduce anxiety. (On the subject of food, a recent epidemiological study shows that a weak to moderate statistical correlation exists between anxiety disorders and unhealthy nutrition [984].) There are also studies showing that physical exercise alleviates clinical anxiety [1047].

According to website Greenmedinfo.com, the following antianxiety treatments are supported by the largest amount of scientific evidence: kava-kava, lavender, yoga, aromatherapy, and acupuncture.

Anxiety is most likely a problem caused by an unhealthy lifestyle and/or stressful job. It may be a side effect of prescription drugs. You need to revise your whole lifestyle to cure anxiety (see Appendix VII). Many patients with anxiety are constantly afraid of screwing something up. In my experience, when I stay on a strict but sufficiently diverse diet for at least several weeks, the number of errors at work drops almost to zero, and general clumsiness and the amount of other errors decrease dramatically too. Therefore, a strict healthy diet (see the Natural food pyramid and the beginning of Endnote C1) can give you peace of mind and help you to get rid of anxiety. Meanwhile, the following sedative measures will help you to calm down when necessary: a mixture of sedative herbs, 1 hour of walking outdoors (preferably in a park or forest), breath-holding exercises, eat more raw honey, animal fat (raw cream, raw butter, raw tail fat [from a halal or kosher shop], beef fat boiled in water, or lard boiled in water), raw nuts, lying horizontally for at least 1 hour (it slows all mental processes), higher air temperature, and additional clothes. Besides, when you need to calm down, you should stop all stimulatory measures: chocolate, cacao, coffee, tea, soft drinks, energy drinks, adaptogens (e.g., ginseng), brief cardio exercise, cold showers, brief sunbathing, and hyperventilation exercises.

The most effective and safest sedative measures that can be used daily is the ratio of muscle meat to animal fat (for example, tail fat or beef fat) 1:3, high consumption of eggs (boiled or raw), elevated air temperature, warmer clothes, and a horizontal position of your body. All other sedative methods are not recommended for daily use, you can add them when necessary. And of course it is very important to avoid all foods/methods that stimulate the central nervous system. See the table in Appendix VII (you can ignore weak effects).

Because anxiety is the most prevalent mental health problem, it is worth mentioning conventional psychiatry. Many outstanding psychiatrists, such as Peter Gotszche, David Healy, Peter Breggin, and Joanna Moncrieff do not recommend seeing a psychiatrist if you have a mental health problem because conventional psychiatry is likely to ruin your career, personal life, mental health, and physical health. For details, see Professor Peter Gotszche's book "Mental Health Survival Kit and Withdrawal from Psychiatric Drugs," which is available for free [1315]. At the beginning of his book, Peter gives some general advice to people who think they have a mental health problem (two precise quotes combined):

Four other useful take-home messages from Peter Gotszche's book:

1. A psychiatric diagnosis (usually a wrong one) is sticky and may persist for life, creating many problems with your job, personal freedoms, personal life, etc.
2. A psychiatric diagnosis is neither specific nor reliable, different psychiatrists will give different diagnoses to the same patient. Many items in a diagnosis checklist cannot be filled out objectively by either the patient or psychiatrist and are not related to mental health. For example, a person without mental health complaints may get a diagnosis of "healthy" or "ADHD," depending on a psychiatrist.
3. A patient typically starts with one diagnosis (often incorrect one) and one psychiatric drug. The drug creates new mental health problems as side effects. For example, an antidepressant drug causes episodes of mania and/or insomnia. Then, the patient receives another false psychiatric diagnosis and another drug, and so on until the patient is taking three or more psychiatric drugs simultaneously.
4. Psychiatric drugs are nonspecific. Each drug changes many different biological processes in the brain and in the body as whole. For example, according to questionable questionnaires that are used in clinical trials of antidepressants, almost anything will "work" as an antidepressant, including psychostimulants, neuroleptics, anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics, alcohol, etc. These different classes of drugs have overlapping lists of side effects. Only a tiny percentage of patients taking psychiatric drugs do not experience harmful effects on physical health.

Regarding withdrawal from psychiatric drugs, please see Peter's free book and Endnote G1 in my book. Peter also wrote an alternative psychiatry textbook [1318]. I do not agree with everything in Peter's book. For example, his advice to replace neuroleptics with benzodiazepines is not a good recommendation. Both types of drugs can and should be gradually replaced with nontoxic sedative measures described above. Peter often compares psychiatry to internal medicine, suggesting that the latter is morally, scientifically, or logically superior to the former. My view is that both are horrible, are based on psyop-supported fake science, gradually harm health, and are not designed to cure any disease (see footnote 13 in Appendix VII). Peter Gotszche also recommended a lawyer for some situations. I agree that a lawyer is needed sometimes, for example, when you get arrested, but in most cases when people hire a lawyer, they actually don't need a lawyer. Laws are written by lawyers, and they write laws for their selfish purposes, so that you have to pay a lawyer for every trivial task [1169, 1170, 1308, 1309, 1316, 1320 – 1322, 1342 – 1346]. Many people have illusions about hiring a attorney, thinking that they get a worker who will serve them honestly to the best of his/her ability in a competitive market. Nonsense. When you become a client of a lawyer, you get another boss who will humiliate, control, manipulate, and deceive you, and you have to pay big bucks to this boss! There are exceptions of course, but the vast majority of lawyers is not worth hiring. If you are in a difficult situation, you need to become smarter, not hire a lawyer.

Finally, it is worth mentioning that you should not trust the legal system, it is likely to be corrupt, regardless of the country you are living in [1367]. Courts only pretend to be impartial and fair; when it comes to intelligence agencies or policies of the federal government, courts will always work against you because all key judges are under tight control of the ruling elite.


Key points


A lifestyle that can cause hypomania and boost creativity

Although hypomania (means “mild mania”) is generally an undesirable mental state, it may be useful when creativity or active imagination is necessary. If you use caution and moderation, the following regimen can help you to achieve the state of hypomania safely.

In earlier chapters, we talked about experiments on laboratory rats that involved a raw high-protein diet and brief moderate cooling. These studies have shown that those two treatments produce chemical changes in the brain that are consistent with elevated mood [329, 472]. As we saw in Chapter Two, in humans, moderate cooling of the body can elevate normal mood within minutes, in keeping with the aforementioned animal studies. Moderate cooling can also increase the level of activity, thus exhibiting a stimulant effect in addition to the mood-brightening effect. The safe version of a raw high-protein diet that we discussed in the previous section (the antidepressant diet) improves depressed mood, but it cannot elevate normal mood or increase the activity level directly. This diet can lift normal mood indirectly because of improvement of mental abilities and the resulting increase in positive life experiences. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that a combination of the antidepressant diet with repeated cooling will work as an experimental model of hypomania.

Hypomania is a mental state with persistently elevated mood and an increased level of activity.Y Literature suggests that this mental state correlates with increased creativity and increased life satisfaction [473 – 475]. Hypomania does not impair social functioning of the affected person and patients seldom report it to clinicians as a problem. This is not the case with mania, which can cause numerous problems, including psychotic symptoms, temporary disability, and hospitalization. There are pharmacological models of mania and hypomania, which are based on administration of high doses of certain drugs. On the other hand, it would be interesting to devise a nonpharmacological model of hypomania. As far as I know, nobody has published and validated this type of regimen so far. The importance of this sort of finding is 2-fold: {1} it will give a person greater control over one’s mood; and {2} it will allow the person to activate one’s imagination, when necessary. Both goals are within the realm of emotional intelligence: regulation of emotions and the use of emotion to enhance thought.

The theory and my personal experience suggest that the combination of the antidepressant diet with twice-daily adapted cold showers (Chapter Two) may serve as a good experimental model of hypomania. The raw diet (Appendix VIII) in place of the antidepressant diet works too. I named this combination for convenience the “creativity regimen.” Each of these treatments can elevate mood—one directly, the other one indirectly. The combined effects are reliable and rapid: in my experience, this combination causes symptoms of hypomania within 2 to 4 days. To enhance this effect, you need to add other stimulant treatments (stimulant herbs, lemon juice [Appendix VII, footnote #20], cardio exercise, hyperventilation exercise, and sun-bathing) and to stop sedative treatments (such as sedative herbs, honey, breath-holding exercise, and a moderately hot environment). The antidepressant diet can be replaced with a fruit-and-vegetable diet, a raw diet (Appendix VIII), or the third type of depressant diet (Appendix IX, point #3). I am the only person who tested this regimen. The experimental model of hypomania should work in healthy people with normal mood in a nonstressful work environment. This regimen elevates internal mood and does not have consistent effects on external mood. We reviewed possible side effects of cold hydrotherapy and of the antidepressant diet at the end of Chapters One and Two and at the end of the previous section (also see Appendix II).

I named this combination of physical treatments the “creativity regimen” because it facilitates problem solving and causes a flood of ideas. These changes are consistent with increased creativity, which we can define as generation of new ideas or new associations between preexisting concepts or ideas. There is another variation of the creativity regimen—it consists of the fruit-and-vegetable diet and cold hydrotherapy. It can also activate imagination and enhance generation of ideas. This fruit-and-vegetable version is more likely to cause hyperactivity and racing thoughts. The drawbacks of this version are the following: the activity level can become too high (the person is unable to relax or sit still); there is a substantial loss of work capacity; and, when mood is depressed, the fruit-and-vegetable diet makes it worse. Both versions of the creativity regimen will increase impulsivity and procrastination. Consequently, this regimen is not appropriate for situations that require strong self-control.

Sometimes, the creativity regimen increases the feelings of anger instead of elevating mood (in agreement with the clinical definition of hypomania: increased irritability or elevated mood). You may experience a flood of angry thoughts. I cannot say with certainty why this happens; perhaps, some negative life events are to blame.

It seems that the creativity regimen can cause a persistent state of hypomania, which can last for weeks and longer. I do not know if you can extend this state further because it becomes uncomfortable sooner or later, and I start craving normal mood and a normal pace of thinking. A brief period of hypomania, one to two days, can be fun and you may get an influx of new ideas. Once you get all the ideas that you need, this state becomes an obstacle to creative work. This is because elevated mood reduces motivation for the difficult and boring tasks that are necessary for implementation of the ideas. Another possible inconvenience of this hypomania model is hyperhedonia; that is, when a person derives pleasure from activities that would normally be boring. It can lead to an unproductive waste of time. There are other inconveniences of hypomania, outlined at the end of the previous section. Finally, you shouldn’t make any big, life-changing decisions in this state because your decision may turn out to be too optimistic. At the end of Chapter Six we will talk about making important decisions.

Nevertheless, you can extend this mental state beyond a few days as described below. It is possible that twice-daily adapted cold showers will start to disrupt the normal sleep pattern after a few days. You should not take cold showers after 7 PM. If you get insomnia with twice-daily adapted cold showers, then eliminate the evening cold shower and do them once a day in the morning. You can still take a warm shower in the evening. If you are still unable to fall asleep until wee hours of the morning, then take adapted cold showers every other morning, instead of every morning. If your need for sleep becomes negligible (you can skip a night’s sleep), this is a sign that you have a predisposition to bipolar disorder, and full-blown mania may follow. Many bipolar patients cannot notice the transition from hypomania to mania, and mania can entail delusions, hallucinations, and temporary disability. Therefore, a bipolar patient needs to take preventive measures as soon as he or she becomes hypomanic. Even if you do not have a history of bipolar disorder, my advice is to abort the creativity regimen whenever your amount of sleep drops below 5 hours per night. You also need to abort this regimen if your sleep becomes disorganized (uncoupled from the changes of day and night).

You can adjust the antidepressant diet depending on the state of mood. Once mood becomes elevated, you can add small amounts of cooked meat and 10–15 grams (half an ounce) of nuts per day. The amount of meat should be about one-tenth of the amount of dairy that you are consuming (by weight). For example, if you are drinking two liters (two quarts) of pasteurized milk per day, then you can add 200 grams (7 ounces) of boiled meat to your diet per day. After that, if your mood stays elevated for one or two days, you can add small amounts of any other food. If your mood starts to decline, you need to remove meat, nuts, and other “disallowed” food from the antidepressant diet. It is likely that you will get tired of the constant feeling of excitement after a few days. To abort the creativity regimen, you can stop all cold showers and switch to a diet recommended by official food pyramids or to your usual diet. If this does not help, you may consider using the depressant diet alone or in combination with a hot environment (Chapter Two) for a few days. Several studies show that heat lowers mood [352, 651]; however, hot showers and hot baths do not help to lower mood, based on my experience.

Aside from the possible improvements in creativity, this regimen may be useful as a treatment of depression. This approach should be more effective than either the antidepressant diet or adapted cold showers alone. In all likelihood this method will be safe to use in combination with other treatments, such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Another possible application is the treatment of addiction to stimulants. The above regimen works as a strong stimulant and may serve as a “drug replacement therapy,” so to speak. The addict may lose the need for drugs if he or she can get high using a less harmful approach. Finally, the creativity regimen may also be useful in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. This disease involves a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons that project to (send signals to) the striatum (a region at the center of the brain). Both cooling and raw high-protein diets can increase the synthesis of dopamine in the striatum. Cooling can also increase physical mobility. Further research is needed to test these ideas. The theoretical evidenceY and preliminary results are promising.


Key points


Is constantly elevated mood desirable?

Some people believe that elevated mood is a desirable mental state. In my experience, constant euphoria and excitement may be pleasant, especially for someone who has never experienced them for more than a few minutes, but these things can become uncomfortable quickly. Normal mood (euthymia) is a better mental state. We can define “normal mood” as an optimistic worldview and an ability to feel a full range of positive emotions, but without the constant feeling of euphoria and excitement.

In the previous sections, we saw several undesirable consequences of persistently elevated mood. This mental state reduces motivation for work and thereby can reduce productivity. Elevated mood can cause hyperhedonia, according to the effects of the “creativity regimen.” This situation can lead to an unproductive waste of time. Finally, elevated mood is not the best mental state to make important decisions that will have long-term consequences. I make the most realistic and sound decisions when my mood is normal or perhaps slightly lowered.

Speaking philosophically, the universe and nature are neither good nor bad, they are neutral. The same applies to the various laws of nature discovered by science. For example, is it a good thing or a bad thing that E = mc2 ? The answer is it is neither; it is just a formula describing how nature works. People are a part and product of nature and the human body, including the brain, works according to the laws of physics and chemistry. By extension, all life events are also a part and product of nature. Therefore, a more neutral perception of life is more realistic and accurate than either positive (joy) or negative (anger, sadness) representation of life events in your mind. Note that I am not saying that you should be unemotional and try to get rid of all emotions. My point is that normal mood is the best frame of mind to make sound and realistic decisions.

Some studies have investigated the effects of elevated mood or high levels of life satisfaction on some mental abilities and on various life outcomes. Readers can find an excellent review of this topic in the paper by Drs. Shigehiro Oishi, Ed Diener, and Richard E. Lucas [476] entitled “The Optimum Level of Well-Being: Can People Be Too Happy?” Although elevated mood correlates with increased creativity [473 – 475, 477], this mental state can worsen performance of some cognitive tasks in the laboratory. Several reports showed that elevated mood led to worse performance on the following cognitive tests: a syllogism task, a moral reasoning task, an estimation of correlation task, and a person perception task [478 – 481]. Many of the above studies deal with elevated internal mood, according to self-ratings of the test subjects. Other studies assessed the effects of cheerfulness, which is a synonym of “external positive mood” or “observable positive affect.” Internal mood and external mood are not the same thing, as you saw earlier in this chapter. My own view is that internal mood is more relevant to life satisfaction than external mood. Two studies show that children who are more cheerful than average, as rated by parents and teachers, are more likely to drink, smoke, and to engage in risky behaviors later in life. These children also have a higher risk of mortality [482, 483].

Other studies investigated the association of life satisfaction with various life outcomes. Life satisfaction is not the same as mood (internal or external); it is a concept that includes self-assessment of various aspects of life and of oneself. Internal mood is one of the components of life satisfaction. An overview of numerous studies shows that the highest levels of life satisfaction show the best correlation with having a stable long-term relationship and with active participation in volunteer work [476]. (These data represent average numbers, and it would be incorrect to assume that, for example, all single people are unhappy.) These researchers found that the highest level of life satisfaction correlates less strongly with the highest level of income and with the highest level of educational attainment (the highest degree earned). The last two outcomes correlate with a moderately high level of life satisfaction. A recent study shows that Americans feel somewhat happier, on average, when they earn incomes up to $75,000 a year [997]. Americans with incomes higher than $75,000 do not feel any happier, judging by emotional well-being. The same study shows that people with below-average incomes are more likely to be unhappy than groups with better income. Nonetheless, there are many people on low incomes who are happy [476, 997].

As for academic success, college students who rated themselves as “happy” earned the highest grades: average GPA (grade point average) of 4.1 on a 5-point scale. Students who were “very happy” achieved somewhat lower grades, average GPA 3.8, compared to the grades of “moderately happy” and “slightly happy” students (both groups at 3.9 GPA) [476]. Dr. Oishi and colleagues also analyzed several surveys and concluded that people will attain the highest increase of income in the future if they have moderate or even somewhat low level of life satisfaction today [476]. The happiest people do not achieve the biggest increase of income in the future. In summary, it is intriguing that the highest level of life satisfaction correlates with a stable long-term relationship and active volunteer work. The highest income and best academic performance correlate with moderate life satisfaction.

Studies that we reviewed above suggest that constantly elevated internal mood is not desirable because of suboptimal performance on some tasks and, possibly, reduced motivation for work. My personal experience suggests that long periods of elevated internal mood (moderate elevation) are uncomfortable even if work productivity is unaffected. Nonetheless, brief periods of elevated mood, for instance, several days, are beneficial when you need high creativity or generation of novel ideas. It seems that elevated internal mood can increase life satisfaction under unfavorable living conditions. My view is that internal mood does not have to be constantly elevated because even a temporary elevation is sufficient to change one’s outlook and produce lasting improvements in life satisfaction. In other words, if you know that you can lift your mood at any time, this knowledge alone will improve life satisfaction. These observations are based on the “creativity regimen” from the previous section. In conclusion, unlike constantly elevated mood, brief periods of elevated mood are beneficial and will increase creativity and life satisfaction.


Key points


A possible anger management protocol

My personal observations during experiments with the fruit-and-vegetable diet lead me to believe that pungent vegetables, such as onion, garlic, and radish, can cause feelings of hostility and anger and fits of rage. These negative effects take place with both raw and cooked pungent vegetables. The fruit-and-vegetable diet is a convenient way to observe the anger-provoking effects of pungent vegetables because this diet causes hyperactivity, impulsivity, and low self-control in general. A fruit-and-vegetable diet that excludes pungent vegetables has some entertainment value. But if you add pungent vegetables to this diet, and if you are in the company of a psychologically incompatible person, then angry tirades are likely to ensue. My best efforts to identify a possible biological mechanism were unsuccessful. The best I could find is that some Eastern belief systems prohibit consumption of garlic and onion because they cause anger; this notion is in line with my personal observations.

In my view, psychological factors are also important. Incompatible personalities will irritate each other, and if you add pungent vegetables to the mix, then an explosive situation may ensue. Conversely, if two people have compatible personalities, then pungent vegetables may result in angry thoughts or irritated mood. Yet this negative effect will not develop into an argument or a fit of anger because the psychological environment is peaceful and favorable. When I was a college student I used to have loud arguments with my mother on a regular basis. I guess we have incompatible personalities. I remembered that I had read somewhere that onion and garlic can cause anger and I had not taken this notion seriously at first. After some experimentation with the fruit-and-vegetable diet, I noticed that I could get angry and argumentative at times while on this diet. This observation made me think about possible causes and jogged my memory about the anger-provoking effects of pungent vegetables. I must admit that back then, onions were one of my favorite foods, which I ate with almost every meal, both cooked and raw. After I excluded onion, garlic, and all other pungent vegetables from my diet, the anger and irritability subsided and I became much calmer both inwardly and outwardly. Loud arguments and altercations with my mother were no longer occurring. I told my mother and some other people about this approach to anger management, but most of them were (and still are) skeptical. Sometime later a friend of the family told me that my mother had confided in him about this matter. These are her words: “Charlie thinks that he got rid of anger because he stopped consuming onions and garlic. But in actuality, I have been slipping holy water into his meals, so that’s what is really happening!” Well, whatever it was, I haven’t had an outburst of anger ever since. Nowadays, I eat onion and garlic every now and then, but most of the time I avoid them as much as I can. I do have angry thoughts sometimes, but they never escalate into a fit of rage or a loud scene.

Based on the above observations, a possible anger management protocol involves complete elimination of all pungent vegetables from the diet. Exclusion of all spices, food additives, and dietary supplements may also be necessary in order to identify a possible anger-provoking food, if you discover that pungent vegetables do not provoke anger in you. An elimination diet followed by gradual reintroduction of various foods will be useful in this investigation. In my experience, nuts increase irritability and it is best to avoid them when you have strong feelings of anger or hostility. These changes will prevent fits of anger; however, you can reduce preexisting feelings of anger by means of a high-fat diet, according to my experience.

Sedative treatments such as hot hydrotherapy (Chapter Two) and raw honey are beneficial. A hot environment is not useful. Don’t use cold hydrotherapy during fits of anger because it increases impulsivity and enhances the feeling of anger, when it is present. It is important that meat and fish have a high fat content in the context of the anger management protocol. Some studies show that low-fat diets correlate with feelings of hostility [280]. My personal experience suggests that the fruit-and-vegetable diet, which is a low-fat diet, can increase the feelings of hostility toward some people. Reintroduction of high-fat animal products into the diet seems to solve this problem. Another diet that increases anger and hostility is a grain-free diet. As you can see, it seems that a balanced diet with abundance of fatty animal products and honey but free of pungent vegetables and nuts is key to anger management.

The possible “anger management diet” consists of the depressant diet plus dairy products and minus all pungent vegetables, seasonings, and spices. I noticed that honey substantially reduces anger and mellows your personality, even though honey is not a strong sedative. I recommend unheated honey (which was not heated during industrial-scale packaging), and it needs to be diluted in water; otherwise, you may experience intestinal problems (possibly because raw honey is an antibiotic). A heaping tablespoon twice a day is a good dose for anger management. Beef or mutton fat boiled in water (not fried!) is another food that excellently melts away anger, without being a strong sedative. Wet-rendered lard is another option, but it should be free of salt and nitrites. Don't be scared, you won't get fat; everything you know about animal fats is false and based on outdated theories. Add these fats abundantly into meat, soup, and other dishes. (Unfortunately, dairy fat helps but increases body weight in me, even when raw; I consume it only as a dietary supplement.) Animal fat without any meat is more effective. Start with the alternative depressant diet (see a previous section in this chapter) plus dairy, and if it does not help after one or two days, then add various sedative procedures (see Appendix VIII). You can use “anger management diet” for 5–7 days; this duration is sufficient for reducing anger and hostility. You can find some recipes in Appendix I. You can combine this regimen with psychological anger management programs if necessary. For instance, it is useful to avoid contact with the people that irritate you. I also noticed that physical exercise that causes fatigue and sweating and breath-holding exercises reduce anger. All stimulatory treatments should be stopped temporarily (such as cacao [chocolate], coffee, and tea; fasting is forbidden too).


Key points


Summary of Chapter Four

A popular definition of emotional intelligence is the ability to carry out accurate reasoning about emotions and the ability to use emotions and emotional knowledge to enhance thought. One influential model of emotional intelligence combines abilities in four areas: (a) accurately perceiving emotion, (b) using emotions to facilitate thought, (c) understanding emotion, and (d) managing emotion. This chapter describes techniques that improve mental abilities in areas (b) and (d).

My personal experience suggests that a low-protein diet, such as the fruit-and-vegetable diet, improves attentiveness to others’ feelings but also reduces stress resistance. Conversely, certain high-protein diets increase stress tolerance but reduce sensitivity to other people’s emotions. The biological mechanism underlying these effects is unknown.

The ability to regulate one’s emotional state is a component of emotional intelligence. This chapter describes lifestyle changes that can either lift or lower internal mood when needed. My personal experience (a healthy subject) suggests that a “depressant diet” can serve as an experimental model of mild depression. This diet contains large amounts of cooked red meat, cooked grains, and nuts and excludes dairy. The effects of the depressant diet may be due to the chemicals formed in meat and grains during cooking. The depressant diet improves sleep and is useful in some situations that require lowered mood.

One of the implications of an accepted theory of clinical depression is that depression may be caused by a shortage of protein in the diet. Traditional high-protein diets do not have antidepressant properties, possibly because of the presence of chemicals formed by cooking of meat and grains. These chemicals can have depressant effects. The antidepressant diet (low-fat milk, unsalted unprocessed cheese, fruits, and vegetables) is free of this shortcoming. This diet seems to have a rapid antidepressant effect. This diet is a raw high-protein diet because chemical differences between raw and pasteurized dairy are negligible. An ancestral diet based on safe and socially acceptable raw animal foods (e.g., eggs, oysters) is an alternative. If you combine the antidepressant diet or a safe ancestral diet with twice-daily adapted cold showers, this regimen can reproduce symptoms of hypomania within 2–4 days (for example, overactivity, flood of ideas, and elevated internal mood). The latter approach improves creativity. Elevated mood is desirable in some situations, but it reduces motivation for work and worsens some mental abilities.

Pungent vegetables may contribute to feelings of anger and hostility, and the mechanism is unknown. A high-fat diet that includes raw honey and sedative herbs while excluding all pungent vegetables and spices can be beneficial as an anger management protocol.
[Previous] [Next Chapter Summary]

CHAPTER 5: Reading and writing performance

Contents:

Procrastination and its relation to mood and self-control

The depressant diet and other techniques that can reduce procrastination

Prerequisites to good reading comprehension

Dietary and other approaches that can improve reading comprehension

Tips on taking tests, including IQ tests

Tips on learning a foreign language and building your vocabulary quickly

Prerequisites to good writing performance

Lifestyle changes and other approaches to overcoming writer’s block

Summary of Chapter Five


Procrastination and its relation to mood and self-control

People who studied in college must be familiar with procrastination, which often takes the form of chronic postponement of important reading or writing tasks until the last day. The more formal definition of procrastination is “a tendency to delay an intended action or decision.” Academic procrastination leads students to do nothing until the last day and it then forces them to cram all night before an exam. Research shows that 50–75% of college students procrastinate on a regular basis [484]. Many academic scientists who have to submit research grant proposals before a deadline also engage in procrastination. This state of affairs results in overstressed and hectic writing during the last few days before the deadline.

Academic procrastination correlates with low self-control and high impulsivity [485, 486]. (Self-control is the ability to regulate one’s thoughts, emotions, and impulses.) Procrastination also correlates with task aversiveness, also known as “laziness” [487]. Academic procrastination is more likely for tasks whose completion is more distant in the future and for tasks that are more difficult [488]. Studies show that there may be three different types of procrastination [489]. One type is called “decisional procrastination” and it results from an inability to make a decision within a given timeframe. The second type is called “arousal procrastination.” It results from the desire to feel a thrill of hectic work before a deadline as well as a pleasure from completing a lot of work within a short period. The third type is “avoidant procrastination,” which has to do with the fear of evaluation by others and the fear of “screwing up.” Academic procrastination is unpleasant and undesirable for most people who have dealt with it. Researchers are looking for ways of reducing this unproductive behavior.

Several studies have shown that learning the techniques of effective time management can reduce procrastination [490 – 492]. Another approach, which teachers can employ, involves increasing the threat of evaluation: making exams more frequent [493]. The latter approach seems logical because students will learn more by cramming before several smaller exams than by cramming for a single big exam.

Although procrastination involves negative connotations in most studies in the field, some authors have identified a type of procrastination that may have beneficial or at least neutral effects. The so-called active procrastination is the deliberate postponing of a difficult mental task until there is strong enough “pressure” or emotional tension [494]. This approach allows certain people to work more productively. Some studies show that these “active procrastinators,” who prefer to work under pressure, are as productive in academic settings as people who do not procrastinate [494]. This concept is similar to the above-mentioned “arousal procrastination.”

Research shows that mood and self-control are linked with academic procrastination. People with low self-control are more likely to procrastinate. To be more specific, people with elevated impulsivity, including ADHD patients, are more likely to be procrastinators [495]. Research also shows that people who are clinically depressed have a tendency to procrastinate [496], but people who are very happy are also not very productive in academic settings [476]. Several studies have shown that people with elevated mood and students with huge ratings of life satisfaction are less productive than students with normal mood or a moderate to average level of life satisfaction [476]. One report shows that among students an inverse correlation exists between procrastination and anxiety about homework (more anxiety equals less procrastination) [497]. In other words, students who are more fearful of not doing homework are more likely to do it on time, compared to students who have little or no anxiety about homework.

We can conclude from the studies above that you will achieve the lowest level of academic procrastination when


  1. self-control is strong;

  2. mood is neither clinically depressed nor elevated;

  3. emotional tension is substantial.


The next section describes some techniques that will allow a person to build up emotional tension well before a deadline as well as techniques that can improve some components of self-control.


Key points


The depressant diet and other techniques that can reduce procrastination

We discussed three depressant diets in detail in Chapter Four. In my experience, these diets can lower mood and slow down mental processes. Healthy people can stay on the depressant diet for extended periods. You shouldn’t use the first two types of this diet if you have a diagnosis of depression or if you suspect that you are having a major depressive episode.

This diet reduces procrastination. I can get started on any kind of reading task well before a deadline if I use this approach. In my opinion, this procrastination-reducing effect is the result of the emotional tension and lowered mood. This notion is in agreement with some studies which showed that anxiety or a threatening environment can reduce procrastination. As we saw earlier, people with sky-high life satisfaction are less productive than people with average or moderate life satisfaction. Therefore, a regimen that makes you slightly “unhappy” will increase motivation for work and reduce procrastination.

Often the depressant diet is not enough to combat procrastination related to writing tasks. That's why I recommend a combination of sedative treatments, as described below.

As you will see in subsequent sections of this chapter, the depressant diet is not the best diet for effective performance of reading tasks. Therefore, my advice is to use the depressant diet to “force yourself” to start a difficult mental task. Once you get started, you can discontinue the depressant diet. The mild lowering of mood and a slight increase in emotional tension are sufficient for reducing procrastination. You do not need to become clinically depressed or anxious, and you need to abort the depressant diet if your mood becomes significantly depressed. Simple discontinuation of the depressant diet and switching to a conventional balanced diet (for example, Harvard’s Healthy Eating Plate), in my experience, can restore mood back to normal. Another approach involves replacing some of your meals with the mixture of unprocessed unsalted cheese with cultured milk. You can read more about custom regulation of mood in the last sections of Chapter Four.

The antiprocrastination approach outlined above should work in healthy people, who have normal mood and no anxiety. The first two types of depressant diet may be counterproductive in patients with anxiety or depression. Clinical depression correlates with increased procrastination. Therefore, reduction of procrastination in depressed patients requires the opposite approach—an antidepressant treatment. It should move the mood from “depressed” to “slightly depressed.”

Going back to healthy people, another antiprocrastination approach is a hot environment (Chapter Two). You can create a hot environment in your room using a heater and a fan. I find the temperature of room air at 29°C (84°F) effective at lowering mood and reducing procrastination. Even more effective is to put on winter clothes indoors (a heavy coat, double pants, and a fur hat). It looks funny but it works; when you feel uncomfortably hot, that's when real self-control kicks in. Once you start working, you can undress a little; for example, take off the winter hat. Moderate heating of the body has sedative effects, i.e., it can improve sleep, slow down mental processes, and can lower mood as well [352, 651]. This approach can allow you to turn up the heat on yourself and to force yourself to start a task that you have been avoiding. Hot hydrotherapy can help in an especially bad case of procrastination; you need to raise your core body temperature to 38°C in a 40°C bath. You shouldn't take a hot bath everyday.

Breath-holding exercise has a sedative effect, and in my experience, helps against procrastination. It is described in Chapter Two, section "Can a cold shower cause a cold or the flue?"

I find another method useful for combating procrastination: set your alarm clock for 15–20 minutes, lie down, relax completely, and try to fall asleep. When the alarm clock wakes you, force yourself to start working immediately.

Thus, it is best to use a combination of sedative treatments. Many people intuitively try to improve their self-control by overeating all kinds of tasty food without restrictions, and this approach works. For this reason, people whose job requires strong self-control tend to be overweight or obese (e.g., bankers and businessmen). I will summarize a healthy anti-procrastination regimen that I find highly effective, and it may help you too if your job requires strong self-control. I would like to emphasize that this regimen will not increase your body weight, and on the contrary, will help you to lose weight. These techniques will work even if you live on a 100% raw diet.


  1. Eat some meat (100-200 grams) every day (20-25% fat content).

  2. Raw nuts pulverized in a blender several times a day every day, preferably soaked and dried beforehand (see Appendix I).

  3. Raw tail fat daily, I recommend pulverizing it in a blender too (the safety of raw animal foods is discussed in Appendix VIII).

  4. Raw honey daily, preferably well-diluted in water or juice. This food is not recommended when you are sleepy and have to work.

  5. A mixture of sedative herbs in the morning. This product is not recommended when you are sleepy and have to work (see Appendix VII, footnote # 21).

  6. Breath-holding exercises daily.

  7. Raise air temperature in your home and dress more warmly.

  8. A brief nap with a timer or meditation in a horizontal position.

  9. (Very important) Adapted cold showers no more than once a week or once a month (depending on your metabolic type, see my other book: "Fight Cancer", chapter "The Gonzalez protocol"). Active people (rapid metabolism) have to take cold showers less frequently in order to preserve self-control. Replace them with air baths (to be taken every four to 12 days).

  10. (Very important) Brief cardio exercise no more than once every 4 days or once a week (depending on your metabolic type). Prolonged exercise resulting in substantial fatigue is OK. Replace daily brief cardio with daily 1-hour walks in a forest or park and the "all day on your feet" regimen (see Appendix VII, footnote # 39).

  11. Other stimulant treatments should be stopped too: tea, coffee, and other stimulant herbs, hyperventilation exercise, and sun-bathing. Brief sunbathing or tanning bed session once a week is OK.

  12. If you follow the above principles, then you can enjoy freedom from procrastination and lose weight simultaneously, by eating a filling, high-calorie, healthy, sufficiently diverse, strict diet (for example, the starchless diet, see Endnote C1).


The most effective and safest sedative measures that can be used daily is the ratio of muscle meat to animal fat (for example, tail fat or beef fat) 1:3, high consumption of eggs (boiled or raw), elevated air temperature, warmer clothes, and a horizontal position of your body. All other sedative methods are not recommended for daily use, you can add them when necessary. And of course it is very important to avoid all foods/methods that stimulate the central nervous system. See the table in Appendix VII (you can ignore weak effects). Raw pulp-free fruit juice is not a sedative, but greatly improves self-control and will help to overcome procrastination (only sweet non-acidic fruits improve self-control). It will also help to lose weight and is a good alternative to raw honey for those people who cannot consume large amounts of honey daily.

In conclusion, research shows that effective time management can also reduce procrastination [490 – 492]. In my experience, calendar and task management software can simplify your life and help to reduce procrastination. It can also help you become more organized. You can set up automatic reminders for various appointments and tasks. I use KOrganizer (on Linux), but there are other programs with similar functionality (e.g., Microsoft Outlook).


Key points


Prerequisites to good reading comprehension

Different mental tasks require different mental abilities or different sets of mental abilities. For example, reading tasks require a set of mental abilities that is different from that necessary for performance of writing tasks. This section focuses on mental abilities that you need to enhance in order to improve reading comprehension, i.e., understanding of printed text. These mental abilities or mental attributes include alertness, fluid intelligence, attention control, and attention span.

The discussion of dyslexia or reading disability is outside the scope of this book. The neurological impairment in dyslexia is unrelated to the aforementioned mental abilities and most likely involves the difficulty associating written characters (letters) with specific sounds of speech. The latter is not the only theory and there are other theories about pathophysiology of dyslexia. The techniques presented in this chapter will improve alertness, fluid intelligence, and attention control, but they are unlikely to correct the underlying neurological cause of dyslexia. Therefore, these techniques should improve reading comprehension in both healthy and dyslexic people, but they will not cure dyslexia.

Going back to the specific mental abilities that are necessary for good reading comprehension, alertness or wakefulness is one such ability. Alertness means the absence or low levels of mental fatigue and sleepiness. Fatigue and sleepiness can worsen performance on many types of tests, including those that require reading comprehension. Hence reducing sleepiness and fatigue, in other words, increasing alertness will be beneficial for performance of reading tasks. There are different degrees of alertness, ranging from passive wakefulness to hyperactive wakefulness. Because hyperactivity often correlates with inattentiveness or distractibility [498], excessive alertness will have a negative effect on reading comprehension. The level of alertness somewhere between passive wakefulness and active wakefulness should be optimal for good reading performance.

Fluid intelligence is another mental ability that is important for understanding of complex texts. Chapter One defined fluid intelligence as an ability to understand and solve novel problems, and it also includes the ability to understand novel concepts. You may recall that fluid intelligence is different from crystallized intelligence, which represents accumulated knowledge and skills. A high level of crystallized intelligence, that is, prior knowledge of the subject matter and good vocabulary will facilitate any type of reading. It is not the focus of the present discussion and we will talk about it later. You could say that fluid intelligence is the same thing as quality of computing hardware, in other words, how well the brain works regardless of knowledge. Note that there is not a strong correlation between the level of fluid intelligence and comprehension of texts of low to moderate complexity [26]. On the other hand, fluid intelligence is most likely crucial for grasping complex concepts in more difficult texts, such as research articles or college level textbooks.

The third relevant mental ability is attention control, which includes the ability to maintain attention on an object or subject for extended periods of time. This ability is also known as sustained attention. Academic reading involves keeping one’s attention in the text for hours at a time. Distractibility, or an inability to maintain the focus of attention on the text, impairs reading comprehension and makes learning problematic. We talked about the attention function at length in Chapter Three. That chapter describes some techniques that improve attention in healthy people and maybe in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The fourth mental ability is attention span, also known as working memory or short-term memory. This concept describes how much information a person can hold in memory for short-term use: within seconds to minutes. Information held in working memory is quickly lost or forgotten as opposed to long-term memory where the brain can store information for years. Working memory is crucial for many mental tasks, for example for complex calculations, when a person must hold several numeric values in his/her mind simultaneously in order to perform various manipulations with these data. Copious working memory (good attention span) is necessary for understanding of long sentences or grasping a lengthy argument in a text. Studies have identified different types of working memory, which are more or less independent of each other. For example, people have spatial working memory (deals with shapes and orientation of objects) and verbal working memory (deals with language). This book does not discuss working memory at length and it is unknown whether the techniques described here can improve working memory. Psychostimulant drugs improve some components of working memory in healthy people and in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, although these drugs are controlled substances, illegal without prescription. Some of this book’s methods (high-protein diets and cold hydrotherapy) share many similarities with stimulant drugs and, in theory, should improve some components of working memory. Controlled studies and further research are needed in this area. To summarize, good working memory is useful for reading comprehension, especially when it comes to complex texts.

Finally, knowledge of the language of a text is important for good understanding of the text, as is familiarity with the subject matter. This ability falls under the jurisdiction of crystallized intelligence, which we talked about in Chapter One. A person with a high level of crystallized intelligence will find it easier to read unfamiliar complex texts compared to people with average intelligence. Vocabulary is an important component of crystallized intelligence, and there are several different approaches to building vocabulary, as you will see later in this chapter. We will talk about some other techniques that deal with crystallized intelligence in the next section. The proposed techniques are appropriate for high school students and people with higher levels of education. For techniques that can improve reading comprehension in preschoolers and grade school students, readers can visit government websites such as the website of the National Reading Panel in the United States.


Key points


Dietary and other approaches that can improve reading comprehension

The previous section showed that good reading comprehension requires effective functioning of such mental abilities as alertness, fluid intelligence, and attention control. In my experience, there are nonpharmacological treatments that can improve these parameters and thereby improve reading performance. Note that you do not need to use any of the methods described below if you have no difficulty with reading comprehension. In this case you can follow conventional lifestyle guidelines [61]. Don’t fix it if it ain’t broke. On the other hand, you may consider employing the approaches proposed in this section if you encounter a complex text that you find difficult to understand. Furthermore, if you can transition to a raw food diet (Appendix VIII), then you can skip this whole section.

You can manage alertness as follows. Moderate cooling of the body shares many physiological effects with stimulant drugs, as you saw in Chapter Two. In brief, I developed a procedure called the “adapted cold shower.” It is effective at improving alertness, but at the same time is safe and easy to do (as opposed to the regular “sudden” cold shower; Chapter Two). If you are feeling tired and sleepy, the adapted cold shower will make you alert and energetic and usually will facilitate performance of various reading tasks. In some cases, it will worsen reading performance, as discussed below. The procedure is safe for most people, but you shouldn’t use it at night because it may disrupt your normal sleep pattern. Don’t use adapted cold showers if you are feeling overactive, because in this case, this procedure will increase distractibility. If your mood is elevated, you should not use cold hydrotherapy either. It can elevate mood further and will reduce motivation for work. You can read more about the possible adverse effects in Chapter Two. The adapted cold shower will improve reading comprehension in the following situations: normal or depressed mood, mental fatigue, apathy, “brain fog,” and sleepiness.

Some readers can say that coffee can also increase alertness and therefore it is not necessary to use such a complicated procedure when you can have one or two cups of strong coffee. If caffeine works well for you, then keep using it carefully, in small doses. In my experience, coffee has little or no effect on mood and increases nervousness at large doses (and gives me a horrible hangover after a large dose). The emotional tension is useful for reducing procrastination (more details in the first section of this chapter). Adapted cold showers, on the other hand, do not increase and may reduce nervousness [376]. This effect will worsen procrastination if this problem exists. Therefore, you may have to do a little experimentation in order to find out which of these two legal stimulants works best for you in which situations. My advice is to avoid large doses of coffee. (I believe that coffee is a poison and do not drink it under any circumstances.)

Another mental ability necessary for understanding of complex texts is good fluid intelligence. According to the natural intelligence theory, elimination of all junk food, food additives, and dietary supplements from your diet will improve fluid intelligence. In the natural food pyramid (Table 3), this means eliminating all “problem foods” and “horrible foods” from your diet temporarily: from several days to several weeks. In my experience, this approach can indeed improve mental clarity and improve understanding of academic lectures and complex texts. You can use the following sequence of actions for improvement of fluid intelligence:


a) if you understand the required reading material while on the conventional balanced diet, then you do not have to do anything to improve your fluid intelligence;
b) if you find some concepts and texts difficult to understand, then switch to the balanced high-protein diet or modified high-protein diet (Chapter Three and Appendix II);
c) if step “b” is not effective, then switch to the antidepressant diet (Chapter Four and Appendix II);
d) if step “c” is not effective, then switch to the fruit-and-vegetable diet (fifth section of Chapter Three and Appendix II).


The last step, “d,” will produce the greatest improvement of fluid intelligence. It can also increase laziness and distractibility, either right away or after a few days. Therefore, once you are done with step “d,” my advice is to return to steps “a,” “b,” or “c” to ensure minimal distractibility.

Although listening to lectures does not require enhanced attention function, reading does require good attention control. You need strong attention control for the texts that are not interesting to you but necessary for your job or school. The attention control should improve if you increase the amount of high-quality protein in the diet, based on my experience and according to some studies [117, 335, 336]. The simplest diet that can improve attention within hours is the following (proportions by weight):



With this simple diet, you are likely to notice that your mental clarity is excellent, and you have good control over your attention. Because this food is not filling, it is possible to eat excessive amounts and still feel that your stomach is empty. Normally, you shouldn’t eat more than 200–250 grams (7–9 oz.) of meat in one sitting. It is better to divide your daily meat ration into smaller amounts (100–150 grams or 3–5 oz.) and eat them 3 to 5 times a day (this is not always possible). Try to avoid consuming dairy and meat in the same meal. Don’t use this simple diet longer than one or two days because it can cause constipation.

You can add raw water extract of wheat and fruits and vegetables, in which case, what you have is the modified high-protein diet (Appendix II and Chapter Three). The modified high-protein diet can improve both attention control and fluid intelligence because it contains large amounts of high-quality protein and is free of artificial ingredients. In my experience, this diet is effective at improving reading comprehension and can help to digest large amounts of difficult texts. This is because it allows me to read for 3–8 hours per day for many weeks and months. We discussed possible adverse effects of the modified high-protein diet in Chapter Three.

The antidepressant diet that contains significant amounts of unprocessed unsalted cheese is another high-protein diet that can improve attention control and reading comprehension. It is less effective than the modified high-protein diet.

By the way, the depressant diet (Chapter Four and Appendix II), which is the best remedy against procrastination, is also suitable for reading tasks of low to moderate complexity. The depressant diet does not improve fluid intelligence and is not the best choice for complex reading material. If you understand a text, then you can use the depressant diet. On the other hand, if a text is too difficult to comprehend, then you may consider switching to either the modified high-protein diet or the antidepressant diet. You can try adapted cold showers too. These approaches can boost fluid intelligence and processing speed, but they may also reduce discipline and increase procrastination.

Up to this point, we discussed techniques that improve the biological workings of the brain. In addition, there are psychological approaches that can improve reading comprehension. We will discuss methods that will supply your mind with easy and useful introductory information before you read a complex text. Some of the advice that follows may seem too obvious, but I included it here anyway because I wish someone had given me this simple advice when I was a student.

There are two types of introductory material that you can use to prepare yourself for a journey through a dull or complex text. The first type is free encyclopedias and government or university websites that you can find on the Internet. You can also use reference books that you have in your possession or at a nearby library. First, you have to determine if the subject matter of the complex text is unfamiliar to you. If this is the case, then read a couple of easy and short introductory texts on this subject. Easy and short are the key words here. You can also read a couple of introductory texts that explain the key concepts from the complex text. Now that you are familiar with the subject matter, key concepts, and special vocabulary, your understanding of the complicated text will be good.

The second type of introductory material that facilitates reading of a dull or complex text is the abbreviated information (key points) that you can extract from this text. This technique is especially relevant to large texts, such as textbooks or review articles. First, see if the subject matter is foreign to you. If this is the case, then you can use the method from the previous paragraph as your first step. After that, you can start working on the large text using “the method of increasing detail.” This method consists of several rounds of reading and each subsequent round contains more detailed information from the text.

The first round contains the least detail and consists of reading the summary of the text or if it is not available, reading titles of all parts, chapters, and sections. Titles carry substantial amounts of information and you may get the main points of the text already in this first round of reading. In the second round, you will read the summary of each subdivision of the text. That is, you will read the summary of each part, each chapter, and each section, if the authors were courteous enough to provide them for you. As a rule of thumb, it’s a good idea to always use only those textbooks that have informative summaries for each chapter. It is even better if a textbook contains a summary of key points in each section within a chapter. A summary, if it is present, can be located either at the beginning or at the end of a chapter. Many textbooks have these nice features and they will make it easy for you to use the method of increasing detail. Some textbooks contain badly written, uninformative summaries of chapters, which read like an introduction and do not convey key points. It is best to avoid this sort of textbooks.

If your large text does not contain any summaries of subsections, then you can create them yourself in your mind. You can do this by reading either the first or last sentence within each paragraph in a chapter. This technique may take a little practice as you learn to deal with different types of authors. Some authors tend to give you key information in the first sentence of a paragraph. In this case, you can read only the first sentences of all paragraphs in order to extract key points from a chapter. Other authors give you key information in the last sentence of a paragraph. Still other authors are not consistent and you will have to read both first and last sentences of each paragraph in order to obtain a bird’s eye view of the chapter. Even if a summary of each subsection of the text is available, you can still do the selective reading of sentences as part of the second round of reading.

If you try using the method of increasing detail, then after the first two rounds of the method, you will have a good understanding of the key information in the text. Your mind is not cluttered with details and you can explain the key points of the text to another person. If you wish, you can repeat the first two rounds one more time to make sure the key points have sunk in. Now you can read the whole text in a regular fashion, all sentences from start to finish; this is the third round of reading. The third round of the method is the longest and can take 10 times longer than the first two rounds combined. Your reading comprehension of the text is now many-fold better than it would be if you did not use the method of increasing detail.

One last trick is the use of audiobooks and text-to-speech software. Spoken text is easier to comprehend than written text. Put another way, listening is easier than reading; this is why books on audio CD are becoming popular. Latest versions of Adobe Acrobat (and other software) can read a text out loud for you, if you have the electronic document. The mechanical monotonous speech of the computer can be annoying and difficult to understand. If you do not have an electronic document, you can digitize a text using a scanner and optical character recognition (OCR) software. If you do not have the book on tape and the electronic document is not available, you can read the text aloud yourself. One caveat is that if you read out loud in the presence of your friends or family, they may think that you are crazy. Reading aloud or using a computer to read a text out loud for you is useful with a boring text, such as a “Materials and Methods” section of a scientific paper. If the text is in the foreign language that you are studying, then reading out loud will improve your pronunciation. Aside from boring texts and texts written in a foreign language, reading out loud does not offer substantial benefits. You will not need either audiobooks or reading out loud if you can improve your attention control.

Finally, you may consider adding very quiet music to your reading or writing routine, to make a task less boring. Choose music that is free of singing, such as jazz or classical music, because a human voice seems to cause distractions. Set the volume to barely audible. This kind of background music won’t break your concentration and will make a boring or uninteresting task more tolerable.


Key points


Tips on taking tests, including IQ tests

Those readers who are convinced that a person cannot increase his or her IQ scores can review the following references prior to reading the rest of this section: [49, 106, 358, 362, 499, 839, 887, 888, 943]. Some of you may be wondering what kind of regimen is best for test taking. Assuming that you have prepared for the test well in advance and don’t have to cram all night, the best regimen, in my experience, is the following:


  1. get a good night’s sleep;

  2. on the day before the test and on the day of the test you can use the modified high-protein diet;

  3. avoid cooked grains because they may slow you down (one exception is tests that involve writing long essays);

  4. have a high-protein meal before the test;

  5. take an adapted cold shower before the test.


These recommendations can help you stay alert and focused during the test. If you avoid all “problem foods” and “horrible foods” in the natural food pyramid (Table 3 in Chapter One) for 3–4 days before the test and on the day of the test, then your fluid intelligence will improve.

The above recommendations are suitable for tests that require reading large portions of text (such as the verbal section of the Graduate Record Examinations or Scholastic Aptitude Test). This advice will work for tests that do not require extreme speed: the majority of academic (college level) exams, which test knowledge, not speed. Academic exams do not require extraordinary fluid intelligence either, in my experience. GRE and SAT tests do require some speed but focused attention and the ability to read large portions of text are more important. Therefore, my advice is to use the modified high-protein diet for these types of tests. You can also do some experimentation with official practice tests to see which diets work best for you.

On the other hand, IQ tests such as Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale do not contain test items that require reading large portions of text. Therefore, focused attention is not critical. Certain parts of these tests require a high processing speed. You will need the best possible fluid intelligence throughout the whole test. Based on data in Table 4 below, the fruit-and-vegetable diet appears to be the most suitable diet for intelligence tests.


Table 4. Characteristics of various diets that are relevant to different types of tests. The data are based on the author’s personal experience. “Speed” means information processing speed. “Fluid intelligence” means the ability to understand and solve complex problems. “Sizeable text items” means performance on test questions that contain large portions of text (for example, a page of text).


Fruit-and-vegetable diet

Speed: high

Fluid intelligence: excellent

Sizeable text items: so-so

Errors: few

Antidepressant diet

Speed: good

Fluid intelligence: good

Sizeable text items: good

Errors: few

Modified high-protein diet

Speed: good

Fluid intelligence: good

Sizeable text items: excellent

Errors: few

Depressant diet

Speed: low

Fluid intelligence: So-so

Sizeable text items: good

Errors: few

Mixed diet (contains junk food)

Speed: good

Fluid intelligence: So-so

Sizeable text items: good

Errors: many [998]

The fruit-and-vegetable diet increases information processing speed and improves fluid intelligence (mental clarity). To obtain a significant benefit, you need to stay on this diet for 2 days before and on the day of the test. Although I stated in Chapter One that the ancestral diet will improve intelligence after 4–7 days, I chose this length of time in the interest of more rigorous testing of the theory. In practice, the “smart diets” produce noticeable improvements in my thinking after 2 or 3 days. An adapted cold shower every morning and just before an intelligence test will boost fluid intelligence further. I have never taken an official IQ test, although the GRE General test that I took in 1998 correlates strongly with intelligence tests [20 – 22]. My experience with online IQ tests suggests that the approach outlined above is effective. Keep in mind that the fruit-and-vegetable diet is not useful for studying for the tests because attention control is low. If you choose to study and prepare for an intelligence test as described below, you may consider using the modified high-protein diet during the preparation phase. Before and during the test you can use the aforementioned “high-speed diet.”

In my own work, I noticed that processing speed depends on my body’s position: when the position is horizontal (lying down), processing speed is approximately 50% of the norm (i.e., when you are sitting or standing upright). In a reclining position with a tilt angle of ~45°, the processing speed is intermediate: I would say 25% slower than the norm.

With respect to crystallized intelligence, that is, general knowledge and skills, there is no easy way of increasing it quickly. Nonetheless, it is possible to improve special skills related to the test in question within a short period of time. You can achieve this by familiarizing yourself with the contents of past tests and by practicing taking those sample tests. For example, when I was preparing for the GRE (Graduate Record Examinations) General test in 1998, I bought the GRE Big Book. The latter is a huge tome containing lots of real-life tests from past years, with correct answers at the end of the book. GRE General is a test that students have to pass in order to enter graduate school, such as a Ph.D. or a Master’s degree program at a university in the United States. I took a vacation for one month in July 1998 and did nothing but take those tests from dawn till dusk the whole month. I do not remember right now, but I think I made one or two passes through the Big Book. I used the balanced high-protein diet during that month. Because I was going to take a computer-adaptive test in November of 1998, I also practiced taking the computer-based GRE General (using official practice software) for several days just before the test. These specific test-taking skills, along with academic knowledge that I had accumulated over the previous years, helped me to ace the official GRE General test (see Appendix VI).

I got sick before another test, TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), which was coming up on November 26. I practiced for that test too, but my listening comprehension was so-so and I wasn’t feeling well on the day of the test. In the end, I did OK on the TOEFL, but I am convinced that in the reading comprehension section, some multiple-choice questions contained two correct answers instead of one. I had encountered this peculiarity in the practice TOEFL tests from past years. This section of TOEFL was easy for me: it is nothing compared to the verbal section of the GRE General, which tests language skills of native speakers of English. Nonetheless, I had to guess on several of those “trick questions” and achieved a score of 28 on reading comprehension instead of the highest score of 30. To sum up, practicing taking certain types of tests is going to improve your score, even if your level of knowledge and fluid intelligence remain the same.

I have never taken a proctored IQ test, although I did tinker with internet IQ tests. The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) General test that I took in November of 1998 correlates well with intelligence tests. I got the following scores (see the end of Appendix VI): 99th percentile quantitative section, 99th percentile verbal section, and 98th percentile analytical. These GRE scores correspond to an IQ score above 150 (99.9th percentile) according to some calculations that I found on the Web. There are no recent peer-reviewed studies that compare the GRE General test with IQ tests. One study shows that SAT scores correlate strongly with intelligence [20]. Two other reports show that high SAT scores correlate with high intelligence and predict high GRE scores [21, 22]. If you have to take a proctored IQ test as an occupational requirement, and wish to prepare for the test, my advice is to not put too much credence in internet IQ tests. This is because most of them do not measure IQ accurately and have little in common with official IQ tests. In general, you are not supposed to be preparing for an IQ test because intelligence tests are designed to measure mental abilities that people cannot change easily, such as general knowledge and fluid intelligence. Yet studies show that IQ scores can increase by several points with repeated taking of intelligence tests [499]. Therefore, you may be able to improve your IQ score to some extent by practicing taking the tests. Some readers may consider this approach “cheating.” In my view, practicing before any tests is fair game, except when you take the same test several times and report the score from your last test as your first-time score. This approach will be real cheating. Repeated taking of IQ tests will not improve fluid intelligence and brain function in general. This technique will improve the specific skills related to IQ tests. Recent studies show that mental exercises do not improve brain function [917, 918, 1023]. In particular, they have no effect on working memory, processing speed, attention function, and fluid intelligence, and there is no reason that they should. Expecting mental exercises to improve brain function is similar to trying to improve computer hardware by loading more software on it and by making the computer work harder than usual—a futile exercise.

As for the preparation routine for an IQ test, first, you need to find out, if you can, what kind of intelligence test you will have to take. There are several scientifically validated tests of intelligence, the most common being Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. These two tests are common in English-speaking countries and, in non–English-speaking countries, other types of validated IQ tests may be more common. If you know the name of the test, you can then find a description of the test and find books and websites that contain sample questions from past tests. By working through hundreds and thousands of practice questions, you will improve your test-taking skills and are likely to increase your IQ score.

It is also possible that you will not be able to find out what kind of intelligence test you will receive. In this case, if time allows, you can take any official intelligence test (GRE General or SAT will do too) and then practice various test questions from books about intelligence tests. This practice will improve your test-taking skills and will slightly improve your performance on the upcoming intelligence test. Keep in mind that this approach will not increase your intelligence, but rather, it will increase your IQ score. Therefore, if you want to find out your true level of intelligence, the best way is to take a proctored IQ test unprepared.

Some test items such as testing of short-term memory (working memory) may seem impossible to prepare for. A popular type of working memory tests is the forward and backward digit span task. This task consists of showing a test taker a sequence of single-digit numbers with an interval of one second between the numbers. The number of digits in the sequence increases (from one up to 10) until the participant fails in two consecutive attempts to recall the same digit span length. The test taker should recall the whole sequence of numbers in direct order (forward digit span) or in reverse order (backward digit span). The maximum length of a sequence that a person recalls correctly is the result of the digit span task. On average, healthy people are able to recall the maximum strand of 7 digits in the forward digit span and 5.5 digits in the backward digit span [500]. Based on my experience with practice tests on the Internet, your performance on the digit span task will improve by 1 or 2 points if you use the following technique. Say silently (repeat to yourself) the sequence of numbers as fast as you can. Continue repeating the growing sequence of numbers to yourself until you see the question about the sequence. This technique can improve memorization and can improve performance on tests of short-term memory, such as verbal recall and digit span tasks. Please note that this approach will not improve your working memory; it can only improve your scores on working memory tests.

Learn basics of logic. Over 95% of the population are not familiar with typical logical errors, and you will be head-and-shoulders above most people on IQ scores if you know the basics of logic. Wikipedia is a horrible source of information [1062], but some articles on noncontroversial topics are useful (see the article “List of fallacies”).

Those readers who are skeptical about the effectiveness of my dietary techniques may consider using the following simple approach. It consists of using your usual routine plus taking an adapted cold shower immediately before an intelligence test, along with brief cardio exercise and 0.5 liters of lemon juice diluted 1:10 (see footnote # 20 in Appendix VII). All three procedures are CNS stimulants. This approach is also the easiest to test in a controlled scientific study. The performance on the test should improve due to increased fluid intelligence and processing speed [362, 924]. Moderate cooling shares many similarities with stimulant drugs. Stimulants such as coffee and Ritalin® improve alertness, processing speed, and attention in healthy people [358]. One study shows that brief cooling of the body improves performance of complex (but not simple) mental tasks in healthy volunteers [362]. These data point to the improvement of fluid intelligence as a result of moderate cooling.

If you have never used coffee for boosting your performance on tests and if you dislike cold showers, then you may consider having a cup of coffee before a test (not a big dose). This approach will be an easy and legal way to enhance your cognitive abilities. Coffee may not be beneficial for people whose mental abilities are above average and for people who feel nervous or agitated. Adapted cold showers will be beneficial for people who feel nervous or fearful, but will not be beneficial for someone who feels euphoric or overactive. Don’t use adapted cold showers with coffee as this combination can cause hyperactivity or restlessness. Finally, hot showers or hot baths (or a hot environment) tend to worsen performance on tests because of the following temporary effects: increased fatigue, reduced alertness, and reduced processing speed [352, 651, 924].


Key points


Tips on learning a foreign language and building your vocabulary quickly

At this point, we can discuss some techniques that facilitate learning a foreign language because texts written in a foreign language are in the category of “complex reading material.” A foreign language course is often a part of a curriculum at many educational institutions. Attaining good command of a foreign language requires daily effort and will take several years. This section describes some of my own methods that I developed while learning English. In my experience, you do not need to attend any special classes. You can learn a foreign language independently and cheaply, and the independent approach is, in my view, the most effective one. Although they taught me English at all educational institutions that I had attended since age 10, by age 19, my English vocabulary was no greater than 10 or 20 words. When I decided that I was going to study English in earnest, I learned more by myself within the first 3 months than I did in the previous 9 years. The basic outline of the recommended approach is as follows (I adapted it to the modern technological advances).

First, you have to learn the basic grammar and basic vocabulary by reading some cheap and small introductory textbook. There is no way around this first step and there are no shortcuts here. Taking classes is a much slower and less effective approach. Then, read an intermediate-level textbook. After this first step, you can either read a more advanced textbook or you may get right down to business and start reading real (unadapted) texts that you find interesting. In my view, the most serious obstacle to mastering the foreign language is not the grammar, but vocabulary. Therefore, much of your progress will depend on whether you can expand your vocabulary quickly in some fun and easy way. Reading foreign texts the hard way, by going from the text to a dictionary and back four to five times within each sentence is neither fun nor easy.

What you can do instead is find some good movies or TV shows that have two audio tracks: in your native language and in the foreign language. There should also be subtitles in the foreign language. Now turn on the audio track in your native language and subtitles in the foreign language, and go through the whole movie translating and figuring out each sentence. When you are done, watch the movie again with the other audio track (foreign language) and try to understand the spoken speech while reading the subtitles again. Another, less convenient approach is to listen to each sentence in the foreign language while reading the subtitles, then to rewind and switch to the other audio track try to translate and understand the sentence. Go through the whole movie this way. Yet another technique is to find some articles on the Internet that you find interesting, such as news stories or a biography of your favorite musician, and translate them using Google Translator or another free translator in the following way. Copy one or two sentences, paste them into the Google Translator, and translate them into your mother tongue. Now read the translation and then the original sentence(s) and make sure you grasp the meaning of each word in the foreign text. The automatic translators are not very good today, despite all the advances in information technology, and the translation they produce is usually awkward and funny. Nonetheless, they can facilitate learning the frequently used vocabulary, which is about 5 to 10 thousand words. The inability to learn these first 5–10 thousand words is the glass ceiling that prevents most people from mastering a foreign language. If you can overcome this barrier, further learning of the language will be a breeze. Going back to our foreign language text, if you suspect that the Google software translated some words incorrectly, you can use a paper or internet dictionary to find the correct meaning. Continue copying, pasting, and perusing each sentence until you finish the whole article. You can reread the foreign language copy one more time, reading all sentences in one sitting, to make sure you memorized all the new words. You can also start working on another article in a similar fashion. If you find unadapted texts too difficult and confusing at this point, then read and translate some adapted texts (for students of the foreign language). During this initial vocabulary-building step, you need to use a dictionary that provides definitions in your native language.

The advantage of the above method is that you have to make a trip to the dictionary only once per sentence on average. This situation is better than the 4–5 trips per sentence with the usual paper-based approach. If you are dying to read some foreign text that you have as a hard copy only, you can use optical character recognition (OCR) software and a scanner to digitize the text. After that, you can use the above technique to translate and read it. If you can afford to spend several hours a day on this vocabulary-building method, then you should be able to learn the frequently used vocabulary within 3–6 months. If you can read real-life texts without the translator and encounter one unfamiliar word per sentence or fewer, this means you have mastered the most important vocabulary. Now you can proceed to the next step.

Read an advanced textbook on the foreign language, preferably with some audio or video materials. Now you no longer need Google Translator, and you can read digital or hard-copy texts each day, with the help of a dictionary. Choose texts that you find interesting to make the learning fun. At this point, your vocabulary will be increasing more rapidly if you start using dictionaries that provide all definitions in the language that you are studying (instead of your native language). Most dictionaries are available for free on the Internet, but if you prefer a printed dictionary, that is fine too. If you keep any daily records (e.g., a diary or lab notebook), you can try writing them in the foreign language.

After that, you can further build your vocabulary and improve your listening comprehension by watching movies or TV series with subtitles, without the audio track in your native language. You can stop and rewind as many times as you need to understand each sentence. Now learning the language is both easy and fun because you can combine it with entertainment. Once your listening comprehension improves, studying the language for several hours a day will be a pleasure rather than punishment. You can watch movies in your spare time and you can listen to live radio on the Internet (or with regular antenna reception) while doing household chores. If you use only dictionaries with foreign language definitions, your vocabulary will be increasing exponentially. Up-to-date slang dictionaries are available in a foreign language only, and this state of affairs should not be a problem for you at this stage.

The next step is learning to speak the language. Even if you have an enormous vocabulary and can read faster than native speakers, if you do not learn how to speak, your speech will be halting, painful, and slow. Before I came to America in 1999, I was under the impression that my command of English was excellent because I passed the language tests with flying colors in the previous year. It turned out that my speech was slow and unintelligible, and I had to repeat myself three times before anybody could understand what I was saying. My spoken English became more or less fluent and intelligible after I spent about a year in the States. In my experience, an easy way to improve fluency and pronunciation is to read out loud for 20–30 minutes a day. This approach can make your speech fluent within 2 or 3 months. At this point, you should have a good idea how the language sounds and how each word is pronounced. Your vocabulary is large enough so that you don’t have to use a dictionary often. In addition, you can improve fluency by chatting with native speakers on the Internet and by posting on internet message boards. Both methods are easy and fun, but make sure that you choose clean and safe websites. Beware of swindlers, sexual predators, and other seedy elements on the Internet (this advice is especially relevant to minors). Even though you are not speaking while chatting or posting on internet forums, you are learning to use the language, and this process will improve both writing and speech. Optionally, you can also socialize with native speakers in real life if you have an opportunity, but this method may not always be easy or accessible. If you live in the foreign country whose language you are studying, you can also practice the language by socializing with foreigners from countries other than your native country. To minimize your foreign accent, record yourself reading some text for a minute. Now listen to yourself, make note of problems with pronunciation, and record yourself again; repeat as needed.

In conclusion, the method outlined above is cheap and effective but will require daily work. I should also say that if you are thinking about moving to another country, you need to consider the following factors: Unless you immigrate with your parents before the age of 7 or 10, you will always have a foreign accent, albeit a mild one. Most of born citizens will look down on you, and you will feel like a second-rate person in interpersonal relations all your life. This is not a serious problem if you are obscenely rich or know that you will be your own boss in the new country. If you will be working for hire, then you will have to face the above inconvenience. Although your income in the new country may be higher, your status in society will probably be lower in comparison with your home country. Believe me, you will feel more comfortable having an above-average income in your home country than an average income in the new country. All governments engage in propaganda, i.e., false advertising, in the most ingenious ways. Most likely, what you will see in the new country will not match your expectations. Your reasons for moving may be invalid in the first place if they are based on what you see in the mass media, movies, or TV shows (and you don’t realize that this stuff is mostly propaganda). If you will be staying on a work, marriage, or student visa in the new country, your legal rights and various personal freedoms will be limited for many years in the new country. You will be not only a second-rate person (in interpersonal relations) but also a second-rate citizen. You are opening yourself up to various abuses. (Side note: When I just came to the U.S., in late August 1999, I rented a room in Washington, DC, and had a housemate named Liam K. Healy, who bullied me [physical threats of violence] and subjected me to various other kinds of psychological abuse. Amazingly, this guy passed the bar exam in the fall of 1999 and currently practices law in Michigan. I moved out of that house as soon as I could, in December 1999.) In contrast, you are a 100% rightful citizen in your home country and enjoy maximal freedoms in all respects. In particular, if you are thinking about starting your own business, you have a much better chance in your home country. Here are some invalid reasons for moving to another country: {1} a better climate (nonsense; dress to the weather and install better heating or air-conditioning in your home); {2} better economic opportunities (see above regarding propaganda; there are rare exceptions, so rare that they are not worth mentioning); {3} better political freedoms (nonsense; in this field, the definitions and claims are so vague and so soaked in propaganda that it’s a waste of time arguing about this stuff; 99% or more of the population is not affected or does not care about political differences among various countries; when somebody claims that they moved for political reasons, the actual reasons are most likely different).


Key points


Prerequisites to good writing performance

Writing is the most difficult type of work that I know of. Research suggests that most students perceive writing assignments as difficult. Some types of writing, those that are unrelated to one’s school or job, are easy, for example, e-mail and text messaging. Writing e-mails is easy and pleasant even when it is job related. In this section we will talk about the writing tasks that your job or school requires. This is the kind of writing that you have to do, not the kind of writing that you want to do for fun.

Writing tasks involve active creation of information or documents by typing or by writing with a pen/pencil. Some job- or school-related tasks may involve both reading and writing. For the sake of simplicity, those tasks where writing constitutes 25% or more of the total time spent belong to the category of writing tasks (this is an arbitrary cutoff). The following are some examples of writing tasks: writing of term papers, scientific articles, or research grant proposals, writing of software, performance of certain types of calculations, and preparation of slides for a presentation. Writing a book is not related to a person’s job in most cases, but it is very difficult—you will have to take my word for it. A writer of a book expects to make a living off of the sales of the book; therefore, writing of books is a job-related task. Please keep in mind that most of the discussion below deals with such writing tasks as writing of scientific papers, term papers or writing of a book. I know nothing about writing of music and poetry, and these endeavors may require a different approach. Now that we defined what a writing task is, we can consider prerequisites to productive writing.

Most of what I know about writing came from my personal experience rather than from hard scientific data on the subject of writing. I am not aware of any formal scientific discipline that studies productive writing. There are books and college courses that explain the rules of academic writing, but educational institutions do not teach students how to become a more productive writer, as far as I know. This is because no one has ever tested and validated this sort of techniques scientifically. In the absence of reliable evidence of effectiveness, no accredited institution is going to teach its students some sort of voodoo material. The techniques described below have helped me a lot, but rigorous scientific proof of their effectiveness is lacking. The kind of mental abilities and the mental state that are optimal for productive writing may surprise some readers. In particular, reading and writing tasks require different sets of mental abilities.

Based on my experience, the list of mental abilities necessary for productive writing is the following: strong self-control and good attention control. That’s it. Writing does not require alertness, fluid intelligence, or good working memory, in the sense that these abilities can be average or below average and this situation will not interfere with productive writing. Writing does not require creativity either, at least during the phase when you are typing or writing up the text. As you will see later, creativity is useful during the planning phase, when you are looking for ideas and trying to come up with an outline of your future creation. Yet the most difficult phase is the typing and it does not require creativity. The mood state that is optimal for writing, in my experience, is slightly depressed mood and increased emotional tension. We will review each of these requirements in more detail below.

Good self-control is the most important attribute of a productive writer. Self-control is necessary in order to “force oneself” to sit down and write even though you may be reluctant to do so. I am always reluctant to do any writing. In my experience, school- or job-related writing tasks are never easy and peaceful, even if your self-control is up to par. My self-control is good according to self-assessment questionnaires, yet writing tasks always involve a struggle against myself. I am probably a productive writer according to my track record (Appendix VI), but I cannot say that writing is easy for me. I know some bright and creative people who lack in the self-control department. These people cannot become productive scientists because they are unable to force themselves to write when necessary. Advice offered below can make writing easier and more feasible for you, but it will not make writing easy. If you have been unable to write anything useful before reading this book, you should be able to write something after you read it. If you were an unproductive writer, you may become a more productive writer. Yet writing is never going to become easy, at least with the advice that this book can offer. Good self-control is also necessary for adhering to the writing schedule that you will draw up for yourself. Adhering to the writing schedule involves both preventing oneself from doing irrelevant things and forcing oneself to do the writing during the allotted time.

It should be obvious that good attention control is necessary for writing. A writer must keep his or her attention on a computer screen or on a typewriter for many hours every day. We discussed attention control in detail in Chapter Three, and the same principles apply to writing.

Knowledge of the subject matter of the text you are going to write is also important. It is possible to write a lot of text without much knowledge of the topics you are writing about. You can do this only if you don’t need to write a text useful to others and if you don’t care if the experts in the field will like your creation. Typing skills are also in this “prior knowledge” category. Most Americans learn how to type with all fingers, without looking at the keyboard, in high school. This is not the case in other countries. For instance, in Russia, most high school and college graduates do not know how to type correctly, i.e., they type with two fingers while looking at the keyboard. When I came to the United States in 1999, I did not know how to type properly even though I had an equivalent of a Master’s degree. The speed and ease of typing increase 3- to 4-fold after you learn how to type with all fingers using the proper technique. Learning how to type may take 1–3 weeks, but it is well worth it and I recommend it to everyone, especially to those who wish to become productive writers.

Finally, the mental state most conducive to productive writing is slightly depressed mood and moderately increased emotional tension. To be precise, this mental state is crucial for good self-control, which is important for productive writing. The emotional tension is synonymous with a mild worry or mild anxiety. This somewhat “unhappy” state is bearable and does not cause significant suffering; therefore, it is not the same as clinical anxiety and depression. It is possible to write with the normal state of mood, but in my experience, the aforementioned mental state is most conducive to writing. It is unknown if this observation is applicable to all people, and there is not a good explanation of the possible mechanism at work here. The converse is also true: a happy and carefree state of mind is least conducive to school- or job-related writing. We already saw in an earlier section that elevated mood and low anxiety can contribute to procrastination, and this mental state also interferes with writing. To be precise, even if I am able to get started on my writing, I am not able to write a lot in this state of mind. In contrast, reading can be productive when mood is normal or slightly elevated. One possible explanation is that writing is difficult, lonely, and boring work. Therefore, a person in a happy state of mind will see no reason why he or she should subject oneself to this unpleasant experience. In other words, elevated carefree mood may contribute to a lack of motivation for a difficult type of work such as writing. Conversely, if mood is lowered and the fear of the future (anxiety) is increased, then the motivation for difficult work will be sufficient.


Key points


Lifestyle changes and other approaches to overcoming writer’s block

We saw in the previous section that successful writing requires several mental abilities: strong self-control, attention control, and good knowledge of the topic in question. If you do not know what you are going to write about, creativity is necessary during the planning phase, before you start typing. Pages that follow outline sequential steps of a writing project, how I do it. At the end of this section, we will discuss how to deal with writer’s block.

Let’s say they assigned you a sizable writing task, 20 pages single spaced, but you have to choose the topic yourself. A typical writing project includes four steps:


  1. brainstorming/planning;

  2. reading up on the subject;

  3. adjustment of plans and setting up a schedule;

  4. typing up the text according to the plan and schedule.


1) PLANNING. The brainstorming/planning step requires active imagination (creativity) and nothing else. The creativity regimen from Chapter Four can serve this purpose well. This regimen activates thinking and behavior. You may experience a flood of ideas and elevated internal mood if you were a healthy person with normal mood before starting this regimen. You can also try using the fruit-and-vegetable diet (fifth section of Chapter Three and Appendix II) with adapted cold showers. The latter approach will make you unable to perform most types of work and it does not have the antidepressant effect, but it produces a sharper wit (Chapter Six). Once you come up with the ideas for your writing project, don’t forget to jot them down. Even if you had a good idea what your writing was going to be about, the above method can improve and enrich your preexisting ideas. Because this regimen improves mental clarity, you may start seeing shortcuts that you can take in your previous plan. These shortcuts will save you time and effort during later steps of your writing project. The duration of this brainstorming step is from one to three days. After completing Step One, you will have a brief outline of your future text, which may be in the form of an abbreviated table of contents or a summary of key points.


2) RESEARCH. Now you have to do some research and reading on the subject matter in question. You can read the latest review articles or encyclopedia articles on this topic or you can read abstracts of academic articles or do other types of research. If you want to produce a high-quality text, you need to have good knowledge of all aspects of the topic that you will be writing about. Research involves a lot of reading. In order to make the reading easy and productive, you can avail yourself of the techniques from the section on reading comprehension above.


3) ADJUSTMENT OF PLANS. If you worked on Step 2 in good conscience, you now know a lot more about the subject matter than you did during Step 1. In light of your new knowledge, you will want to make changes to the previous plan or outline of your text. You can repeat Step 1, which will take another 1–3 days. Now, in addition to the outline of your text, you need to draw up a schedule for the writing proper. You can create a to-do list that describes the sequence of your writing activities. This list can include such items as “write up key points of each subsection,” “write section X,” “rewrite section Z,” “insert all references,” and so on. You need to decide on the amount of writing that you will do every day and to enter some benchmarks into your calendar.


4) TYPING. This writing step is the most difficult part and you should try your best to comply with your plan/schedule. The typing phase does not require intellectual brilliance. All it requires is the brute force of self-control and the ability to maintain attention on writing for several hours a day. This step involves nothing but typing on your computer or typewriter many hours a day. The following is a list of tips that can make this step easier.


A) We saw in the previous section that the writing phase requires strong self-control, attention control, and lowered mood with increased emotional tension. You can try the sedative regimen that was proposed to combat procrastination in Chapter Five. If it still does not help, you can try adding junk food temporarily into your diet. Nowadays, I never have to resort to junk food for this purpose because I have perfected the antiprocrastination regimen, and it works well. In fact, I can do everything described in this section by varying a raw diet (more fat less meat or less fat more meat; Appendix VIII). It is very useful to put on winter clothes indoors (a heavy coat, double pants, and a fur hat). It looks funny but it works; when you feel uncomfortably hot, that's when real self-control kicks in.

B) Try to avoid cold hydrotherapy during the writing phase because it can elevate mood. The only exception is when you feel sleepy, and in this case, an adapted cold shower will wake you up and will not interfere with writing. Feeling somewhat sleepy or tired does not interfere with productive writing.

C) To reduce boredom, you can play some quiet music in the background while you are typing away.

D) You can use the method of increasing detail in your writing plan. We have already seen how this method applies to reading tasks and, with respect to writing, the approach is similar. First, you write the title of the text and titles of all subsections within your text. Second, you write a brief summary of your text (300–500 words) that contains all important ideas and key points that you want to drive home. Third, you write up a list of key points for each subsection. Fourth, you will start expanding and elaborating on the key points in each subsection, one by one. Before you know it, you will have the complete text written up. You can then delete the summary and lists of key points from the text if they are optional in your writing project. The method of increasing detail is useful for both reading and writing tasks.

E) Some people prefer writing the text using a pen and paper first and then they type it into the computer. These people do not know how to type using all fingers, and therefore typing is a slow and difficult task for them. You need to learn how to type with all fingers. This method will increase the speed and ease of typing by 3- to 4-fold, and you will never need to write anything on paper anymore.

F) The latest version of Microsoft Word and Windows (and there are other relevant software packages as well) have a speech recognition feature. It can allow you to create your text by speaking instead of typing. I tried using the speech recognition a number of times, but I find typing more convenient, at least when it comes to academic writing. Speaking a text into the computer requires the same amount of self-control and struggle against oneself as typing, if we are talking about writing tasks necessary for your job or coursework. Even if you create most of your text using speech recognition software, you will still have to edit the text by typing. If you have learned the proper typing technique, typing should be as easy for you as speaking. Your thoughts will be flowing onto the computer screen, and you will be unaware of what your fingers are doing on the keyboard.


If you are able to do typing for two hours per day, this is low to moderate productivity of writing. If you can type for 3–4 hours a day consistently, this is good productivity. Judging by the amount of text, if you can produce three pages of single-spaced text consistently every day, this productivity may be considered good. You can also use the Reading/Writing Productivity Questionnaire for self-assessment (Appendix V).

This final, fourth step of a writing project can take several days to several months depending on the intended size of your text. When the raw draft is ready, you will have to check grammar and spelling by means of software first and then by proofreading the text yourself. There is no software that can detect all typos and errors in a text. You need to proofread your text slowly at least twice in order to correct the majority of errors and typos. After that, you can run the computer spellcheck again. While rereading the text, you will make corrections and deletions from the text. When your final version is ready, it’s a good idea to give it to a friend or a colleague for critical evaluation, if time allows you to do so. Alternatively, you can let it sit on the shelf for one or two weeks, during which time you can forget about the manuscript and do something else. Afterwards, with a fresh mind, you will make additional corrections and modifications.

This concludes the four steps of a writing project. It is possible that the size of your writing task is small (1–2 pages) and you cannot choose the topic of the text, i.e., you received a concrete assignment. In this case you can omit Steps 1 and 3.

Now that we are done with all steps of a writing project, it is time to discuss writer’s block. We can define writer’s block as an inability to produce a single line of text for several days, several weeks or longer, even though it is important that you write at least something. In my experience, there are two types of writer’s block. The first type is the result of a lack of ideas or stale imagination. If you run into this problem, Step One of a writing project described above can increase your creativity and help you resolve this issue. Although not mentioned in the creativity regimen, physical exercise also helps to come up with writing ideas, despite the fatigue.

The second type of writer’s block is the result of a lack of will power (inability to force oneself to start writing), even though you know what to write. We can diagnose this as procrastination. See Chapter Five. The method of increasing detail can also help you overcome procrastination because it allows you to start with the easiest things. The difficulty of tasks builds up as you become more involved in your writing project. Getting started on typing is the most difficult part of a writing project. It is only logical that you should make this step as easy as possible by starting with the easiest tasks.

In conclusion, you can take a look at my own writing achievements (Appendix VI), as evidence that the above method is effective. I started experimenting with high-protein diets and other “smart diets” around 1993. Since 1997, when I started full-time academic research, I have contributed to a total of 16 scientific publications (13 PubMed citations and 3 book chapters). Of these 16, I did most of the writing in 7 publications and all of the writing in another 7. It is difficult to say if this performance is above or below average. The amount of data per publication and average frequency of publications vary among different scientific fields [501]. Writing performance is not the only factor that determines the amount of scientific publications. I also wrote several ebooks, a doctoral dissertation (earned a Ph.D. degree in cancer research), and several articles not related to science.


Key points


Summary of Chapter Five

Reading and writing tasks require different mental abilities. Yet the common obstacle is procrastination: postponing the reading or writing tasks until the last day. Several studies suggest that procrastination correlates with impulsivity and low self-control. Procrastination also inversely correlates with anxiety about a task. People with elevated mood are less productive than people with normal or somewhat low mood; this effect may be due to the correlation of procrastination with positive mood. The depressant diet from Chapter Four lowers mood and increases emotional tension and is effective at reducing academic procrastination.

Both reading and writing tasks require low procrastination and good mental concentration (attention control). But reading tasks also require good mental clarity, or the ability to understand complex concepts. Chapter One explained why elimination of junk food and food additives from the diet can improve brain function—in particular, fluid intelligence. The modified high-protein diet from Chapter Three improves mental clarity and reading comprehension.

The typing process does not require intellectual brilliance. But job- or school-related writing tasks are among the most difficult types of work according to polls. Based on my experience, the most productive writing happens when mood is slightly anxious or lowered and attention control is at a good level. The depressant diet is conducive to this mental state. A hot environment is also useful. Coming up with writing ideas requires a different approach. The creativity regimen from Chapter Four is helpful.

The method of increasing detail is helpful for both reading and writing tasks. In the case of a reading task, you read the main title and all titles of the chapters within the text. After that, you read the main summary, then the summary of each chapter, and the whole text from start to finish. If summaries are unavailable, reading either the first or last sentence in each paragraph is useful. With writing tasks, you can employ a similar approach, which consists of advancing from easy to more difficult parts of a project.
[Previous] [Next Chapter Summary]

CHAPTER 6: Social intelligence

Contents:

An overview of social intelligence

Social skills versus innate intelligence

The natural intelligence theory revisited

How to overcome the fear of solitude

How to sharpen your wit and become more talkative

Tips on reducing impulsivity before making an important decision

Choosing among different lifestyles, depending on circumstances

Summary of Chapter Six


An overview of social intelligence

(This literature review has not been updated since 2010.) In 1920, psychologist Edward Thorndike hypothesized the existence of a separate type of intelligence responsible for interpersonal interactions. He defined social intelligence as “the ability to understand and manage men and women, boys and girls, to act wisely in human relations.” Social intelligence is different from the personality trait of extraversion. For example, it is possible to be sociable but unwise in relations with other people. On the other hand, a person can be an introvert and have no difficulty managing and interacting with people.

Although the theoretical concept has existed for almost a century, practical evidence of social intelligence is only beginning to emerge. Initial attempts to measure and validate the existence of social intelligence were unsuccessful and different tests of social intelligence did not correlate well among each other. Many of these tests were based on self-rated questionnaires, other-rated questionnaires, or performance tests. The latter are the type of a test that assesses mental abilities objectively. In the case of social intelligence research, performance tests consisted of written questions describing various social situations and questions about a series of cartoons. The numerical scores resulting from the above tests correlated with personality traits and components of academic intelligence. These data led the researchers to conclude that social intelligence did not exist as an independent and unique set of mental abilities. Until recently, many researchers believed that social intelligence is a manifestation of certain personality traits and known mental abilities from academic intelligence.

Research in the past decade showed that so-called multitrait multimethod tests may be able to identify an independent construct of social intelligence. Multitrait multimethod tests consist of tasks or questions that are designed to assess several components of social intelligence. Researchers assess each component using several different methods, such as multiple-choice questions, cartoons, and questions about video scenes.

German researchers Susanne Weis and Heinz-Martin Suess have designed the best-validated test of social intelligence to date [31]. Their test combines several different preexisting tests of relevant mental abilities and assesses three major components of social intelligence: social understanding, social memory, and social knowledge. The researchers assess each of these domains using verbal (written questions), pictorial (questions about cartoons), and video-based measures in accordance with the multitrait multimethod design of the test. According to these investigators, social understanding comprises mental abilities that enable a person to understand social situations and intentions of people using both verbal and nonverbal information. They define social memory as the ability to remember social information, such as personal characteristics of people. Their definition of social knowledge is tacit knowledge and skills related to social situations, i.e., information that is difficult to recall or explain. The brain stores this type of information in the so-called procedural memory. (For example, if you learn how to ride a bike, the brain will store your skills in the procedural memory. In contrast, if you learn several new foreign words, this information will end up in the other type of memory, the so-called declarative memory. You can recall and explain this information.)

Drs. Weis and Suess investigated the properties of their social intelligence test on 118 participants, who were first-year psychology students and high school students [31]. Their data show that the results of the test do not correlate with academic intelligence and personality traits. Statistical analysis revealed that the three hypothetical domains of social intelligence—social understanding, social knowledge, and social memory—correlated well among themselves. These data support the existence of a general factor of social intelligence (similar to g, the general factor of academic intelligence). This notion means that social intelligence may be a valid, separate type of intelligence. Some components of the test—the social understanding–pictorial test—did not fit well with the general factor of social intelligence. This observation suggests that there may be some overlap or relationship between social and emotional intelligence, which deserves further research.

Studies by other researchers, who also used the multitrait multimethod approach, pointed to the existence of the crystallized and fluid dimensions of social intelligence. Dr. Jong-Eun Lee and colleagues have shown that the crystallized and fluid components of social intelligence are related (there is a statistical correlation). These data lend support to the existence of the general factor of social intelligence [28]. Jong-Eun Lee’s statistical analysis showed that the crystallized domains of social and academic intelligence were not well related to each other. The same was true of the fluid domains of social and academic intelligence, which were also unrelated. These data suggest that a higher-order type of “fluid intelligence” does not exist. You may recall that in Chapter One we defined “mental clarity” as a combination of fluid components of academic, emotional, and social intelligence. The above data suggest that the concept of mental clarity is an artificial construct that does not describe an independent type of intelligence. In other words, mental clarity is a combination of unrelated components.

In conclusion, several studies point to the existence of a separate type of intelligence, social intelligence. It consists of several related sets of mental abilities that are different from personality traits and from mental functions related to IQ. Now that research has demonstrated the existence of social intelligence, we can expect to see studies that will explore the relevance of this concept to life outcomes. Possible areas of interest include the influence of social intelligence on future job performance and on success in social relations. An interesting question is whether a person can improve his or her social intelligence, or at least the crystallized component, that is, knowledge and skills. Sections that follow review the evidence.


Key points


Social skills versus innate intelligence

As we saw in the previous section, social intelligence includes two dimensions: crystallized social intelligence, i.e., social knowledge and skills, and fluid social intelligence. The latter is the ability to understand and solve problems related to social situations. Fluid intelligence means how well the brain works regardless of knowledge. Improving either the crystallized component or the fluid component, or both, will increase social intelligence. There is no rigorous proof that a person can improve his or her fluid social intelligence (discussed in the next section). Yet there are plenty of studies showing that people can improve their social and communication skills by means of special training.

For example, studies have shown that special exercises designed to improve social skills of autistic children can be effective [502]. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction among other problems. The weight of evidence suggests that this impairment involves some kind of malfunction of the brain of autistic children. Therefore, in all likelihood, autism impairs fluid social intelligence. Nonetheless, special training aimed at improving social and communication skills of autistic children may improve quality of life of these children and can reduce severity of symptoms. This kind of training may include pictures with various gestures and facial expressions of people, with instructors explaining to the children what they mean. Some investigators have questioned the scientific rigor of these studies, and further research is needed to confirm the above findings [503]. Similar studies on schizophrenic patients, who also exhibit significant deficiencies in social interaction, suggest that this type of training can improve social functioning in this group of patients [504].

In theory, healthy people too may benefit from training in “people skills,” although rigorous scientific proof is lacking. I have developed (or found) some useful social skills. The text below explains these principles, and I believe that they can make your social interactions smoother and less unpleasant. Granted, there are much better pop psychologists out there than yours truly. Some of the principles will seem obvious to some readers, but I included this information anyway because it is not obvious to everyone, based on my observations.


  1. In an argument that you cannot avoid (for example, when your supervisor confronts you), it is best to phrase all your objections in the form of a question instead of a statement. This approach will defuse the situation.

  2. Act naturally in social situations and don’t be afraid of being silent or unemotional for some time. There is nothing more misguided than the notion that you must talk and laugh all the time in order to be happy. In fact, it is possible to feel happy without laughing or talking to anyone (Chapter Four). If you try to implement this principle, you are not going to become more boring or less sociable. You may find, however, that you have fewer enemies because you are not gossiping and making fun of other people as much as you did before.

  3. To the usual list of taboo topics that one should not discuss at work, such as politics, religion, and sex, I would add the topic of excess body weight as well.

  4. If your supervisor is not nice to you, you should never take offense and, instead, you should consider this behavior normal. Put another way, you need to forgive your boss for the lack of politeness and never try to respond in kind. This principle may seem like an illogical and unpleasant rule to live by. Keep in mind that there is a 99% chance that your boss has to put up with the same kind of treatment from his or her boss. Therefore, this bigger boss is taking revenge on your boss for you, and you don’t have to do it yourself. Many people, including your immediate superiors are living by the following principle: “Do unto your subordinates as your boss has done unto you.” This pattern of behavior is silly and petty, but it is widespread. My advice, if you have subordinates of your own, is to “do unto your subordinates as you want your boss to do unto you,” not “as your boss has done unto you.” Some readers who are the subordinates may ask, “OK, how rude is too rude, when should I consider quitting?” My answer is if you think that your boss is too rude and abusive, you may want to ask somebody’s advice on this matter, and in rare situations your quitting will be justified. Note that bosses are seldom nice; this is a reality of life that you will do well to accept. Even polite bosses will sometimes make you do things that you hate. Keep in mind that your boss has to take a lot of crap from his or her boss and thereby pays the price for not being nice to you. This notion will put your mind at ease and will help you to ignore this little inconvenience.

  5. Fictional character Doctor Gregory House liked to say “Everybody lies.” Most readers would probably nod in agreement but will continue to believe mass media, pronouncements of government agencies, and knowledge obtained at government-approved educational institutions. When all the wisdom of these two short words fully sinks in, your whole worldview and interactions with other people will change dramatically. The latter will become easier and less painful, while the former will become much worse (and more realistic). In almost any interaction with other humans, it is more advantageous for the other party to lie to you than to tell you the truth. The rare exceptions are your parents and your best friends. Even when people are not lying to you, chances are they are repeating somebody else’s lies or perhaps these people drew incorrect conclusions because of fallacious thinking. Wikipedia is a bad source of information [1062], but some articles on noncontroversial topics are useful (see the article “List of fallacies”). On economically and politically important topics, your favorite search engine hides truthful information and presents official propaganda at the top of search results. In the elite's toolbox, this is one of the key methods for brainwashing (link, link, link). We live in the world of bad information, where finding the truth and good-quality information takes a lot of time and effort. If this view seems a bit extreme to you, at the very least, you need to accept that when somebody tries to sell you something, there is a 99% chance they are lying and 100% chance that they are not telling you the whole truth. You should never trust various “customer reviews” and “testimonials” because they can be easily manipulated and faked. Furthermore, some confused people write honest positive reviews of such products because they liked the salesman or the sales pitch. If you read such reviews carefully, you will see that they do not tell you anything useful about whether the product/service works. There are two good quotes from Nietzsche: “Everything the State says is a lie, and everything it has it has stolen.” “All things are subject to interpretation, whichever interpretation prevails at a given time is a function of power and not truth.” [My comment: in the first quote, I would replace “everything” with “most of what”]. Another smart person said that the truth is not for everyone, but only for those seek it. Also, it’s easier to fool people than to convince them that they’ve been fooled. In my opinion, this planet is ruled by pathological liars who are also mass murderers; democracy does not exist and has never existed anywhere. A ruling elite does not obey the laws that it imposes on the population, i.e., the rule of law is a myth. Any national ruling elite is deeply criminal because people who head law enforcement agencies and people above them are above the law, literally. Secrecy works 100%, until the end of times: better than in mafia. It is not difficult to determine whether you are brainwashed. If you agree with any one of the first four statements below or disagree with the fifth statement, this means that the ruling elite has successfully filled your head with false knowledge, and your understanding of how the government works is profoundly incorrect:
    1) Conspiracies in the ruling elite of my country are impossible and do not exist. The absence of a conspiracy is a fact not a theory.
    2) Free, independent mass media are possible and do exist, for example, major media in democratic countries or opposition mass media in my country or other countries.
    3) Government secrecy is impossible. All secrets are revealed sooner or later.
    4) It is impossible to keep under tight control what a person says and does publicly. There are honest uncontrolled people in the ruling elite.
    5) The world is ruled by evil, which has brainwashed most people into believing that the world is governed by the forces of good.
    Try to prove your existing beliefs without resorting to logical fallacies. You will discover that most of your deeply held beliefs on the above topics have been programmed into your brain via daily repetition rather than through logical and/or convincing proof. If you start questioning authority, be advised that the powers that be like to attach insulting labels to people who don't believe official sources (i.e., who are resistant to brain-washing). Because most people cannot think clearly and are brainwashed from birth, they will never be able to grasp this simple truth: the ruling elite uses and deceives the population while pretending to do the opposite. Mass media serve the ruling elite while pretending to be independent. The best minds are working for the elite day and night trying to devise better ways to use and deceive the masses. The average person is programmed to experience a brain freeze when it comes to conspiracies in the government. The silly and weak hypothesis that there is no conspiracy in the ruling elite seems like the highest absolute truth to an average citizen. People often tell me, "I don't know who I should believe." I recommend studying the rules of logic and popular logical fallacies; they will help you detect lies and propaganda. I am also convinced that the longer you live on a raw diet, the better bullshit detector you will become.

  6. In any type of face-to-face confrontation, let the other person win and feel superior to you. This principle means yielding in an argument or a dispute and looking down when someone (e.g., a bully) is giving you a hard stare. This rule also means being polite with rude people. This advice is especially relevant to teenage boys. Machismo is common among adolescent males and is considered model behavior, although this life strategy can lead to delinquency and other troubles. Nothing boosts your authority and bullying potential among teenagers like crime. The most “macho” dudes from my middle school in Novosibirsk have served one or two criminal sentences by the time of this writing. Therefore, if you want to stay out of trouble and enjoy the good life, it is best to avoid displaying macho behavior and to let the other person feel superior in a confrontation. At the same time, you can demonstrate your superiority in other ways: by cracking the funniest jokes, by earning better grades, or by making more money than the rude people. Does this advice mean that you should be a “pushover” and a “coward”? Not at all. My advice is to let the other person win in face-to-face confrontations, which are the most trifling and inconsequential types of conflict, in most cases. On the other hand, it is often desirable to try to win a fight for a bigger cause, in confrontations that are not “face-to-face.” Some examples: filing a lawsuit or pursuing the truth wherever it may lead you. Note that there are some rare exceptions to this rule when you should not let the other person win in a face-to-face confrontation. For example, the above rule will be problematic for someone who works in law enforcement. Another example: it is possible that somebody you know will start abusing your agreeableness. This person, who is not your boss, may start giving you orders or assignments or start bugging you with daily requests. If this happens, of course, you need to decline politely, or not so politely if this person persists. Note that this exception to the rule applies only to people you know. In general, if you are engaged in a conflict with a close relative, a friend, or a coworker, you will find it easier to resolve the issue if you do the following. Sit down with a clean sheet of paper (the opponent does not have to be present) and write down all the things that the other party may dislike about you or your actions. Don’t be afraid to use your imagination and to recall things from the distant past. The more reasons you come up with, the easier it will be for you to understand the actions of your opponent as reasonable rather than “evil.”

  7. There is a saying “The best revenge is living well.” I agree and can follow this principle in most cases. If you can’t file a lawsuit, taking the justice into your own hands is a bad idea. Nonetheless, in some situations, you can modify this principle as follows: “The best revenge is ignoring well.” I consider myself thick-skinned in general, and it is difficult to get me offended. As a rule of thumb, I ignore and forget about most misunderstandings, insensitive statements, and unintentional insults, as if they never happened. In most cases, I also forgive the first unpleasant statement or deed when it is intentional. This is because I will assume that the person did it in response to something that I did to this person unintentionally. If this comes from a close friend or a relative, I may ask them if I did something wrong. Nonetheless, occasionally, somebody does something extremely unpleasant to me and, in this case, I employ “the best revenge is ignoring well” principle. When you start ignoring someone, you are not taking revenge on the offender, but rather you shift the relations from positive to neutral. And you will feel satisfied as if you have taken revenge, even though you have done nothing bad to this person. Ignoring a person well is both an art and science and you can do it politely. The following are some possible techniques. It is not necessary to snub someone when they say hello to you, it is sufficient to never say hello first, or you can switch to light greetings (for instance, smiling instead of saying hello). You can also insert a pause before saying hello to this person. This change will get that person thinking whether he or she did something wrong to you; at the same time, your behavior will not arouse resentment. Another form of ignoring relates to digital communications: you can configure your e-mail filters to delete all messages from the person who you want to ignore. You can also stop picking up the phone when this person calls you if you install “caller ID” service on your landline phone (cell phones have it by default). You can configure many brands of modern cell phones to ring silently (neither ring nor vibrate) when you receive calls from certain groups of callers. This feature will help you to ignore their phone calls and text messages. Blocking incoming calls from the person you are ignoring (some phone companies provide this service) is too obvious and is more like revenge, and therefore you shouldn’t do that. Voicemail messages are trickier, and depending on a situation, you have two options: a) not return phone messages; b) return phone messages with a significant delay, 3 or 4 days. Ignoring somebody well, in my experience, requires good self-control, that is, low impulsivity. If you do it politely, you can prevent escalation of hostilities. In rare situations, you may have to sever relations with some people completely and irrevocably. Keep in mind that you don’t have to be friends with everyone. You can cut all relations with anyone, even with a close relative. (If you have dependents, this is a more complicated matter.) In my experience, some people will never get along no matter what, and the only peaceful solution is complete absence of contact.


In conclusion, research shows that people can learn social and communication skills, and therefore it is possible that you can improve your social intelligence by training. Regarding psychological help in general, I recommend looking into cognitive behavioral therapy. This method is scientifically proven to be effective against many psychological and mild psychiatric problems. The generic form of cognitive behavioral therapy is now available in the video game format (for adolescents) and as software; thus, the face-to-face contact with a licensed psychotherapist may not be necessary. There is also a free online version of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression:

https://moodgym.anu.edu.au/welcome

 and some free online self-help resources including cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and some other mental disorders:

http://nimhr.anu.edu.au/community-resources/online-self-help-programs


Key points


The natural intelligence theory revisited

The previous section discusses evidence that you can improve crystallized social intelligence by acquiring special knowledge and skills. As for fluid social intelligence, my personal experience suggests that a healthy person can enhance it by biological treatments. According to the natural intelligence theory (Chapter One), a “natural” diet or the one similar to the ancestral diet of humans will improve functioning of the brain. This improvement, among other things, includes enhancement of fluid social intelligence. The latter change, if it is real, should be detectable by multitrait multimethod tests and by self-rating questionnaires. Subjectively, an improvement of social intelligence should facilitate social interactions. Suppose a person cannot get along with certain people or finds it difficult to operate in some social situations. A treatment that is supposed to improve fluid social intelligence should reduce or eliminate those difficulties.

My self-experimentation suggests that the natural intelligence theory is applicable to social intelligence. You may recall that we defined the ancestral diet as a 100% raw diet that consists of safe raw animal foods, nuts, fruits, and vegetables and does not allow any artificial ingredients (Appendix VIII). This diet is similar to the diet of the Homo species who lived more than 300,000 years ago. I have tested the ancestral diet with various modifications and for various periods in the last two decades. This diet facilitates interactions with other people, but some types of ancestral diet are not socially acceptable (a safe and socially acceptable version is described in Appendix VIII). Thus, in principle, the ancestral diet should improve social intelligence and similar diets should be beneficial as well. Improvements in food sterilization technologies (such as pascalization) will make all raw animal foods safe in the near future.B

Chapter One describes how I developed some “smart diets” based on the above-mentioned ancestral diet. For example, just like the ancestral diet, the antidepressant diet (Chapter Four and Appendix II) contains raw protein-rich foods and excludes all artificial ingredients. Boiling of fruits and vegetables and pasteurization of dairy are allowed because there is no evidence that these methods produce any harmful chemicals (but I recommend raw dairy for best results). The modified high-protein diet (Chapter Three and Appendix II) is the next step: it adds nuts and certain amounts of meat (high-quality protein) to the antidepressant diet. This diet still excludes all artificial ingredients. Practical testing suggests that the effects of the modified high-protein diet are similar to the effects of the ancestral diet, except there may be a slight increase in physical fatigue. You can reduce fatigue by means of cold hydrotherapy (Chapter Two). Another smart diet, the fruit-and-vegetable diet (fifth section of Chapter Three and Appendix II), resembles the low-protein vegan diet of some primate species who are frugivores (humans are omnivores).

These four diets are socially acceptable and do not carry a risk of infectious disease if you follow the precautions in Appendix VIII. The fruit-and-vegetable diet offers a higher information processing speed than the ancestral diet. (The higher speed can manifest itself as less boredom and higher activity in social situations.) The antidepressant diet has almost the same antidepressant properties as the ancestral diet and provides a similar improvement of fluid intelligence. The modified high-protein diet improves attention control and fluid intelligence in the same way as the ancestral diet and offers almost the same information processing speed. The first type of depressant diet (Chapter Four and Appendix II), though not a “smart diet,” provides better self-control than the ancestral diet. The second and third version of the depressant diet can be considered smart diets. Somewhat unexpectedly, all three types of the depressant diet also facilitate social interactions. The unexpected beneficial effect of the depressant diet on social intelligence may be due to the absence of all artificial ingredients and foods cooked at high temperatures.

I would like to stress the important role of boiled whole grains in mental health and peaceful relations with other people. In my experience, prolonged exclusion of grains from the diet tends to promote irritability, argumentativeness, and conflicts. If you choose to exclude bread and/or boiled grains from your diet for a long period, you must take several sedative measures to stay calm and prevent irritability (see Endnote C "Starchless diet" and Appendix VII).

Some of the noticeable social benefits of the smart diets are the following: low shyness and high confidence (all smart diets), a good ability to maintain conversation with anybody (all smart diets); increased sharpness of the wit and an ability to crack jokes and make other people laugh (fruit-and-vegetable diet); “thick skin” or low propensity to take offense (modified high-protein diet and high-fat ancestral diet, Appendix VIII); general ease of socializing and the absence of awkward or unpleasant situations (all smart diets); an ability to get along with almost anyone (all smart diets, although prolonged exclusion of cereal grains from the diet may increase irritability and conflicts; sedative measures are needed); an ability to ignore anyone (modified high-protein diet and high-fat ancestral diet; except you won’t be able to ignore your boss at work); and a friendly and patient attitude toward people in general (modified high-protein diet and high-fat ancestral diet). These benefits can manifest themselves within one to three days, and many of them disappear or diminish when I return to the conventional mixed diet. We reviewed the possible adverse effects of the smart diets in the corresponding sections of the book.

100% compliance with the “smart diets” is recommended but not necessary to enjoy the benefits. You can achieve similar results using some period of a strict diet followed by maintenance on a diet that is 99% compliant. Social situations often involve eating and strict diets can be inconvenient. With partial compliance, it is possible to eat everything in small amounts. You can reduce consumption of “disallowed” food using techniques from the section about food restriction in Chapter One, and keep in mind that you should not go to social events on an empty stomach.

As proof of principle, the opposite approach—worsening of social intelligence by means of a “dumb diet”—also works. The bread-and-sugar diet that we discussed in Chapter One increases the amount of interpersonal problems and makes social interactions more difficult, awkward, and unpleasant. It also increases clumsiness and the number of errors at work.

In conclusion, several safe diets can improve social intelligence, according to my experience, and these data support the natural intelligence theory.


Key points


How to overcome the fear of solitude

The previous sections dealt with improvement of social interactions and now it’s time to talk about methods that make it easy to spend some time alone. One of the prerequisites to effective performance of some mental tasks, such as studying, is temporary solitude, lasting from several hours to several days. We can define solitude as a state of social isolation or a lack of contact with other people. Solitude is different from loneliness in that loneliness is a negative mental state often associated with solitude or with a lack of a close relationship. It is possible to feel lonely even in the company of other people. In contrast, solitude means social isolation and it can be voluntary and free of negative feelings. Temporary solitude may result from a move to another city, a divorce, or a breakup of a close relationship and, in this case, it can cause feelings of loneliness. Solitude is not uncommon and about one quarter of households in the United States consists of a single person living alone. In this case, solitude is often present at home but not at work.

This section describes some techniques that make temporary solitude comfortable, even for extended periods of time, up to several months. If you try to apply these techniques, the desire for social interaction will not disappear, but rather, social interaction will no longer be a painful need. In other words, these methods will help you to overcome the fear of solitude and allow you to spend some time alone when necessary, without feeling lonely. There are several benefits of temporary and comfortable solitude. First, it will help you to concentrate on mental tasks, such as writing a research article or a book. Second, it will help you to cope with inevitable periods of social isolation that can happen in life, for instance, solitude resulting from moving to another geographic area. Third, it can help you to become more selective in social contacts and relationships. The fear of solitude may drive a person to fall in with a bad crowd or to have abusive friends. On the other hand, comfortable solitude will allow the person to have only good-quality social contacts and to wait for a psychologically compatible relationship.

Without further ado, the following is a list of these approaches, which I have tested and find helpful. We will start with the most effective techniques:


  1. The creativity regimen from Chapter Four is by far the most effective way to stop the feelings of loneliness and boredom, but the drawback is increased impulsivity, i.e., low self-control. For this reason, I recommend other methods described below.

  2. I prefer the following regimen to get rid of feelings of loneliness because it does not worsen self-control. This is a combination of several methods: consume vitamin-rich foods (not supplemented with vitamins, e.g., small amounts of cod liver, see Appendix VII, point # 7 and its footnote), do the brief cardio exercise once a day, use a home solarium for one minute twice a day, tepid (thermoneutral) showers twice a day, and hyperventilation exercise once or twice a week. For details, see Appendix VII. Additionally, stay on a balanced diet, such as a conventional food pyramid or the natural food pyramid.

  3. Occasional hot baths (Chapter Two) are also beneficial during social isolation, even if you do not make any other changes in your lifestyle.

  4. Another effective approach is to watch your favorite movies or TV series and to interact with other people by telephone and on the Internet. These techniques can allow you to feel that you are in the company of people, even though you are alone physically. Watching your favorite sitcoms on DVD is the most effective approach within this category. Other favorite TV series on DVD and plain random watching of television are also useful. I have watched “Seinfeld” and “3rd Rock from the Sun” many times, all seasons from start to finish. I also love “The X-files.” My point is, television is not a bad way to pass time, and it is not going to make you dumb. If you watch television, this does not necessarily mean that you don’t have a life. If you feel lonely, you can also use internet chat and post on various message boards. (Underage readers should beware of internet predators and unsafe websites.) Internet chat such as Yahoo! Chat can help you to kill time and will cheer you up. Several hours will fly by like a minute. There are chat rooms and message boards devoted to any imaginable topic and these electronic means of communication can help you to not feel lonely. Chatting with your friends and relatives on the phone is another helpful approach.

  5. Avoid silence. When you are feeling lonely, try to always play your favorite music or radio stations in the background while you are doing household chores. Try to avoid even a few minutes of silence. You can also listen to music or radio at work using headphones. At work you will usually be around people, i.e., not alone. Therefore, you will need the music or radio at work only when you are performing some task in social isolation. If you are not feeling lonely, music can be a distraction and interfere with your work. My former coworkers will recall that I was always bugging them to turn down their radios in the lab. Nonetheless, I always play some quiet music in the background when I write something; I am listening to Madonna as I am writing these lines.

  6. Another approach is participating in some social activities with your friends or family every now and then. This approach can clear your head and give you a fresh perspective on whatever mental work that you are performing.

  7. Finally, writing in a diary is useful. It can put your thoughts in order and make you feel less lonely and less unhappy. It will also help you to make thought-out decisions and to plan your life. Make sure that you have absolute privacy and can write any private thoughts in the diary. You can achieve this by means of encryption software, and my favorite is BestCrypt from Jetico, Inc. Keep in mind that skillful people can remove passwords from documents made in Microsoft Word and Adobe Acrobat (except for Word 2007 and later versions). Therefore, these types of documents are not secure even when you protect them with a strong password. BestCrypt allows you to create a secure encrypted container, much like a separate local disk on your computer, where you can store any documents. You can also work on these documents while your BestCrypt container is unlocked (mounted). When you lock the BestCrypt container (dismount it), it will be impossible to crack it, if your password is complex and difficult to guess. Your password will be secure if you make it at least 8 characters long, include both letters and numbers as well as capitalized letters and special symbols (such as & # * and others).


In conclusion, my experience suggests that the above techniques make temporary solitude more comfortable. This information is unlikely to make you antisocial or to lead you to a personality disorder. Rather, these techniques can help you to become a more flexible and versatile person, who can be comfortable both alone and in the company of other people.


Key points


How to sharpen your wit and become more talkative

We saw in Chapter Three that the diet of fruits and vegetables induces symptoms of ADHD such as hyperactivity and distractibility. This approach appears to result in a sharp wit and unusual talkativeness, especially when you combine it with adapted cold showers. This regimen will be useful for professional entertainers or other people who wish to entertain a group of people on some occasion. Among any other diets described in this book, the fruit-and-vegetable diet (fifth section of Chapter Three and Appendix II) results in the fastest information processing speed and the sharpest wit. This diet also activates imagination. Why does this diet produce a sharp wit? Perhaps because this diet is similar to the ancestral diet of primates, since some species of primates live on a similar vegan diet (frugivores) [44, 45]. For example, gorillas, our second closest genetic relatives after chimps [138], are vegetarians by nature, although they will eat meat in captivity. It is possible that the human brain is well adapted to the low-protein vegan diet, such as the fruit-and-vegetable diet, and will function at the highest speed when nourished this way. This speed, however, comes at a price: the fruit-and-vegetable diet reduces stress resistance (psychological resilience) and worsens attention control and self-control (increases impulsivity and procrastination). It can also increase sensitivity to cold. The fruit-and-vegetable diet improves mental clarity, and theoretical evidence suggests that this diet may be useful as a nonsedating neuroleptic treatment.F

On the other hand, the closest genetic relatives of humans, chimpanzees [138], consume animal food in addition to plant food, i.e., they are omnivores. The weight of evidence suggests that humans too are omnivores by nature [44 – 46]. The fruit-and-vegetable diet contains almost no protein and no fat and therefore it is an unbalanced diet. In my experience, this diet leads to a loss of work capacity and to inability to perform most types of difficult work. If you stay on this diet for 4 days or longer, it can cause a loss of interest in many activities. My experience suggests that this diet can cause muscle cramps, in which case, reducing consumption of fruit is helpful. Finally, this diet is unsafe for diabetic patients.

As for the practical aspects of the proposed regimen, the details are as follows. You can use adapted cold showers every morning or even twice a day (morning and afternoon) if they do not cause insomnia. We saw in Chapter Two that brief moderate cooling has stimulant effects on the central nervous system and can accelerate thinking. One study shows that brief cooling improves performance of complex mental tasks [362], and this effect may have to do with improvements in fluid intelligence, working memory, or both. Thus, moderately cold hydrotherapy will make your mind quicker and sharper. My advice is to avoid sudden cold showers because they cause a slowing and temporary confusion. We reviewed possible side effects of cold hydrotherapy at the end of Chapter Two.

The fruit-and-vegetable diet is not convenient and not filling, but the benefits can be worth the costs. The amount of food consumed increases 2-fold or more [505]. You may still feel like your stomach is empty, though you will not feel hungry. You can cook up to 90% of fruits and vegetables at a moderate temperature; this makes little or no difference. You can consume simple soups, raw and pasteurized juices (free of additives), simple salads, or plain raw fruits and vegetables. Although it is tempting to eat only fruit and to avoid vegetables, my advice is to consume no more than 30% of fruit. Fruit can raise blood sugar and this effect may pose a problem for diabetic and prediabetic patients (who should consult with their doctor before trying this diet). You can read more about possible side effects in Chapter One and in Appendix II.

This diet should exclude all artificial ingredients, seasonings, salad dressings, dietary supplements, and so on. It is also desirable to exclude all spices and pungent vegetables (the end of Chapter Four) and starchy fruits and vegetables (legumes, bananas, and others). The latter will increase the amount of gas in the digestive tract in the context of this diet. Don’t eat large amounts of foods made of white flour (noodles, pasta, white bread, pastry) immediately before and after you embark on the fruit-and-vegetable diet. This action may cause vomiting or diarrhea, based on my experience (whole grains are OK).

In reality, following a strict diet such as the one above may be unfeasible, especially in social situations. You can use partial compliance with the fruit-and-vegetable diet, such that the amount of “disallowed” food does not exceed 1% of the diet. To reduce your consumption of the “disallowed” food you can employ food restriction techniques from Chapter One, and don't go to social events on an empty stomach. After you achieve the desired benefits with a 100% strict diet, partial compliance with the fruit-and-vegetable diet is almost as effective for maintenance as 100% compliance.

It seems sufficient to use the fruit-and-vegetable diet for about 36 hours in order to sharpen the wit. Three days will be more effective if you can stay on the diet this long. Although this approach will enable you to crack jokes and make other people laugh, it will also make it all but impossible for others to make you laugh. In other words, most types of comedy that you previously thought were funny will now seem silly and unfunny. This is probably because the sense of humor becomes more refined. The reduced amount of laughter does not mean that you will become unhappy, in fact, you may feel and look happier than usual. Note that comedians seldom laugh at their own jokes. Although I am not a professional comedian, I find making other people laugh more pleasant than laughing myself. The above changes do not mean that the sense of humor will disappear. It is possible that the person with a more refined sense of humor will appreciate truly witty and funny comedy more than others can. For example, although it is virtually impossible to make me laugh, I can’t help laughing when I watch “Seinfeld” or Jay Leno.

This method also improves the ability to maintain conversation and you may find it easy to talk to anyone for many hours without awkward pauses and without getting bored. The above technique in my view is the best way to become a sophisticated conversationalist. Nevertheless, I know many people who believe that they must constantly talk in order to show other people that they are happy and that their life is interesting. Some people believe that the faster you speak the smarter you are. My advice is to act naturally and to not be afraid of silence and comfortable pauses. As a rule of thumb, you shouldn’t feel that you must keep talking in any situation, except when your job requires it. When a person feels compelled to keep talking, this is what psychiatrists call “pressured speech.”

If you are wondering what kind of a diet can make you a boring person and blunt your wit, my answer is the diet that consists of cooked grains only. We talked about this diet in Chapter Two, and just to remind you, it consists of boiled or steamed whole grains and is useful as a mild sedative and a sleeping aid. It is a healthy diet; it does not impair judgment, and it can make you calm and taciturn, when necessary. A hot environment (Chapter Two) has a similar calming effect.

I have not used the fruit-and-vegetable diet in a long time and when I do nowadays, the duration of the diet is usually not longer than one or two meals. This is because I do not enjoy increased impulsiveness. During my first year as a biology student at NSU in 1994–1995, I used the fruit-and-vegetable diet often and had my classmates in stitches on many occasions. Some of them were wondering why I was so witty and I am telling you “the secret” now. Most of my jokes are one-liners and would not be funny out of context, thus I cannot give you any concrete examples.

The antidepressant diet can also sharpen your wit, but it is not as effective as the fruit-and-vegetable diet. In conclusion, the combination of cold hydrotherapy with the fruit-and-vegetable diet can make you a less boring person and can help you to entertain other people.


Key points


Tips on reducing impulsivity before making an important decision

The previous section describes a regimen that increases impulsivity, whereas this section describes a protocol for achieving a low level of impulsivity. The procedure that follows has a depressant effect on the central nervous system and can lower mood. Therefore, it is not appropriate for patients with clinical depression or for people who feel depressed (even if they do not have an official diagnosis). One of the situations where a person needs low impulsivity is when she has to make an important, life-changing decision and has to weigh all the pros and cons.

Impulsivity correlates with overactivity and these behavioral characteristics may share a common cause [506]. Therefore, it makes sense to use treatments that reduce activity, i.e., slow you down, in order to reduce impulsiveness.

Of note, the low-impulsivity regimen is virtually the same as the antiprocrastination regimen we discussed in Chapter Five, namely, a combination of sedative treatments: breath-holding exercise, a moderately hot environment, a brief nap (15 minutes), and a depressant diet (one of three types). The difference is that hot baths are not recommended (and neither is excessive physical exercise) because they may temporarily increase impulsivity before fatigue sets in. All stimulant treatments should be stopped: tea, coffee, and other stimulant herbs, cardio exercise, hyperventilation exercise, cold showers, and sun-bathing. It is very useful to put on winter clothes indoors (a heavy coat, double pants, and a fur hat). It looks funny but it works; when you feel uncomfortably hot, that's when real self-control kicks in. Therefore, the proposed regimen improves two important components of self-control:


  1. preventing oneself from doing unwise things;

  2. forcing oneself to do necessary things.


In my experience, lowered (not depressed) mood is the best mental state for suppressing impulses. This mental state is conducive to sound and realistic decisions in situations when the decision will have profound and far-reaching effects on your subsequent life. There is one caveat, though. The low-impulsivity regimen described above is not useful for solving complex problems and can make you pessimistic and too cautious. Therefore, once you overcome an impulse (a strong desire), you can switch to a smart diet, resume some stimulant treatments, and dial down the sedative measures, thus improving the problem-solving ability. Incidentally, the third type of depressant diet is a smart diet too, but it's not for everyone. Normal mood (neither low nor elevated) is optimal for solving problems and making sound decisions, but it is not helpful when you need to suppress a strong impulse.

The psychological techniques that are useful for reducing impulsiveness are 1) writing in a diary and 2) temporary disconnection of communications devices. Writing one’s thoughts on a piece of paper or in a diary has many benefits. When making a difficult decision, it is useful to write out all the pros and cons in detail. Drawing a diagram is also useful. You can then reread your text and make corrections or additions. When you have visualized, analyzed, and digested all the information, it will be easy to make a good decision. It is crucial that everything you write in a diary remain strictly confidential. A good way to ensure privacy is encryption software. We talked about this in detail in the section about solitude (point #5).

Disconnecting both cellular and landline phones for several days also reduces impulsivity. (Warning: With this approach, there is a danger of being unable to make emergency phone calls.) These are radical measures that are rarely necessary, but you need to keep them in mind because they can be useful in some situations. Instead of being one second away from acting on your impulse, now you are 10–15 minutes away from implementing your impulses. You may have to go outside and use a payphone or you may have to write an e-mail message or do something else. This short delay is sufficient for controlling most impulses. This approach will give you peace of mind in certain situations when low impulsivity is crucial. You don’t have to terminate your account with the phone company. You can store all the equipment somewhere away from your home for some time, such that you cannot get your hands on these devices.

If your impulses are related to the use of the Internet, disconnecting your internet service for several days can help to overcome this problem. For instance, you may get into an argument and can’t help posting on some message boards. Likewise, you don’t have to suspend your account with the internet service provider. Instead, you can disconnect the modem and unplug all cords and store them temporarily somewhere away from your home (for example, at work). If you have internet access at work, it is possible to disconnect the internet service at home permanently. In most cases, you will not need these radical interventions in order to reduce impulsivity; the physical treatments will suffice.

The most effective and safest sedative measures that can be used daily is the ratio of muscle meat to animal fat (for example, tail fat or beef fat) 1:3, high consumption of eggs (boiled or raw), elevated air temperature, warmer clothes, and a horizontal position of your body. All other sedative methods are not recommended for daily use, you can add them when necessary. And of course it is very important to avoid all foods/methods that stimulate the central nervous system. See the table in Appendix VII (you can ignore weak effects). Raw pulp-free fruit juice is not a sedative, but greatly improves self-control (only sweet non-acidic fruits improve self-control). It will also help to lose weight and is a good alternative to raw honey for those people who cannot consume large amounts of honey daily.

What about a self-control emergency, when you are away from home and a wrong desire suddenly overcomes you, the desire you can’t resist? For example, you know you are going to do something stupid and can’t help it. In this case, try at least some of the sedative measures described above: breath-holding exercise, put on extra clothes (if you cannot increase air temperature), a brief nap or complete relaxation for 15 minutes, and sedative herbs or foods if you can find them quickly. These are the most effective sedative foods: beef fat, mutton fat, pork fat (cooked or salted), raw honey, cooked fatty meat (none of the above increases body weight), store-bought (i.e., heated) honey, whole grains, and whole-grain bread (these foods increase body weight; therefore, you should be careful with daily consumption). Avoid all other foods during the self-control emergency and of course avoid all stimulant treatments.


Key points


Choosing among different lifestyles, depending on circumstances

As you may have noticed, the lifestyle changes described in this book can improve one mental ability but often worsen other mental abilities. For example, the fruit-and-vegetable diet can sharpen your wit, but it also increases impulsiveness and distractibility. The creativity regimen activates imagination but reduces motivation for difficult and boring types of work. Fortunately, you will rarely need all possible mental abilities at their peak level simultaneously. Therefore, you can choose different lifestyles depending on a task in question. You can even vary your diet on a day-to-day or a meal-to-meal basis.

For example, if you are a student and have to sit through lectures in the morning, you can have breakfast that consists of fruits and vegetables. In my experience, listening is easier than reading and does not require significant mental concentration. Thus, you do not need a high-protein meal in the morning in this case. When you come home, however, and have to do some homework, in this case, you will need to concentrate on reading, writing, or both. Therefore, a high-protein meal will be necessary for lunch. When you are done with your homework and want to get together with your friends in the evening, you can use a fruit-and-vegetable-only dinner. This type of food facilitates social activities. Let’s say, the next day, Saturday, you decide to visit your cousin who lives in the suburbs. You spend the whole day at your cousin’s and on this day, you do not adhere to any particular diet consuming everything that your hosts offer you to eat. To avoid overeating, you choose to use the special chewing techniques from Chapter One. In order to be a less boring person, you decide to use an adapted cold shower in the morning and afternoon. You have a lot of fun and become so excited that you are unable to fall asleep until 3 AM. The next day, Sunday, you come back home and decide that you need to normalize your sleep. You consume nothing but boiled shredded wheat the whole day and use a head-out hot shower before going to bed. This method allows you to fall asleep at your usual time. You wake up on Monday morning rested and ready for another busy week.

The above description is a hypothetical way of life of a person who does not adhere to any permanent lifestyle and does not subscribe to any particular diet. Yet this person can enjoy good productivity at school, have fun in their spare time, and lead a more or less normal life in general. If you change lifestyles depending on circumstances, you will become a more versatile and flexible person, who can function well in a variety of settings. Brilliant people Weston Price, William Donald Kelley, and Nicholas J. Gonzalez have demonstrated that one diet does not fit all the people, and various groups of people can thrive on vastly different diets. Doctor Kelley categorized people into 10 metabolic types and believed that each of them requires a distinct optimal diet. These arguments add another dimension to the proposition in this book section: Diets affect different people differently.


Key points


Summary of Chapter Six

Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people and to behave wisely in human relations. Social intelligence represents mental abilities that are separate from academic intelligence, but may overlap to some extent with emotional intelligence. Just like academic intelligence, social intelligence has two dimensions: fluid (the ability to understand and solve novel problems) and crystallized (knowledge and skills). Thus, it is possible to improve social intelligence by learning special skills. There is evidence that this approach is effective in some groups of patients who suffer from impaired social interaction. According to the natural intelligence theory, diets that approximate the ancestral diet of humans should improve functioning of the brain in general and social intelligence in particular. Several different “smart diets” facilitate social interactions, based on my personal experience; prolonged 100% compliance with the diets is recommended but not necessary.

Solitude is a state of social isolation, which can be voluntary and comfortable. Temporary solitude is often unavoidable, whereas the creativity regimen (Chapter Four) makes such periods tolerable, even if you use the regimen for a few days per month. In addition, several psychological approaches exist that make temporary social isolation more comfortable.

As described in Chapter Three, a diet that consists only of fruits and vegetables induces symptoms of ADHD, such as hyperactivity and impulsivity. This approach seems to result in a sharp wit and unusual talkativeness, especially when combined with cold hydrotherapy. This regimen makes it easy to entertain large groups of people. On the other hand, some situations require low impulsivity; for example, when one has to make a life-changing decision. The depressant diet, sedative herbs, breath-holding exercises, and a hot environment are effective at suppressing impulses, according to my experience.

Various lifestyle changes proposed in this book can improve one mental function while often making other mental abilities worse. Therefore, it is more convenient to use different regimens, depending on circumstances, instead of leading one permanent lifestyle.
[Previous] [Next Chapter Summary]

CHAPTER 7: Six things you shouldn’t do with your money

Contents:

An overview

Investing in a lucky stock

Investing in your own startup business

Trading of financial instruments

Prepackaged profit systems

The perfect scam

Gambling

Online poker

Safe investments

The role of hard work

The role of luck

Summary of Chapter Seven


An overview

Because higher intelligence correlates with higher income [24], some readers may be wondering if the advice offered in this book can help them to get rich or at least to become self-employed. My answer is this information is unlikely to help you get rich and will not guarantee self-employment, but it may increase your chances of successful self-employment. One reason is that any publicly available information, if it is useful, spreads quickly and provides no special advantage to any one person. Another reason is that wealth and successful business ownership depend on luck, as explained below. In particular, there is no correlation between net worth and IQ [24]. What this book will help you to achieve is to get a good education and find a good job. If you have those, it is realistic to become financially independent and well-to-do at the retirement age. Having an advanced academic degree will increase the probability of successful self-employment before the retirement age by about 2-fold [507].

It would be fair to say that wealth is the level of net worth that would allow a person to not work and to enjoy a luxurious lifestyle for many decades. IRS statistics tells us that only approximately 0.02% of the population can boast this level of net worth, which would be $20 million or more in the United States in the year 2007 (compared to the average net worth of about $200,000 or median net worth of ~100,000 dollars) [1010, 1011].

Because of inflation and the constantly growing average standard of living, wealth cannot be reliably and permanently defined in dollar terms or in terms of the number of cars, houses, size of houses, the number of refrigerators, and other assets. There are only two enduring characteristics of being wealthy: {1} relativity, that is, owning hundreds of times more stuff or money than average people do, regardless of what this average value is, and {2} exclusivity, i.e., being a part of a tiny fraction of the population (for example, the top 0.02%).

A basic understanding of mathematics makes it clear that there is no way in hell that the majority of the population (say 51%) can become wealthy. This is because {1} the majority of people cannot have hundreds of times more money than average people do and {2} the majority of people cannot be in the top 0.02% of either net worth or income. The majority consists of average people. Fifty one percent cannot be crammed into the top 0.02%. Therefore, within any fiscal year, any given person roughly has a one-in-5000 chance of becoming wealthy and a 99.98% chance of not becoming wealthy. (In reality, the probability of not getting rich is much higher, whereas the chances of becoming wealthy are much lower because the group of wealthy people does not change much.)

To fully grasp this argument, it is also helpful to look at the flow of cash or income. Net worth can increase if a person receives more money from other people than he or she transfers to other people (in the form of purchases, gifts, wages, sales, awards, inheritance, and so forth). The money supply and the amount of material wealth in the economy are limited within any given fiscal year (plus/minus several percentage points). Accordingly, the majority of people cannot receive a hundred times more money than they spend. Getting rich means that a person’s income is hundreds of times greater than the expenses. This situation can be true only for a tiny minority of the population (~0.02%) and cannot happen to the majority of people.

This chapter explains why wealth requires luck and why the only way to get rich is to get lucky. Because luck is beyond anyone’s control, 99.98% of people won’t become wealthy no matter how hard they try. Scientific evidence shows that wealth and entrepreneurship do not require either hard work or high intelligence.

The sections that follow explain why you shouldn’t invest your hard-earned money in the following things: a) individual stocks, b) your own startup business, c) trading of financial instruments, d) various prepackaged profit systems, e) pure gambling activities such as the lottery, and f) online poker. This section also explains why wealth requires luck and advice on how to get rich is always useless. In addition, this text discusses some low-risk approaches to starting a business and to building wealth, but this information does not guarantee anything thanks to Lady Luck. I studied economics and finance in my spare time in the United States and can share some of my thoughts on this subject. Because I do not have any certificates or academic degrees in this field, readers need to be careful when interpreting my conclusions.


Key points


Investing in a lucky stock

Investing all your savings in one or several stocks is a bad idea because there are too many variables that the investor cannot predict, for instance,


  1. future changes in the management of the company

  2. accidents

  3. natural disasters

  4. political changes

  5. future changes in the marketplace such as


Investing in one or several stocks is similar to gambling because luck plays a major role in the successful outcome of this activity. It is understandable that this type of investors are trying to outperform the market index (such as the S&P 500). Yet the probability that they will pick a winning stock and keep holding and buying it as their single investment for decades is close to zero. Past performance of a stock is not a guarantee of future results. They are trying to win a lottery, but instead, there is a high probability that this investing strategy will perform worse than the stock index in the long run. There is also a small risk that the company in question will go bankrupt.

The only exception to this advice is the rare situation when you have complete control over the fate of the corporation in question. For example, if you are a CEO or a chairman (or a chairwoman) of the board of directors. In this case, it will be reasonable to have most of your net worth in the stock of a single company. People who hold these positions can grow their net worth rapidly by awarding themselves bonuses and stock options. If you do not expect to become a chairman or CEO of a publicly traded corporation, it will be a bad idea to invest in a single stock. This investment is unlikely to outperform the market average.

A number of studies have shown that the absolute majority of fund managers (who are not amateurs, by the way) cannot beat the S&P 500 in the long run. That is, they cannot provide their clients with a long-term return on investment better than 10% per year. For example, a recent research article showed that only about 0.6% of mutual fund managers can grow your money faster than the S&P 500 index in the long run. The article examined a period of 30 years and it took into account fees and expenses [508]. People who are not professional investors are even less likely to pick a stock or a portfolio that will outperform the S&P 500. If the great majority of professional investors cannot outperform a broad stock index, then it makes sense to invest in the broad stock index and to hold it for decades. It also makes sense to avoid picking and choosing stocks and actively managing the portfolio. Thus, diversification, or simultaneous investing in a large number of stocks, is key to successful and safe investing. Warren Buffett, arguably the best investor in the world, holds a well-diversified portfolio of stocks. A recent study showed that his portfolio had outperformed the S&P 500 index by an average 14% per year, based on data from 1976 to 2006 [509]. Nonetheless, if copying Warren Buffett’s investing approach were easy, then there would be a far higher percentage of fund managers who outperform the stock market average.

The notion that it is easy to outperform the average market return is self-contradictory and fallacious at its core. The majority of people cannot be better than average in principle because the average reflects performance of the majority of people. In other words, based on the mathematical formula of the average performance, only a minority of investors can outperform the stock market index. In actuality, only a tiny minority of professional investors outperform the market average in the long run, according to the study cited above. Therefore, outperforming the market is not easy. Although Warren Buffett has often revealed his basic investing principles, the devil is in the details. It is also possible that he has some special talents that 99.4% of fund managers do not have.

Suppose one of the top-performing fund managers explains his or her successful investing approach in great detail to the public. In this case, the vast majority of people will still be unable to outperform the market. This is because the valuation of the stocks that fit the successful investing criteria will rise. This increase in price will make these investments average or below average judging by potential returns. The current holdings of successful fund managers are known to the public, but this knowledge is useless today. These stocks were a good investment 30 years ago and are average investments today (not better than a stock index). These corporations are now humongous and cannot grow at the same rate as before.

I am not a certified financial advisor, but you can do what Warren Buffett says unskilled investors can do: put your money in an index fund and hold it there forever. This is the precise quote: “By periodically investing in an index fund, for example, the know-nothing investor can actually out-perform most investment professionals. Paradoxically, when ‘dumb’ money acknowledges its limitations, it ceases to be dumb.” This investing approach is going to be successful if you are patient and going to hold this investment for decades, ignoring year-to-year fluctuations of the value of your portfolio. Don’t check on your portfolio every month or even every year. You shouldn’t be afraid of a stock market crash because it will let you buy the same index at a cheaper price. This approach implies that you are going to save and invest about the same amount of money each year. After several decades, your gains are likely to exceed your temporary losses with a vengeance. You can ignore financial advisers, hedge funds, and all financial literature and financial TV programs. The probability that you will find an outstanding fund manager and stay with him/her in the long run is negligible. If you decide to invest in Warren Buffett’s company today, you shouldn’t expect it to grow at the same rate as it did in the past 40 years. Today, Berkshire Hathaway is too large and therefore unlikely to deliver a higher than average return on investment.

Buying and selling of stocks in your portfolio will have tax disadvantages compared to holding your investments indefinitely. Also don’t forget about transaction costs (we will talk about trading later). Therefore, investing in a well-diversified portfolio, such as a stock index, and holding this investment indefinitely is a prudent investing approach. Many stocks pay dividends, and index fund managers reinvest them. Thus, the value of your portfolio will increase even if stock prices remain flat for some time. The legitimate question is why should a stock index go up in the long run? In the case of the United States, the Federal Reserve expands the money supply at an average rate of about 6.9% per year [510]. (This figure is based on 50 years of available data, nonseasonally adjusted M2, Oct-1959 through Oct-2009.) All this extra money is bound to end up in the stock market, increasing its total value in dollar terms. This is a simplified picture and does not take into account international flows of funds. Although stock indexes in most of the developed countries have risen over the past decades, in some countries, stock indexes have performed dismally. For example, in Japan, the Nikkei 225 index is currently (February 2012) at the level where it was 28 years ago. In theory, there is a risk that a similar fate may befall the S&P 500 index in the future. An investment of 4,000 yen in the Nikkei 225 in the year 1990 would be worth approximately 1,000 yen today.

When stock indexes do go up, they do not go up in a straight line, and there are substantial year-to-year fluctuations. If you are uncomfortable with the fluctuations of stock prices, you can invest in government bonds, such as federal, state, or municipal bonds. State and municipal bonds yield higher income than federal bonds in the United States if you take into account their tax-exempt status. Interest income on federal bonds is not tax exempt, whereas that on state and municipal bonds is tax-exempt, with rare exceptions.

Research shows that investment in broad stock indexes has outperformed investment in government bonds in the United States during the last half a century. It is likely that this trend will hold true for the next half a century, although these things are difficult to predict with certainty. The example of the Japanese stock market (Nikkei 225) suggests that in rare situations, bonds can outperform stocks over a period of two or three decades. A small return on investment is better than a zero or negative return. To safeguard against extended periods of bad performance of a stock index you can invest in stock indexes of many countries simultaneously. Global diversification will not eliminate year-to-year fluctuations, but is likely to minimize the risk of negative returns over a period of several decades, i.e., what happened to the Nikkei 225 index. In the United States, the global diversification approach is available, for example, at the Vanguard Total World Stock Index Fund. At the time of this writing, the fund is tracking performance of 3,736 stocks in 47 countries and the minimum investment is $3,000 ($2,000 for education savings accounts).

There are bonds that yield higher interest compared to federal bonds, for example, corporate bonds, but they are riskier. If a corporation goes bankrupt, you will lose most of your investment, although diversification can reduce your risk to some extent. Government bonds are safer than corporate bonds. In the developed countries, governments can run large deficits and have astronomical debt, but they are extremely unlikely to ever go bankrupt. This is because a federal government can do two things that corporations cannot: it can levy taxes and it can print money. (Governments of the countries in the Euro Zone cannot print money because the European Central Bank controls monetary policy.) You may consider state and municipal bonds as an investment if you want higher interest income (after taxes) than what federal government bonds have to offer. The risk is somewhat higher because state and local governments can default on interest payments in rare situations. In most cases, this does not mean that you will lose your investment; it means that there may be some interruptions in the payment of coupons. In extremely rare situations a county or some other municipality can go bankrupt. Some companies (S&P and Moody’s in the U.S.) provide quality ratings of state and municipal bonds, which you can use in your investment decisions. State and local governments can levy taxes but they cannot print money and they must balance their budget by law. (Most federal governments in the world do not have to balance their budgets.) Nonetheless, state and municipal bonds are safer than corporate bonds and are a good investment. For example, a recent interview revealed that personal finance guru Suze Orman keeps most of her money in municipal bonds.

Keep in mind that investment in taxable bonds has some tax disadvantages compared to investing in an index fund. In the U.S., if you own stocks or shares of an index fund, the I.R.S. postpones your taxes on capital gains until you sell those investments. This postponement can take years or even decades, depending on how patient you are with your investments. This state of affairs means that the uncollected taxes on capital gains will keep working for you, even though they belong to Uncle Sam. This is an important advantage that the buy-and-hold investment strategy has over trading and over investment in bonds. Another possible inconvenience of bonds is that the prices of bonds will go down if interest rates (such as the federal funds rate in the U.S.) go up. Therefore, you may sustain small capital losses or gains with bonds, if you decide to sell them before they reach maturity.

If you have high-interest debt, it will be wise to pay down this debt faster than your current payment plan, if you have some savings to invest. Let’s say the annual percentage rate of interest on your debt is 15%, and you are thinking about investing your savings in a stock index fund (S&P 500 has returned about 10% annually on average). You will increase your net worth faster if you use the extra money to pay down the debt instead of investing. On the other hand, suppose you have interest-free debt, you are making the required payments monthly, and at the same time, you are accumulating savings that you can invest. In this case it will make sense to invest your savings in government bonds or in a stock index fund. This way, your net worth will be growing faster compared to the situation when you try to pay off the interest-free debt faster than planned.

In conclusion, the efficient market hypothesis and the modern portfolio theory elaborate in great detail on many of the arguments presented above and below [1017]. The modern portfolio theory explains the relationship of risk and return and can help to select an investment portfolio that carries minimal risk and good return on capital. One of the major implications of the modern portfolio theory is that an investment with a high potential rate of return always involves high risk of losses (for example, an internet startup company).

The basic assumptions of the efficient market hypothesis are



For example, if you hear a positive news story about some company on TV, it makes no sense for you to try to profit from this information. The price of the stock will adjust quickly to any significant news. By the time you decide to purchase this stock, the price will have already risen enough to make the transaction unprofitable for you. Shares of stock of a promising company are usually more expensive than shares of stock of an unattractive company (according to the price-to-earnings ratio). In other words, investors price promising stocks at a premium, which reduces potential investment returns. On the other hand, “not promising” stocks have a lowered price, which increases potential investment returns. The good-quality company is more likely to grow and prosper than the low-quality company. Yet the difference in the price-to-earnings ratio of the two stocks usually eliminates the difference in potential investment returns. There have been times when the shares of low-quality companies were overvalued, such as the Internet bubble of the late 1990s. But this inefficiency of the market became evident only several years later, after the fact. During the boom, however, these valuations appeared reasonable to most market participants, based on all available information. One can argue that investing fads and bubbles would be less likely if more people were familiar with the efficient market hypothesis. One of the implications of this theory is that it is virtually impossible to outperform a broad stock market index in the long term. It’s no use trying to select “good stocks” for your portfolio or to trade stocks. Contrary to what the critics will tell you, the efficient market hypothesis is consistent with the ability of a tiny minority of people to outperform the market average in the long run. This ability can be the result of either dumb luck or unique talents (which are also in the category of luck). Recent research supports the major implication of the efficient market hypothesis, that it is unlikely that you or I can outperform the market average over a period of several decades [508]. A tiny number of talented people such as Warren Buffett are able to use publicly available information in ways that other people can’t. The probability that you and I are as talented as these exceptional investors is close to zero. Furthermore, don't believe any official statistics or private rating agencies, do your own research.

Although the efficient market hypothesis is correct for long-term investments, it may need modification or adjustment for short-term phenomena, such as day trading. Recent studies of day traders suggest that about 20% of these people can make money consistently. About 10% of them can make a living and the majority (65–75%) loses money [511, 512]. These data do not contradict the efficient market hypothesis: we will discuss trading in more detail later.


Key points


Investing in your own startup business

Polls suggest that self-employed people (business owners) are the happiest segment of the employed population, on average [513]. They are happier on average than highly paid employees such as managers, doctors, and lawyers. At the same time, most owners of startup businesses make less money than they did when they worked for hire. These data suggest that financial independence is more likely to make you happy than a higher than average income. These observations also suggest that the aim of government policies should be an increase of the percentage of self-employed people (the self-employment rate). This change will make the people freer and happier. Unfortunately, the current self-employment rate and the role of tiny companies in the economy are so small that it is unwise to recommend everyone to start their own business. In my view, most startups that have four or fewer employees will fail because they are unable to compete against larger enterprises because smaller firms usually face higher production costs.

Although it is a bad idea to invest all your savings in a single stock, it is even worse to invest all your money in a startup company. Companies with publicly traded shares of stock are established businesses with significant sales and usually with substantial profits. On the other hand, startup companies often have no sales and no profits to speak of. Therefore, their future is more uncertain than that of a publicly traded company. It is not a good idea to use your savings to start your own business because most startups cease to exist after several years. It may be a good idea to invest in a large portfolio of startups, but investing all your money in a single startup is too risky.

There is no consensus on how we should calculate survival of startup companies: there is some controversy in this field [514]. In the U.S., one half of startup companies disappear within the first five years of operation. (These data are based on one of the latest reports by the U.S. Department of Commerce and Bureau of the Census, Business Dynamics Statistics.) These data suggest that about 70% of startups go under within 10 years. Earlier research indicates that about 60% of startup companies disappear after 6 years of operation [514, 515]. The highest discontinuation rates are associated with low startup funds, absence of employees, and young age of the founder. Paradoxically, having no startup capital at all is a more favorable condition than having low startup funds (<$50,000) [514]. The low survival rate of startup firms does not mean that most of them go bankrupt. Bankruptcy represents a small percentage of the closures; most of them disappear because they require too much effort while providing too little income. This situation causes the owners to liquidate the company at a loss or to sell it to a larger company. According to a U.S. Census Bureau survey in the 1990s, seventy percent of the owners whose startup business ceased to exist admit that the venture was unsuccessful [514]. The low survival rate of small businesses by itself is not necessarily a bad thing. The low survival would be OK if the rate of self-employment in the population were high and there were a high turnover of business startups and discontinuations. This is not the case.

Polls suggest that the majority of current employees would prefer to be self-employed rather than work for hire [516]. Yet only about 8% of the employed population in the U.S. are self-employed [517]. (The figure is about 11% if we add the incorporated self-employed.) Very small companies, fewer than 20 employees, employ about 16% of all private sector workers [518]. Tiny companies, four people or fewer, the kind that you are likely to start, account for 5% of all private sector employees [518]. (The U.S. Small Business Administration defines the term small business approximately as a company with fewer than 500 employees. Their definition became exceedingly complicated lately [1147], but the rough estimate of 500 employees or fewer is still valid. The Russian government defines a small business as a company with 100 or fewer employees.) About two thirds of all private sector workers in the U.S. work for enterprises that have 100 or more employees. Conversely, about two thirds of all private sector employees work for companies that have 5,000 or fewer people on the payroll. These observations suggest that the current economic system is most favorable for companies that have between 100 and 5000 people on the payroll [518]. These data also suggest that the system is unfavorable for self-employment [1148] and for tiny companies (consisting of four people or fewer). You will have to struggle, take risks, and bend over backwards in order to become self-employed, while getting a job is much easier. Although the tiny companies constitute about 40% of all private enterprises if we count companies, they only account for about 5% of private sector employees. Thus, tiny companies represent a negligible part of the economy. The vast majority of people work either for the government or for companies that have more than 100 employees. Therefore, an aspiring entrepreneur will be shoveling sand against the tide if she starts a business under these conditions. There is a high probability that this person will not become her own boss (at least for long). The situation is similar in industrial countries other than the United States. There is one exception, which is the sector of the economy that includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting. Self-employment rates in this sector are as high as 40–44% [517] and there is a realistic chance to become your own boss in this field.

Investing in a startup business is a gamble and you will do well to leave this sort of investing to professionals, such as venture capitalists and commercial banks. These people usually know a successful business when they see one. They also diversify their investments such that a failure of one startup will not damage the performance of the whole portfolio of investments. On the other hand, a typical person who starts a business is less qualified to predict success or failure of a startup. On top of that, they are putting all their eggs in one basket. There are many variables that an aspiring entrepreneur cannot assess regarding the financial future of the startup. The tastes and preferences of consumers are hard to predict, as is your own ability to satisfy those tastes better than others can. Because most startups cannot afford focus groups and thorough market research, the aspiring entrepreneur cannot assess consumer tastes and preferences accurately. The talents of the aspiring entrepreneur are crucial for the success of the venture, but this variable is unquantifiable. Consequently, you could say that entrepreneurship is gambling, and a successful startup is a lucky guess. Nobody can predict the success or failure of a business or product. Thus, you should never ever pay anyone for advice on how to become your own boss or for business consulting in this field. The cost of market testing is comparable to startup costs. You have better chances of success if the type of business matches your area of expertise. In this case, you may realistically estimate yourself whether a business will work as follows: 1) study typical logical errors, i.e., fallacies (to avoid erroneous thinking); 2) improve your brain by adopting a healthier lifestyle (so that you are thinking clearly); 3) conduct your own market research however you can (e.g., by talking to prospective customers); and 4) improve your self-control also through lifestyle changes (so that you do not make an impulsive decision).

Suppose the founder of a startup business is a person with average net worth (i.e., with small starting funds). In this case, in order to survive, this business must generate an outsized return on capital during the first few years. This outsized return must be around 300 to 500% a year, such that the owner can make a living and stay in business at the same time. A person can achieve this sort of profitability only by chance. (Whether or not someone has an entrepreneurial talent is also a random factor [530].) If every startup could generate a 300% annual return, the U.S. economy would be growing at the rate of 300% per year or even faster, instead of the usual 2–5% a year. To sum up, the odds are against the aspiring entrepreneur and it is more reasonable to invest the savings in something safer.

Realistically speaking, the majority of people who are employees (about 90% of the labor force in the U.S.) cannot become self-employed entrepreneurs. For example, imagine what would happen to the U.S. economy if all people who are working for hire quit their jobs and tried to start their own businesses. It is naïve to believe that anyone can become an entrepreneur if they really want to. It is statistically impossible. Does my advice mean that I am against innovation and entrepreneurship? No, this advice means that you can try to become an entrepreneur, but it would be a good idea to obtain the seed capital from people or institutions who can diversify their investments. These entities are also better qualified at evaluating business opportunities and risks: we are talking about venture capital firms, angel investors, and commercial banks (not subprime lenders). Obtaining seed capital from your family or friends is less instructive. These people most often are not experts at assessing business ventures and may invest money in a doomed startup.

In general, for people who do not have a self-employed parent and do not have an advanced academic degree (Ph.D., M.D., J.D., and others), the chance of successful self-employment (outside the agricultural sector) is less than one-eighth. About 61% of employees want to be self-employed [516], but only 7.5% are [517]. Many of those who are self-employed have their rich or self-employed parents to thank for this economic status (therefore, not all of the 7.5% indeed started a business themselves, and the probability of success is less than one-eighth). Furthermore, the government statistics about startups do not include the large number of undocumented startups. I tried to start five businesses, but only one of them is documented and visible to government statisticians. Accordingly, the success rate of startups is likely to be far less than one-eighth: perhaps one in twenty or one in thirty. Therefore, betting all your savings or savings of your relatives on this kind of a long shot will not be a smart thing to do. You are rolling the dice and if you have to start a business, at least let the experts decide whether your venture is worth investing or not. As mentioned above, these statistics are different in the sector of the economy that includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting. The chances of successful self-employment for most people are over 5-fold higher in this field compared to other industries [517]. Even though this sector is “low-tech,” it is a smart choice of a self-employed occupation because it offers a lower risk of failure compared to high-tech industries.

In the United States, labor force in the private sector is approximately 120 million employees. Around 600,000 new companies are born each year and about the same number of companies disappear each year (a few percentage points fewer than the startups). Sixty one percent of those working for hire want to work for themselves, i.e., to run their own business. Looking at these numbers, fewer than 1% of those who want to be self-employed can start a business within a one-year period. If we assume that an average startup has two founders, then the figure is about 2%. The lifetime probability of starting a business is higher than this. Nonetheless, these data should give you some idea how difficult it is to start a business that provides sufficient income for the owners. If starting a small business were such an easy and profitable endeavor as some “success gurus” would have you believe, pretty soon we would have an economy that consists of single-person or two-person enterprises. The majority of people would gladly work for themselves [516] if they could earn sufficient income. The problem is that the majority of startups either lose money or yield negligible income, whereas a small minority goes on to earn outsized returns. If you invest in a single startup business, you are playing a lottery-type game: most lottery tickets will lose money and a few lucky ones will make tons of money.

The notion that entrepreneurs are rewarded for risk is a fallacy. The majority of aspiring entrepreneurs are not rewarded for risk and some of them are punished by bankruptcy. The minority of those who succeed are rewarded for luck. The success or failure of any given startup company is difficult to predict. Hard work does not guarantee success of an entrepreneur because most entrepreneurs work excessive hours. (According to statistics, Russia is one of the few countries in the world where self-employed people work fewer hours on average than employees; this is not the case in the United States.) A high IQ does not guarantee entrepreneurial success either because there is no correlation between self-employment and high IQ scores [519]. Nevertheless, high IQ scores do predict better job performance in a variety of occupations [955, 956]. It is possible that high IQ scores correlate with self-employment in some fields such as high-tech. Relevant research is lacking. Even if being very smart did guarantee entrepreneurial success [520], this advantage would still be attributable to luck because people are not born with equal mental abilities [987]. Nonetheless, some factors can increase the odds of entrepreneurial success. Some of these factors are beyond your control and others are subject to choice. For example, having rich parents increases the probability of self-employment [521]; having a self-employed parent increases the probability of successful self-employment 2- or 3-fold [520, 522]. Having a doctoral degree (Ph.D., M.D., J.D., and others) will increase the chances of self-employment 2-fold or more [507]. Having an MBA degree does not increase the chances of unincorporated self-employment [507], but may increase the probability of incorporated self-employment. Starting a business later in life will increase the chances of success [507, 514]. In summary, the weight of evidence suggests that entrepreneurial success has a lot to do with luck. Excessive work hours, high IQ, and risk taking will not guarantee success. Having an advanced academic degree and starting a business later in life do not guarantee but can increase the chances of entrepreneurial success.

If you wish to become your own boss, please keep in mind that many self-employed occupations provide low and unreliable income to the vast majority of participants (musicians, artists, and writers). Running a successful small business usually requires excessive work hours, although with effective delegation of responsibilities you may be able to balance work and life. Popular types of self-employment such as real estate and farming are not too profitable due to substantial competition. Real estate business often entails taking on large amounts of debt. Excessive amounts of debt can make you vulnerable to shocks in the economy (having an affordable mortgage on your own housing is not excessive debt). You need to consider all of the above when deciding on whether you want to become your own boss.

In theory, it would make sense to recommend everyone to start a business if we were living under a utopian economic system such as the following. In that economy 50% or more of the labor force are self-employed, and tiny companies, four people or fewer, employ the majority of workers in the economy. This situation means that small enterprises do not have to grow in order to survive and that most people who start their own business succeed. Therefore, self-employment is a rule rather than an exception, and you have a realistic chance of becoming your own boss. This hypothetical system will have to severely restrict industrial concentration, that is, mergers, acquisitions, and growth of the number of employees of a company. The laws and regulations under the “self-employed system” will have to encourage creation of small businesses and sole proprietorships instead of creation of jobs. Large companies can often produce things at a lower cost compared to small companies (what is known as “economy of scale”). Thus, the self-employed system will be less efficient than the current economic systems of industrial countries. It is also politically unfeasible. Economies of scale are one of the reasons that make it difficult for small businesses to compete against large corporations. The self-employed economic system will have to make economies of scale disadvantageous through some policies. This change will probably slow down technological progress and economic growth in general. My guess is that this utopian system will be motivated by individual financial independence rather than consumerism. Colombia is a country that is rather close to this kind of system.

The advice against investing in your own startup is valid in most cases, but there are exceptions. One example is someone who has rich parents and can try many different ventures before he or she finds something that works. Another possible exception is when venture capitalists are thrilled about your business idea. There may be other rare situations when investing in your own startup company will be justified. Just keep in mind that for a person living in the United States who does not have a self-employed parent, the probability of successful self-employment outside the agricultural sector is less than one-eighth. You can find some useful information on the website of the U.S. Small Business Administration, even if you do not live in the United States.

I am myself currently self-employed; I successfully started my high-tech business in July 2013, approximately 11 years after I decided to become my own boss. There were many failures, two near-bankruptcies, and the latest venture was successful because of pure luck. I can tell you with certainty that entrepreneurial success has nothing to do with hard work, determination, etc. I am making a comfortable living and wouldn’t want to lose my freedom. I am not even going to tell you what I do because I am afraid that competitors will reduce my income or even put me out of commission (talk about selling advice on how to start a business!).

To start a business or get rich, you have to stay single until you reach those goals, and I mean no dating either. People who cannot comfortably live alone will never be able to enjoy freedom and problem-free existence. There are a lot of stupid folks out there who will tell you that married people are more likely to be rich, and therefore you should get married as soon as possible; this is a classic fallacy. In actuality, rich people are more likely to be married because marriage is impossible without at least average income and net worth. Of course, being single does not guarantee self-employment or getting rich but is an important contributing factor like good education. The same argument is applicable to achievement in any other field, such as science or arts. Another big factor is the automobile. People living in cities can live without a car and will save tons of money, which can be used to start a business. Not to mention that the automobile is the most dangerous mode of transportation that will shorten your life, saddle you with extra medical bills because of injuries, and will possibly kill you. Unless you can afford a superheavy armored car, you are better off riding a bus or subway. If you want to become self-employed, you should rent your housing and avoid big loans such as a mortgage; ideally, you should have lots of savings and no debt. I am certain that you will be able to become your own boss sooner or later (after several years) if you become a raw-fooder (Appendix VIII) or at least try to stay as close to a 100% raw diet as possible under your circumstances. This is because the raw diet will make you much smarter and healthier than most people around you (and by "smarter" I mean not only IQ but all other kinds of intelligence); your medical expenses will most likely go down to zero. Avoid any and all vaccines. Don't tell your bosses, clients, and coworkers that you are a raw-fooder. Study and implement the self-control techniques described in this book (I believe that net worth correlates with self-control). Learn the rules of logic and typical logical fallacies and take the test about brain-washing (Chapter Six, "Social skills versus innate intelligence," point # 5). Stay away from various business consultants; 99.9% of these people are pathological liars. These clever opportunists have discovered that it is much easier and more profitable to sell advice on how to start a business than to start and run an actual business. Academic degrees help to start a business, but if you have to take out loans to get education, then it is probably not worth it. Government-approved education is mostly brainwashing anyway, and most of it is useless practically. Self-education is more important (read all literary references of the section "Safe investments"). Looks like I covered all the basics.

In conclusion, it is worth discussing why it is a horrible idea to quit your job before you have a successful business or before you find a new job. It doesn’t matter if you have savings that will allow you to not work for a while. With rarest exceptions, you should always find a new job before quitting the old one. This principle must be obvious to most readers, who can skip ahead. Impulsivity often causes a person to leave a job (see an earlier section regarding how to reduce impulsivity). Many employers view people without a job as damaged goods and prefer to give a new job to an employed person. (Strange isn’t it? You will get a new job only if you don’t really need it.) Why is a person between jobs so unattractive to prospective employers? Because there are several unappealing possibilities:


  1. the jobless person doesn’t get along with coworkers;

  2. the jobless person is a lazy or clumsy employee and got fired as a result;

  3. the jobless person is insubordinate;

  4. the jobless person isn’t very smart because he or she quit the old job before finding a new (and better) one.


From the standpoint of an employer, it is always safer and more advantageous to hire a person who already has a job. This is why you are unlikely to find a better job if you quit first and then start looking. If you hate or dislike your boss, this feeling is normal (very common) and you need to accept this harsh reality. Don’t try to punish your boss by quitting your job because you will punish yourself more. The rare situation when quitting your job before finding a new one would be smart is when something blatantly illegal is going on, you are filing a big lawsuit (sexual harassment, embezzlement, accounting fraud, and the like), and your lawyer has advised you to quit your job.


Key points


Trading of financial instruments

You must have seen advertisements on TV or on the Internet that invite you to trade stocks or currencies (or other financial instruments) from home. This activity supposedly will allow you to earn additional income or even to quit your day job. These ads often feature fictional characters, such as self-employed traders, who are making tons of money by trading in financial markets from the comfort of their home. You may have also met people in internet chat rooms or on message boards who claim that they are making a living by trading. There is little research data to either support or refute the advertising claims of brokers/dealers or day trading firms. It is difficult to find any hard data on statistics of success or failure of traders. From what little that I could find though, the general conclusion is that only a minority of traders (10% or less) can make a living and the majority of traders lose money. This outcome is not surprising because trading is a zero-sum game where the profits of one player must come from the losses of another. On top of that, trading involves substantial transaction costs (bid/ask spread and commissions), which further reduce the numbers of winners and increase the percentage of losers. We can conclude that trading will be a waste of time and money for the great majority of participants. My advice is to avoid it because the chance of success in this occupation is 10% or less.

In my view, it is convenient to subdivide trading into



We will review each of them below. Day trading involves quick buying and selling of the same stock (or another type of financial instrument) within a day. Day traders close all open positions at the end of a business day and can make five or more trades per day. A complete trade can involve buying low and selling high or short selling high and then buying low. There are day trading firms that provide clients with direct access to electronic trading systems such as SOES and Island ECN. This access can result in lower transaction costs and improved order execution speed for a day trader of equities. There are restrictions on day trading of stocks in the United States. According to the Securities and Exchange Commission (S.E.C.) regulations, a person who wants to day trade must have at least $25,000 in his or her brokerage account. There are no restrictions on day trading of most other financial instruments, such as futures and foreign exchange.

(This literature review has not been updated since 2012.) Three studies published in the last 8 years shed light on this controversial activity. These studies suggest that only the people with the biggest trading capital make profits consistently. This result means that the real success rate of day trading is much lower than the reported 10% or so, because most people don't have 100K in the bank available for trading. One study, by Douglas J. Jordan and J. David Diltz, examined trading records of 324 day traders of NASDAQ stocks for the 1998–1999 period [512]. The average duration of a trading record was about four and a half months, and each trading record included over 300 complete trades, on average (buy–sell or short–buy). Careful statistical analysis of these data led the authors to make several observations. About 64% of day traders were unprofitable and sustained losses. About 35% of day traders made money or broke even (after we take transaction costs into account). Fourteen percent of day traders made more than $10,000 during the examined period (4.5 months on average). These data suggest that those people can make a living, although taxes and living expenses will consume most of the profits. About 7% of traders made more than $20,000, suggesting that this percentage of people can make a living and expand their trading business at the same time. It is unclear what the average size of the account was in each of these groups of day traders.

Statistical analysis showed that about 50% of the profits and losses of day traders were the result of movements of the NASDAQ index [512]. Most day traders prefer “long” transactions (buy low and sell high) over “short” transactions (sell high and then buy low). Therefore, these traders, on average, tend to have profits when the index goes up and to sustain losses when the NASDAQ declines.

Another study, by Brad M. Barber and colleagues, examined trading records of all day traders in Taiwan over a 5-year period from 1995 through 1999 [511]. These authors observed similar results, namely that the majority of day traders, 80% in this study, lost money within any given 6-month period. The performance of profitable day traders is not random and successful day traders continue to make profits. The most active day traders (by total volume of transactions) are also the most profitable. About 10% of all day traders can make annualized profits greater than or equal to 66% of an average salary in Taiwan. This observation suggests that fewer than 10% of day traders can make a living in this data set. Even fewer can grow their day trading capital, if we take into account taxes and living expenses.

The third study, by Ryan Garvey and Anthony Murphy, examined the behavior of 15 successful day traders for the 3-month period in 2000 and analyzed over 95,000 transactions on NASDAQ by these people [524]. The authors found that successful day traders are active only during the most liquid market hours. Those day traders are also able to update their quotes faster than NASDAQ market makers and thereby can steal business from these influential market participants. The traders examined in this study can gauge direction of the price of a stock based on quote updates of NASDAQ market makers. The day traders may also use some other information, such as trading volume, chart patterns, and the news. The successful day traders place limit orders within the best available quotes of market makers and are able to exploit the momentum of price movements. This finding is surprising because day traders have a significant informational disadvantage compared to market makers. Market makers have access to order flow information and can make small profits consistently because they can always see if the supply is greater than demand or vice versa for any given stock. Day traders do not have access to this information, yet they are often able to update their quotes faster than the NASDAQ market makers. In conclusion, this third report supports the findings of the other two studies above, that a minority of day traders can be consistently profitable. Due to the large number of transactions of day traders in these studies, the results are significant statistically and could not have occurred by chance.

These data contradict the well-known random walk hypothesis [1017]. The random walk hypothesis postulates that stock prices are random and unpredictable. Therefore, a trader cannot profit consistently from publicly available information such as a price chart, trading volume, and news items, according to this theory. In my opinion, the random walk hypothesis is applicable to position trading and speculation as defined above (holding periods from 12 hours to one year). It does not apply to extremely short-term movements of stock prices (day trading). There are several possible reasons.

One reason is that day trading involves a lot of daily effort, and day trading profits are by no means “easy money.” Longer-term trading (for example, several times a week or several times per month) is almost effortless; therefore, competition will eliminate any effortless profits. In contrast, day trading profits are not effortless. Competition can reduce these profits but cannot eliminate them.

The second reason is that news items ruin longer-term trading, whereas day traders are exploiting the news-related price movements. The news and mass media have a strong influence on short-term price fluctuations. The news is unpredictable because it is the product of the large and complex world outside the financial markets. It is unlikely that any one formula or principle can predict the behavior of the news because the number of variables involved is astronomical. Some people think that technical analysis (analysis of a price chart) will allow them to predict short-term behavior of prices (one week, one month, or one year into the future). These people are ignoring the huge unpredictable variable that is the news and the world outside the financial markets. Put another way, this explanation means that the immediate future (minutes to hours) is less uncertain than a distant future (weeks, months, and years).

Technical analysis is based on these two premises:


  1. The past behavior of the price of a financial instrument influences the current price of this instrument. (The price chart influences future prices.)

  2. The world outside financial markets cannot influence the price of the financial instrument. Alternatively, the world at large can influence the price, but this world is behaving in an orderly and predictable fashion.


Let’s say you have studied a price chart of a stock and figured out a recurring pattern that has worked well. Let’s say that you see this pattern forming right now and it is telling you that the price will go up in the next week or month. Can a piece of unfavorable news come unexpectedly and disrupt this beautiful pattern? According to technical analysis, it can’t, but according to common sense, it surely can. This event does not have to be a news item, it can be a large sell order placed by an institutional investor. The price will go down and will wreak havoc on the chart pattern. Therefore, however consistent a pattern of price behavior may have been in the past, its fate is still uncertain in the future. Thus, position trading and speculation should have high failure rates, similar to the failure of 99.4% of long-term investors to outperform the S&P 500 index. The limitations of technical analysis that we discussed above may not be applicable to day traders. Successful day traders seem to go with the momentum of a price reaction to news items or to gigantic buy or sell orders.

The third reason is that day traders serve as the source of efficiency of the markets. If the market is efficient, then someone must be making it efficient, and day traders fit the bill. Thus, the consistent profits of a minority of day traders do not contradict the efficient market hypothesis. On the contrary, they may enforce efficiency of the markets. Day traders make sure that the prices of financial instruments quickly adjust to all publicly available information.

You should not interpret the discussion above as an endorsement of day trading of stocks. My advice is to avoid this activity. Day trading involves much higher transaction costs relative to profits in comparison with position trading and speculation. Only a small minority of day traders (about 10–14%) can make a living and even fewer day traders can grow their trading account. The above data suggest that successful day traders tend to have a sizable capital (i.e., you need to have a hundred thousand bucks or more to start this kind of business.) Readers may consider the following questions before investing their savings in day trading. How do I know that I will be among the 10% or so of the successful day traders? Why do I think I will be better than other day traders? Some studies show that success in day trading does not correlate with any personality traits [525]. Thus, there is no personality profile that can help to predict success or failure. It is tempting for me to say that if you have a high IQ, you may be more likely to succeed at day trading. Research data that either support or refute this assumption are unavailable at present. (For example, IQ does not correlate with successful self-employment and with huge income [24, 519].) Some day traders incur huge losses, in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, according to the studies above. Therefore, most people will do well to avoid this controversial activity.

As of this writing, there are no research data on day traders of financial instruments other than stocks. Therefore, it is unknown what percentage of day traders of forex or futures markets is profitable consistently if any. My guess is that day trading of forex (very popular lately) cannot bring consistent profits. This is because forex traders have too little information at their disposal compared to day traders of stocks. For one thing, forex traders do not see the volume of transactions—they only see the price chart of any given pair of currencies. Another thing is that the bid/ask spread is constant, and this situation eliminates another piece of information about the market. Some forex dealers are also employing questionable tactics in attracting new clients.

Originally, some forex dealers/brokers claimed on their websites that trading of forex is commission free; this statement was untrue, of course. Forex commissions are built into the currency spread (the difference between bid and ask price). Whenever you place an order, your account loses the amount of the spread times leverage. Right now, this deceptive practice (the claim of commission-free trading) is uncommon. In addition, forex dealers are advertising high leverage as a great boon to traders. Some dealers used to offer trading with 400:1 leverage (before government regulators imposed leverage limits). What these dealers do not tell you is that leverage increases trading losses and the commissions that you pay. A single order placed with high leverage can cost you 10% of your account or more in commissions alone. To put this kind of losses into perspective, consider the inability of the majority of mutual fund managers to achieve better than 11% annual returns in the long run. In forex, you can lose 11% of your account in one minute in transaction costs alone. Also, high leverage (large bets) increases losses more than it does profits. For example, suppose you are risking 35% of your capital on each trade (you expect to either win 35% or lose 35%). In this case you will sustain a 12% loss if you win one trade and then lose another: 1.35 times 0.65 equals approximately 0.88.

Some forex dealers are advertising the “achievements” of their clients by conducting trading contests. For example, they may publish the lists of “winners” who achieved the best trading results within a given month. Some of these “winners” show returns of 300% per month or greater as a result of trading forex. Sounds great, doesn’t it? But don’t rush to sign up for an account with a forex dealer just yet. These results are only a part of the picture and you should not take them at face value. Because enormous returns require the use of gigantic leverage, these “winners” must have wiped out their whole account a number of times before hitting the jackpot. Let’s say somebody wipes out four times, each time depositing the same amount of money into the account, and then achieves a 300% return by chance. This strategy will result in a net loss of money. Another problem with these outsized returns is that winners are different each month, suggesting that randomness plays a substantial role in forex trading. If someone achieved a 300% return within one month, it is unlikely that they will be able to keep up this kind of performance in subsequent months. Most of these “winners” will wipe out their account in the subsequent months because {a} the currency market is random and unpredictable (less information is available to traders compared to the stock market and technical analysis cannot work with position trading); {b} high leverage amplifies transaction costs and trading losses; and {c} high leverage is taxing psychologically and will impair rational analysis of market data. It would be helpful if some forex dealers published statistics of successful trading of their clients. For example, what percentage of clients is profitable over a 6-month or one-year period? What is their average profit or return on investment? What is the average percentage loss for clients who are not profitable? These data can serve as a good risk disclosure for prospective forex traders.

As for research of profitability of position trading and speculation, there is little hard data in the literature. At present, there are no peer-reviewed studies on profitability of these longer-term traders who trade off the exchange floor. Just to remind you, we defined position trading as holding periods of 12 hours to one month and speculation one month to one year. One study examined profitability of different types of traders in the Taiwan futures market over a period of one year [526]. The researchers have found that individuals and futures dealers perform poorly on average, whereas security dealers and foreign investors earn significant profits. Foreign investors are the most profitable category of traders. The holding periods examined in this study were one day to five days. This report does not provide a cross-sectional analysis of profitability of the category of individual traders. It is possible that a certain percentage of lone traders are profitable consistently, just like with day trading, or that none of the individual traders earn consistent profits. Further research is needed.

It is possible that the percentage of successful position traders and speculators is much lower than the percentage of successful day traders because


  1. In contrast to day trading, position trading and speculation are “easy” or almost effortless money. Therefore, these profits should be all but impossible in a competitive market.

  2. Immediate future is more predictable than the distant future (news is unpredictable).

  3. Profitability of position traders and speculators contradicts the efficient market hypothesis, whereas profitability of day traders does not.


There are well-documented accounts of successful speculators and position traders; curious readers can find them in books by Jack Schwager. It would be safe to say that these people are very rare.

The most successful financial speculators have shown long-term returns of 25–30% per year. Even a 16% average annual return is outstanding and people who can deliver this sort of investing results manage endowments of large private universities in the United States. People who are not members of an exchange and who want to become traders will not be able to make a living by trading if they start with $1,000 or even with $50,000. Living expenses and taxes will eat up all profits. There is also a risk that transaction costs and occasional catastrophic mistakes will wipe out the small account. Thus, the trader will not see any consistent profits if he starts with small trading capital.

For these reasons, you can ignore mass-marketed trading systems. These systems often deal with the stock market, options, foreign exchange, and futures. In particular, avoid “advanced” seminars that cost several thousand dollars and promise you financial freedom for the rest of your life after you attend the seminar. Don’t buy automatic trading systems in a box (software) either, even if these products cost “only” a hundred bucks. It is still a waste of money. Don’t waste your time and money on books about technical analysis or books that promise to teach you how to make a living by trading in financial markets. Most of this information is available for free on the Internet and successful traders do not write books about their methods. Some successful traders write books sometimes [527, 528, 1249], but these books offer only a vague discussion of the authors’ trading methods.

The experience of the famous trader named Richard Dennis suggests that once you reveal your successful trading system to other market participants, the system will stop working. A trading system intended for the mass audience (in the form of books, videotapes, seminars, software, and so on) cannot be profitable for three reasons: 1) there are no willing losers in the markets; 2) the “crowd effect” or competition; and 3) the “secrecy principle.” The text below explains each reason in detail.


1) If a trading system is profitable and becomes known to many market participants, it will stop working. This is because the market participants who used to lose money to this system will stop making the same mistake over and over. Nobody wants to lose money in the markets.

2) When many participants start using the same trading technique, this strategy will stop being profitable. This is the “crowd effect.” You can make a profit if you buy low and sell high. When many people rush in to buy low, the price will rise and most people will not be able to buy at the low point. Similarly, if too many traders start selling at the high point, then the price will go down and most market participants will not be able to sell at the high point. In the end, most of the users of this trading strategy will break even at best. Successful short selling involves selling high followed by buying low, but the same “crowd effect” applies here as above. This principle is also applicable to financial derivatives. The crowd effect also applies to various self-improvement methods that are supposed to help you achieve “big success,” although the mechanism is different. You can achieve “big success” if you have a big advantage over other people (for example, a special talent that only one person in a million can have). Promoters of the “secrets of success” are trying to sell them to as many people as possible. A “secret of success” known to large numbers of people cannot help you to gain an advantage over these numerous “competitors.” The promoters are promising you a huge advantage over other people, but at the same time, they are trying to create as many competitors for you as possible. Therefore, the best you can hope for when you buy a mass-marketed secret of success is “small success” or no success at all. Besides, a person whose only achievement lies in teaching others how to achieve big success must be a fraud. When this person was starting out, he was teaching others what he could not do himself. “Fake it till you make it.”

At its basic level, the crowd effect is another word for economic competition. Seminars that cost one or two months’ worth of your salary may look like some type of “exclusive knowledge” unavailable to the masses. But they will not give you any edge over other people and will not provide you with access to easy money. For one thing, even if you have fifteen competitors (an audience of a seminar), your knowledge is no longer exclusive and no easy profits will be possible. Richard Dennis taught his profitable “turtle trading” system to fewer than fifteen people (he did it for free, on a bet with another successful trader) and his trading system stopped working several years later. Richard sustained huge losses in his own trading after this bet. On the other hand, unscrupulous “gurus” sell seminars to hundreds and thousands of people year after year. The easy money that the gurus promise is impossible when you have so many competitors. The providers of seminars will also have you sign various legal disclaimers. The latter will free the organizers of any liabilities in the event that you do not achieve what you are paying for: a quick and easy path to wealth. This sign alone should be a signal that the promoters are not trustworthy. The promoters can fake all testimonials and “success stories,” and you should not take them seriously, unless the promoters show you verifiable trading records. Even if a success story is true, it may be due to simple coincidence or dumb luck or may be a part of a larger failure. If “success” happened after someone attended a seminar, this does not necessarily mean that the seminar is the cause of the success. Academic degrees from prestigious institutions and celebrity endorsements do not mean that the promoters are honest people. Celebrities can make mistakes and there is a certain percentage of crooks and criminals among graduates of any university. When you see someone using celebrity endorsements in their advertising of health-, mental health–, “success-,” or “wealth-building”–related products, this is a big red flag. This sign usually means that there is no scientific evidence of effectiveness, and a “guru” is offering you an overpriced and useless product or service, i.e., snake oil. Chapter One discusses evaluation of the strength of evidence. In summary, competition will ensure that a “secret of easy wealth” will stop working if it becomes known to just a few people, not to mention thousands of people.

3) From the crowd effect follows the related “secrecy principle”: if a trading system were profitable, then the author(s) would be using it for their own profit instead of revealing it to other market participants. We can prove this principle as follows. If the trading system is profitable, then the inventor can grow the profits by reinvesting them into the system and increasing the size of her transactions. The inventor can also increase her profits by investing other people’s money and charging fees for money management. The growth of profits will be possible until large transactions start to affect the price of the financial instrument. After that, the profits will stop growing. In other words, at some point, the sheer size of an order placed by the inventor of the system will be driving the price up (buy order) or down (sell order). This situation will make the trade either unprofitable or barely profitable. At this point, we will assume that nobody knows about the details of this profitable trading system except the inventor. As you can see, it makes no sense for the inventor to sell her profitable secret to the public at the early stage, when further growth of profits is possible. It also makes little sense for her to sell the secret to the public when the profits have plateaued. Why risk losing the gravy train for the sake of the uncertain profits that may come from selling the system to the public? What if the proceeds from the sale of the system (as software, videotapes, or books) will be much smaller than the current profits? After all, the market is flooded with get-rich-quick books and books about trading. The existing profits will disappear once other traders start using this system (the crowd effect). Thus, it will be more reasonable to continue to receive profits from the system and to keep it secret (the secrecy principle).

Whenever someone is trying to sell you a secret of easy money that will give you financial freedom for the rest of your life, you can do a little math. Let’s say we believe the seller’s claims that there are piles of money out there that anyone can put in their pocket without much effort. Then why would the seller yield all these piles of money to you? If the amount of easy money is sufficient to give you financial freedom, then there must be at least $30,000 per year of “unclaimed money” lying around somewhere. Why doesn’t the owner of the secret just pocket all this easy money, leaving nothing to you? Is this because the supply of the effortless money is unlimited? No, that’s impossible because the seller of the secret is not the richest person in the world. Besides, trading profits are always limited because large transactions will start affecting the price of a financial instrument. Is the promoter offering you access to the effortless $30,000 because you will pay him $20 (for a book), $100 (for software), or even $3,000 (a fee for “an advanced seminar”)? That’s ridiculous. To the promoter, forgoing the effortless $30,000 in exchange for $3,000 doesn’t make any sense. If presented with a choice, any idiot would take an easy $30,000 instead of a more difficult $3,000 that one has to earn by providing a seminar. The situation will be even more laughable if you multiply these figures by the number of potential buyers of the secret of financial freedom. Therefore, when someone is promising you financial freedom for a small fee—for example, if they are trying to sell you an option trading technique—the promise of easy money is always false and the technique is useless. Otherwise the promoters would not have put it up for sale.

The only situation where selling the secret system to the public would make sense is when the system stopped working and became unprofitable for some reason. The inventor can still honestly claim in his advertisements that the system has made a lot of money. What the inventor will not tell you is that the system will never make money again. Note that it doesn’t matter if the parameters of the trading system are optimized to fit the past market data. Put another way, if backtesting shows that the system would have made enormous profits in the past, this does not mean that the system is going to be profitable in the future. Because markets are random, they are under no obligation to adhere to the patterns or formulas prescribed by any trading system.


There is also this “big secret” that maybe your trading approach does not have to right 100% of the time. If it predicts the market correctly 55% of the time, then it can be profitable if you always bet the same small percentage of your trading capital. Another “big secret” that some authors are selling is that your trading system can be profitable if it loses many small trades but wins a few big ones. These ideas are not new and, as beautiful as they are, the market is still random and will not bring consistent profits. There are already a great number of players trying to make money this way. According to the “crowd effect,” if there is a profitable trading method and many traders start using it, it will stop being profitable.

If the above arguments still have not convinced you that no one is going to sell you an authentic secret of successful trading, you can do the following. Ask the seller of trading techniques to show you his trading records for the last three years. You can ask him at least to name the average return on capital for the last three years. There are companies that will verify authenticity of any trading records for a fee.

You can look at the table of contents of a book that promises to teach you how to trade. If you do not see a chapter or section that describes the author’s trading achievements, then the book will not provide you with any useful information. If the author does describe his own trading results (not just one successful trade, but total results for the past three or more years), you can do some research on the Internet. You can find out if the author is a fraud or not. The vast majority of writers about trading and technical analysis have no trading achievements at all, even though they often call themselves “professional traders.” It is amazing that some of them can sell hundreds of thousands of books and hundreds of seminars without ever proving to anyone that they can trade successfully themselves. These clever folks are selling pure hope. They cannot give you a proven profitable trading system and they have never had one. Yet they will promise to teach you how to make a living by trading.

It is also possible that the above-mentioned scientific studies about successful day trading are fraudulent and were sponsored by the financial industry. The pharmaceutical industry generates a lot of fake science with impunity, so why not the financial industry? This industry benefits handsomely from the various trading fees and needs to maintain the myth or dream of successful trading. All your favorite books about trading could be disinformation sponsored by the same industry. The successful traders that you know could be fake businessmen created by the intelligence community, and their trading success could be well-planted disinformation or they may be making money off insider information. Alternatively, successful trading may require much better capitalization than you expect, for instance, an account worth several million dollars, so that trading profits are not eaten up by transaction costs. You need to question everything and do your own research. If you have decided to start trading financial instruments, keep in mind that the ruling elite sees all your stop orders and uses them for fun and for profits. It's easy to predict what will happen when the price reaches a large number of stop orders. It is better to use a "mental stop order" and to enter it into your calendar or diary. On the other hand, if you are a Windows, Macintosh, and/or Android user, then the powers that be see all this private information too. Linux and Graphene OS offer good privacy.

In conclusion, trading of financial instruments is an occupation where only a small minority of participants will be able to make a living. The majority of people will lose money. Therefore, it is best to avoid investing your savings in this activity.


Key points


Prepackaged profit systems

The same “crowd effect” applies to many profit schemes that various seedy elements sell to the public in the form of books, seminars, videotapes, or software. This B.S. includes real estate profit systems, multilevel marketing schemes, and internet profit systems. These methods worked well for the few people who invented these schemes or were the early adopters. By the time you see a profit system advertised in books, newspapers or on TV, the system is no longer profitable. There are too many people who are using it (“competitors”) and the crowd effect (competition) has eliminated high profits. Now the system is either not profitable or provides only an average return on investment.

When somebody offers to help you start a business for a fee, this person is doing some of the following if he/she is being honest: a) giving you some of her own hard-won clients; b) giving you some of her hard-earned parts of the market; c) forgoing profitable growth and expansion of the business "to help you start a business." None of this makes any sense because it means that the "teacher" is giving you millions of dollars in exchange for a few bucks. This transaction would make sense for you if this "helpful information" were sold to you alone in the whole world. On the other hand, if this info is being sold to thousands of people, then it cannot possibly help all these people start a successful business.

A return on capital of about 10% per year is an average investment return available in the stock market in the long term. This kind of profitability cannot make a person self-employed without substantial startup funds. If your living expenses are $20,000 per year, then you need to invest at least $200,000 just to stay afloat, if we ignore taxes and unforeseen events. It makes no sense for an inventor of a successful profit system to sell the know-how to the public if the system provides an above average return with low risk. (It’s not all nonsense; for example, there are some good books on the real estate business. These books discuss risks in detail and do not promise to make you rich [816].)

An example will illustrate this point. Let’s say someone came up with an authentic business idea that will allow you either {a} to triple your money within a year with negligible risk (0.01% chance that losses will occur) or {b} to earn $50,000 per year with zero investment required. Suppose the business requires one hour of self-employed work per day. This sort of business can give anybody financial freedom right here right now. Does it make sense for the inventor to mass-market this business idea as books, promotional videos, or seminars? Not really. The inventor of an authentic business can hire people to work part-time without disclosing the details of the business to them. She can pay them $20 an hour (the minimum wage in the U.S. is $7.25 an hour). She will gain over $40,000 per year per employee of almost effortless money in business “b” and maybe even more in business “a.” The inventor has a choice. {1} Hire a thousand employees, each of whom will bring over $40,000 of effortless money per year. {2} Try to sell one thousand copies of the book, each bringing about $10 in royalties and creating numerous competitors in this lucrative business. The choice seems obvious, doesn’t it? Even though managing one thousand employees will require some effort, the entrepreneur can hire managers and delegate most of the responsibilities to others. Suppose she has two more options: to sell one thousand promotional videotapes ($100 each) or one thousand seminars ($3,000 per attendee) about this lucrative business idea. Running the actual business with one thousand employees and no competitors is still far more advantageous. Therefore, keeping a lucrative idea secret and implementing it yourself is a far more profitable approach than mass marketing the idea to the public. This is the gist of the secrecy principle. This example demonstrates that no one is going to mass market an authentic secret of easy money in the form of a book, DVD, seminar, website subscription, and so on. Whenever someone is trying to sell you a profit system that will require little or no investment and will allow you to earn higher than average income, this information is guaranteed to be useless.

The secrecy principle does not apply to multilevel marketing (MLM) systems because propagation of information forms the basis of this sort of schemes. Yet the crowd effect (competition) is still applicable. It is unlikely that you can get in on the ground floor of a newborn (or new in your area) multilevel marketing scheme that will go on to become a wild success. Most such schemes go nowhere and your investment will be lost. If you try to join a multilevel marketing scheme that has already become successful (well-established in your area), then you are too late to the game. Society is oversaturated with such systems and there is hardly any room for further growth of these enterprises.

A typical MLM scheme is organized as a religious sect with a long list of myths designed to turn you into a believer. The recruiters are very nice and behave as your best friends (because they want your money). Almost everything they tell you is lies, unsupported by any serious evidence and intended to turn you into a source of passive income. The recruiters also have a comeback for every criticism of MLM; these counterpoints are all lies of course. The brainwashing is highly sophisticated and comprehensive. The unfortunate people who get entangled in this web of lies become a source of passive income for the top echelons of the pyramid for many years; what little income these new converts earn in MLM, they spend on MLM products. Relatives and friends start avoiding these poor people because MLMers are annoying with their constant attempts to recruit people into MLM or sell MLM products. Pitiful existence indeed. A tiny percentage (less than 0.5% [1008, 1035]) of newly recruited MLMers will become self-employed, but the vast majority will stay the slaves feeding the pyramid for as long as they remain in this system. This is because these victims buy MLM products at exorbitant prices, 2- or 3-fold higher than market prices, and then try in vain to sell this stuff at even higher prices.

The typical articles of faith of MLM teach you the following falsehoods: network marketing is currently the “fastest growing” type of business; prices of MLM products are not excessive because these products are “concentrated”; you will be able to quit your day job and become an MLM entrepreneur “within a year or two” (if you work hard); people who try to dissuade you from joining MLM are “dream-killers” and losers who do not want you to “achieve success”; MLM products are “high-quality” and “environmentally friendly”; the typical business model is flawed because a large proportion of the price reflects marketing expenses, as opposed to MLM where you can get a “lower” price because there are no marketing expenses; if you are properly motivated and believe in a “dream” then you will succeed in MLM, “guaranteed”; and on and on. If you are interested in MLM, at least try to listen to different opinions and review the research evidence presented by critics of MLM. If MLM recruiters’ lies are your only source of information, then you will be easy to enslave.

I know four people well who tried their hand at MLM. None of them succeeded. One quit after 3 years and now is a vice-president of a small company (which has 12 employees). Another guy is still in MLM after 9 years despite being unable to earn the minimum wage there, after so much time and effort. He got fired from the same company from the vice-president position (because he was bugging everyone at work, including the boss, trying to recruit them into MLM). Now he is working as a staff scientist at a research institute, and makes about 2.5-fold less money than he did at the above job. This guy still has a “dream” and listens to MLM motivational tapes regularly. Nine years ago, this guy’s MLM sponsor promised that this guy would start making good income in MLM in about one year and would be able to quit his day job. This poor chap still loves and trusts his sponsor. Two other people out of the four that I know continue to be believers (one after 9 years in MLM and the other after 5 years); they still work the same day jobs they had before joining network marketing. Both are proud of the small income that they earn in MLM (about one quarter of the minimum wage), and both spend this modest money and a large proportion of their main income on grossly overpriced MLM products.

Multilevel marketing is an excellent way to lose friends and alienate acquaintances and relatives. You should not envy people who have succeeded at multilevel marketing or at least claim that they have (to sell you on the scheme). It is a lottery and the vast majority of people who play the lottery lose their money. The continued existence of MLM schemes is based on these four misconceptions that MLMers are inculcating in their recruits:


  1. The majority of people can succeed at MLM. (If this were true, then only a tiny minority of the population would be working for a living and the vast majority of people would be enjoying comfortable passive income.)

  2. You don’t need any special talents to succeed at MLM. (False. You have to be a good salesman and a “motivator”; we will talk about motivational stuff later.)

  3. There are no limits to the growth of MLM companies. (False. The size of the population is limited and the percentage of people who would like to be in MLM is also limited.)

  4. MLM companies offer a good price for the goods that they sell to consumers. (False. MLM companies sell their stuff at exceedingly high prices, which, in my own experience, are not justified by the quality of these goods. Nobody would buy this stuff at a supermarket because MLM prices are way too high.)


The sky-high prices of MLM goods are what generates passive income for those in the upper parts of the pyramid. The cost of purchasing MLM goods (for reselling) is lower for those in the upper parts of the pyramid than those at the bottom of the pyramid. This situation is due to a special system of discounts. The bottom of the pyramid voluntarily transfers its money to the upper parts of the pyramid. Even with the discounts, MLM prices are still a rip-off [1008, 1035]. If the price is 2 to 3 times higher than a price at a supermarket and you receive a 20% discount, you are still paying too much. Therefore, it is disadvantageous to be at the bottom of an MLM pyramid. Now imagine the situation where 100% of the population in your geographic area (your city or state) participates in an MLM scheme. It makes no sense for those at the bottom to stay in the system, if they are thinking rationally. This is because a substantial portion of their income automatically goes to the upper parts of the pyramid and because there is no chance that they will assume a higher position in the pyramid. It makes even less sense for somebody who visits this geographic area to join the MLM system. This is “absolute saturation.”

We can make a reasonable assumption that about 5% of the population are interested in joining MLM and all of them have already enrolled in some MLM scheme. This is “realistic saturation.” This is a situation where further growth of the number of people enrolled in MLM is either impossible or too slow. (Population growth in the United States is about 1% per year.) Because MLM companies have existed for decades, it is likely that your geographic area has already reached a “realistic saturation” point. “Realistic saturation” has the same implications as “absolute saturation.” It makes no sense to join an MLM system at this point. The only two situations where it makes sense to join an MLM scheme are


  1. MLM has never existed in your geographic area. (For example, the territory of the former Soviet Union in 1991–1992 after the collapse of the communist system.)

  2. MLM has existed in your geographic area, but the MLM scheme in question is far more attractive than existing schemes. Some MLMers will be willing to switch to the new system.


The latter situation is possible but unidentifiable. Success or failure of any one scheme is difficult to predict and all of these schemes claim to be “the best and fastest-growing.” What you see at MLM meetings, where it seems like everyone in this business is enjoying unlimited prosperity, is an illusion. What is invisible to you are huge masses of people who tried this stuff and were never able to obtain any serious income from MLM [1008, 1035]. Either they are not good salesmen or they were too late to the game (MLM has reached a saturation point in their geographic area). A typical speaker at MLM meetings will be telling stories about how everyone was discouraging him from going into MLM, and yet he achieved big success because he was properly motivated. What you need to keep in mind is that no amount of motivation will lead to success if MLM has already reached a saturation point in your geographic area. (There are too many competitors and no potential recruits are left for you to sign up.) Another important point to consider is that if one person in a hundred succeeds at MLM, this does not mean that everyone can succeed at MLM. It is true that anyone can win a lottery, but the probability that this event will happen to any given person is too small. Besides, who is going to produce all the goods and services in the fantasy world where everyone is living off of passive income from MLM? Also keep in mind that MLMers are good salesmen and will say anything to get you to sign up because their livelihood depends on it. (Yes, they can lie and make up “inspirational” stories.)

To summarize, MLM is a form of gambling, and MLMers promote this activity as a surefire way to financial independence [1008, 1035]. If you join MLM, you are dealing with three random and unquantifiable variables:



Profit systems based on the “power of positive thinking” (not to be confused with the book by the same title) deserve a special mention. This approach means that if you dream about riches several hours a day and think and behave as if you were rich, then it is guaranteed that you will get rich. In my view, the correct title of this method is “the power of wishful thinking.” The scientific validity of this method is questionable because it means that your thoughts alone can alter the universe in your favor. This method also implies that the mind can control the brain; this notion is a fallacy.Z There is no scientific evidence that thoughts (without physical action) can change the physical world. There is no scientific evidence that obsessing about wealth is either a necessary or a sufficient condition for achieving wealth. There is plenty of evidence to the contrary. It is possible to win a lottery or inherit wealth without obsessing about it. There are numerous people who are obsessed with monetary wealth, for example, compulsive gamblers, readers of get-rich-quick books, and some owners of startup businesses. Yet the vast majority of these people will never achieve wealth (if we define wealth as being in the top 1% of net worth in the population).

The kind of proof that a typical “success guru” provides to back up the claims is laughable. There are no citations of scientific studies. There are no names, addresses, and phone numbers of people or organizations who can corroborate the claims. There is no documented evidence whatsoever. The author makes fantastic claims in every other sentence without any supporting evidence. It would be naïve to take this kind of information at face value. The “proof” that a typical guru presents consists of cherry-picked anecdotes along the lines of “I know a person who always dreamed about becoming an entrepreneur, and eventually he became a CEO of a company with 10,000 employees.” This is the classic logical fallacy, where a person assumes that event A causes event B if “B” happens after “A.” What about millions of people who dream about a bright future (for example, bipolar patients during a manic episode) and achieve nothing special? To give another example, suppose some success guru studies wealthy people and finds that they have some traits or habits in common. For instance, he may find that rich people tend to be self-confident. For a typical wealth/success guru this finding constitutes irrefutable proof that if you believe in yourself, you will get rich. If you recall the discussion of strength of evidence in Chapter One, this is the “correlation means causation” fallacy. Does confidence cause wealth or vice versa?

Nonetheless, it is inevitable that the “positive thinking” approach will be (or will appear to be) successful for a small percentage of the followers by coincidence. These people will become convinced that because their success happened after reading a book or attending a seminar, the success must be due to the mystical teachings of the author in question. This is what feeds the continued popularity of the authors who promote this approach. Another reason is that the effectiveness of “positive thinking” is difficult to disprove. Whatever the outcome, the promoter of the method has an ironclad alibi. If you bet your whole net worth on your startup business and the venture is successful, then the method is “valid.” If you fail, this means that you did not want to become wealthy badly enough and it’s “your own fault.” One of the hallmarks of pseudoscience is that a promoter of a theory formulates it in such a way that makes it impossible to test and refute it.

For the majority of aspiring entrepreneurs, this over-reliance on self-delusion and mystical rituals will be ruinous because these things can lead to taking of unreasonable risks. The constant dreaming about wealth and blind faith in other questionable rituals can distort the perception of reality. This delusional thinking will lead the person to believe that these exercises have reduced serious business risks. I had a cousin who was a fan of a popular writer who promotes this “positive thinking” approach to business. My cousin always wanted to become an entrepreneur. Being certain that the power of positive thinking cannot fail, he ran up big debts with loan sharks in the late 1990s. Eventually, he lost everything he owned and committed suicide leaving his wife and child penniless. This tragic story demonstrates the perils of magical thinking and reliance on voodoo methods in business. Therefore, if you wish to start a business, it is best to base your plan on hard facts and rational analysis, not on dreams and mystical rituals.

You will save yourself time and money if you avoid books and other promotional material that contain the following words in the title: rich, wealth, millionaire, trading, and financial freedom. All people that I have seen who give advice on how to get rich either inherited a fortune or got rich by selling advice on how to become wealthy. The latter category of authors has no other business achievements. A person who got rich by selling advice on how to get rich must be a fraud. When this person was starting out in the “wealth-consulting business,” he was teaching others what he could not achieve himself. The same is true of people whose only success lies in teaching others how to achieve big success. The whole notion that anyone (i.e., the majority of people) can achieve big success is illogical. Big success means that you have much more wealth, fame, or competitive awards than average people. The majority of people cannot be a thousand times better than average people in principle because the majority consists of average people.

The last part of this section will explain why wealth requires luck. Nobody will be able to teach you how to become lucky. Luck is beyond anyone’s control, and therefore it makes little sense to pay somebody for this sort of advice. You shouldn’t give a single penny to people who promise to teach you how to control luck by means of positive thinking. If these people had magical access to unlimited wealth, then they wouldn’t be trying to extract a few bucks from you. Instead, they would be giving their books away for free as charity.

You will also save yourself time and money if you avoid all kinds of motivational material [1009]. If you want to accomplish something (for example, to lose weight, learn a foreign language, or become a bodybuilder), then what you need is a detailed how-to manual supported by scientific evidence. You don’t need vague, long-winded reassurances. People write motivational material when they have nothing useful to say (have no proven methods) and can only appeal to blind faith. There is not a shred of scientific evidence that motivational books, seminars, the law of attraction (clever people call it “the law of extraction”), and so on, really work, other than through pure coincidence. The most typical logical fallacy in motivational writings is the confusion of probabilities, such as the following: “one person in a thousand can achieve this, therefore everyone can.” Another common fallacy among motivational writers is the assumption that the only way to become happy is to achieve wealth or great success. Thus, the discussion centers on luxurious things and material wealth. In the mind of a typical motivational writer, happiness is impossible outside the top 1% of net worth. This notion is false. There are plenty of ordinary people who are happy and who are neither rich nor successful, if we define success as being in the top 1% in any particular field [476, 523, 821]. Yet another fallacious notion in motivational books is that your perception shapes reality around you (and the related fallacy that you can change your perception by a mental effort). Motivational writers are convinced that if you think negative thoughts, then you will attract misfortune, whereas positive thinking will bring you happiness, health, and wealth. Scientific evidence shows that this is incorrect and, in actuality, brain chemistry shapes perception ([725, 813] and endnote Z). Both optimism and effective functioning of a person in society are consequences of having a healthy brain. “Positive thinking” is not the cause of anything; it is the result of certain biochemical processes in the brain. In other words, motivational writers are confusing cause and effect. The notion that negative thinking brings misfortune is false too. Statistical studies show that people who are “somewhat unhappy” achieve a much greater increase in income than people who are very happy, on average [476]. Furthermore, it is a scientific fact that humans cannot change their mood at will, i.e., by a purely mental effort. If people could start thinking positively or negatively whenever they wanted to, then such mental disorders as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder would not exist. Some motivational writers cite the placebo effect as scientific proof that positive thinking works. In reality, rigorous scientific studies show that placebos don’t work [32, 33, 904, 931]. In other words, the placebo and the associated “positive thinking” are powerless. In addition, mental exercises do not improve brain function [917, 918, 1023], and this observation further proves that the mind is powerless against the brain. Furthermore, it is a proven scientific fact that a person can change mood and mental abilities by applying physical treatments to the brain. People can do this, for example, by consuming psychotropic drugs, certain types of food, or by changing body temperature (Chapters Two and Four). In other words, you have to change the biological workings of your brain in order to see any significant changes in your life, including if you want to start “thinking positively.” Thus, you should not take seriously a person who is going to teach you how to use positive thinking to become rich, healthy, and beautiful. In summary, the motivational stuff will be a waste of your time and money for two reasons: a) it will lead you in the wrong direction; b) it will not even help you to attain the wrong goal.


Key points


The perfect scam

Amazon.com has become a fertile ground for all kinds of scammers, who, for several dollars, will teach you how to create a profitable website or a wildly popular blog, how to write a bestselling book, how to start almost any kind of successful business, how to earn a living by selling ebooks, how to make all your dreams come true, and how to cure any disease. The main reason for this proliferation of B.S. artists is that it is easy to fake reviews of books and ebooks on Amazon.com. Before December 2012, any author could create dozens of different identities using the same credit card. Creation of each identity requires a single purchase of some stuff on Amazon.com; after that, this identity can post reviews of various products on Amazon.com. Some of the ebooks on how to sell ebooks have over a hundred ecstatic reviews, and if you look closely, most of them were written by the same person. In December 2012, Amazon started cracking down on reviews of books written by the author of the book (under different identities) and by his or her relatives. (Amazon can see the real identity of the authors and reviewers.) Unfortunately, the main source of bogus reviews is still wide open: swapping of reviews among authors (without reading the books/ebooks). This method can generate several dozen fake reviews within a few months. There are several websites and message boards where authors actively swap reviews (the “Community” link on CreateSpace.com and the “General” forum on the KDP Community website, to name a few). Or you can contact random indie authors and ask to exchange reviews. Ebooks are cheap and can have free promotions; accordingly, nowadays, many of the fake reviews have the Amazon Verified Purchase sticker.

The most successful money-making scheme on Amazon.com is probably the give-me-three-dollars-and-I-will-show-you-how-to-sell-ebooks scam. By my estimates, this kind of self-publishing scammers can pull down more than $3,000 a month in ebook royalties. On Amazon.com, various versions of this scam are successfully run by the following authors: Steve Scott, Tom Corson-Knowles, Michael Alvear, David Gaughran, and Alex Foster. This is how this scam works.

The real secret to making money in ebooks is the Ponzi scheme where the income of the author grows because he claims that he knows how to sell ebooks, and you start to believe the claims because he shows you (truthfully) that his income and web traffic are growing exponentially. In other words, to sell more ebooks you need to write ebooks on how to sell more ebooks.

If you wish to follow this unethical “formula of success,” then self-publish some Kindle ebooks on how to market ebooks. There is no limit on how small your ebooks can be: on the Kindle Direct Publishing website, you can even publish ebooks that contain no text (only a book cover and a title). After that, generate several dozen fake reviews by swapping reviews with other authors. The advice you are selling should be general, basic, and different from what you yourself are doing. Alternatively, it can be detailed but still different from what you’re doing. Entice new customers with free ebooks or documents (in exchange for an e-mail address), sign them up for a newsletter, and invite them to visit your blog where you show them your growing income and web traffic as proof that you “know” how to sell ebooks and how to make money online. To increase your blog traffic, blog about how to increase blog traffic and give away free ebooks on this topic (with links to your blog). The most basic principle that you need to keep in mind is the following: To make money online, you need to sell advice on how to make money online. To increase your web traffic, publish information on how to increase web traffic. It doesn’t matter that the advice is useless or that you know very little about the topics you are writing about. Your advice will work by pure coincidence for some percentage of the followers, and they will be spreading the word about you.

Write and start selling numerous ebooks on various ways to make money online using Twitter, EBay, YouTube, Facebook, Craigslist, Fiverr, e-mail marketing, blogging, affiliate marketing, etc. You don’t need to know much on these subjects. Exaggerate and lie profusely regarding your biography and achievements. It will be difficult to verify this information. For example, if you are a housewife and your husband is the bread-winner in the family, you can say that you independently achieved success in business and have huge income (even if you don't). Or that you wrote several international bestsellers (even if you didn't). On your website and in all your ebooks, advertise to the visitors/readers your ebooks about ebook success and making money online. Keep publishing ebooks on various topics related to self-publishing success and online income and continue generating fake reviews for each new release. Voila! Having no actual online business, now you are making a nice living by selling the idea of starting an online business to the naïve. (Most of your ebooks should be about selling ebooks, writing of bestselling ebooks, and making money online.)

If you try to sell an honest (not fraudulent) ebook, you will discover that the ebook is making only a few bucks a month or less and none of the B.S. advice sold by the above-mentioned authors makes any difference. Unfortunately, your ebook can start to make real income only if Amazon’s editors like it and start promoting it (and the book takes off). Such a coincidence happens roughly to one ebook in ten thousand. There is nothing you can do yourself: self-publishing is not a “business,” it’s a lottery. Unless, of course, you are not averse to selling misleading advice.

If you are still curious about the “how to make money in epublishing” advice sold on Amazon.com, then buy such an ebook, read it within seven days, and return it for a full refund. In actuality, the most destructive effect of all these books about “ebook success” is not the small amount of money that you will lose (usually $2.99) if you buy this nonsense. The most serious problem is the huge waste of your time because if you become a believer and follow the useless advice in those books, you will spend months and years in vain trying to start an ebook business. Each month, the above-mentioned B.S. artists are sending thousands of people on a wild-goose chase. On the other hand, the are some authors who promote self-publishing because of this erroneous belief: self-publishing works for a person who has made a name in traditional publishing, therefore self-publishing will work for everybody else. Aaron Shepard, Guy Kawasaki, and some others are in this category. They are not scam artists, but they are mistaken and you shouldn’t take their advice seriously. Amazon has been promoting Guy Kawasaki’s book about self-publishing on every corner.

Some Amazon customers post authentic 5-star reviews for such books before they even read them: this is how exciting and inspiring the idea of self-publishing can be (and how crafty and insidious B.S. artists are). These reviews say something like “Thank you so much for opening my eyes to the enormous possibilities of epublishing! This is a very interesting book and after I finish reading it, I will epublish my novels and become an indie author!” These reviewers are thanking the B.S. artist for telling them what they want to hear, namely, that the dream of self-publishing success is alive. None of these reviews say how much their ebook sales increased after following the advice; even if some claims are made about ebook sales, the reviewers are not showing their real names. Thus, there is no way you can verify the claims.

Amazon generates tons of customers for the epublishing B.S. artists through deceptive promotion of its self-publishing platforms: Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) and CreateSpace (more on that in a moment). Of course, Amazon pursues its own interests: by attracting tens of thousands of self-publishing authors to its websites, Amazon receives income in the form of various fees related to print self-publishing (via CreateSpace) and receives cheap content via KDP (ebooks that sell for 99 cents with regular free promotions). A person who spent a year or two writing a novel (about $40,000 worth of labor) and then self-publishes it for free on Amazon.com—without an advance payment from Amazon—does a huge favor for Amazon, especially if this person sets the lowest possible price, 99 cents (65% of these revenues will go to Amazon). Self-publishing authors are building Amazon’s website at their own risk and at their own expense. Misled by Amazon’s lies, some of them quit their day jobs hoping to finish long-abandoned manuscripts and to start a lucrative self-publishing career. In addition, Amazon receives free promoters: self-publishing authors attract traffic to Amazon.com when they promote and advertise their self-published books and ebooks, hoping to become rich and famous. These people drive traffic to Amazon.com at their own expense, of their own free will.

Why are Amazon’s practices deceptive? Because Amazon is luring self-publishers with success stories and does not tell them that these success stories only happen to approximately 0.01% of self-publishers. Amazon also doesn’t tell the self-publishers that it selects and promotes a tiny minority of self-pubbed ebooks at its own discretion (1.0 to 0.1% of ebooks), and this promotion (such as “Editors’ Picks” on Amazon’s website) is the main reason that some of these books go on to become bestsellers. A half or more of the self-published ebooks that Amazon chooses to promote are written by authors who already achieved success with traditional publishing and have a substantial fan base. Amazon also does not tell the self-publishers about the dismal statistics of self-publishing, namely, that without promotion by Amazon, an ebook is likely to earn $0 to $5 a month. Active promotion by the author on the Internet will not increase sales by much: by my estimates, this kind of “business” generates about one dollar of net income per hour of promotion. (Ebooks about the “ebook business” are a different story: they are selling like hot cakes regardless of quality of the content.)

Amazon is also lying in its KDP Newsletters when it presents the success stories in the section “Your Voice.” In actuality, this is not “Your Voice”; this is the voice of the luckiest top 0.01% of self-publishers. Amazon should just come out and say honestly that the success of these people is due to either promotion by Amazon’s editors or past success with traditional publishing. Amazon is also lying in its home page ads that occasionally feature some successful self-publisher (hand-picked and made by Amazon) with the byline: “One of thousands of independent authors being discovered by Amazon’s customers.” A truthful statement would say “One of about a dozen independent authors discovered by Amazon’s customers as a result of promotion by Amazon.”

Amazon’s CreateSpace runs (at least used to run) deceptive internet ads on various indie author websites, something like “Self-publish your book today and start earning real income with kinetic marketing.” Kinetic marketing is a technique that involves social media websites, and it was invented by some guy hired by CreateSpace (to be precise, that guy invented the clever-sounding term: there was nothing new about this approach). There is no documented evidence that this method works or ever worked for anyone. There is no statistics on the percentage of people who can earn a living among those who try kinetic marketing. CreateSpace’s website also lists grossly overpriced marketing and publicity services. There is no verifiable evidence that these services pay off for any self-publishers; thus, these “services” are nothing more than snake oil. The deceptive promotion of self-publishing by Amazon was most active during 2009–2014; as of July 2015, Amazon seems to have stopped or toned down most of these activities.

Self-publishers fall for Amazon’s deceptive tactics because they got used to the image of the customer-friendly and hugely successful company who they trust. The prospective self-publishers have no idea that a large part of this success is the result of screwing publishers and authors for many years. For instance, Amazon allows customers to sell used books on the same web page where a publisher is trying to sell a new book. For a self-publisher who sells one or two books a day, it makes no sense to advertise such a sales page. This is because at some point, Amazon’s customers will start buying used books almost exclusively: they are priced much lower and the supply of used books exceeds the demand. Print self-publishing generates a lot of business for vanity presses (such as Amazon’s CreateSpace) but not for authors. With respect to ebooks, Amazon’s policies also favor readers at the expense of authors and publishers. Amazon lets customers buy an ebook, read it, and return it for a full refund within 7 days, no questions asked. The author/publisher gets nothing from this transaction. To give another example, when someone purchases an ebook as a gift for somebody else, the recipient of the Amazon.com gift card can use it to buy something else (again, the author/publisher gets nothing). If you wish to read more about the statistics of self-publishing, see my book about formatting of ebooks. It's also a good idea to familiarize yourself with popular fraudulent schemes in general: this is the best investment of your time because it will save you a ton of money.


Key points


Gambling

Pure gambling activities where the outcome of the game is random, such as craps tables, slot machines, blackjack, roulette, and the lottery are a waste of time and money. These activities may have some entertainment value, but one should never hope to make money or to get rich by means of these games. This principle is obvious to the majority of the population, but the pages below try to explain this to the minority of readers who believe that they can make money through gambling.

First, on average, a loss is more likely than a profit in gambling because the providers of gambling activities charge fees for the use of their games. Second, in games where the outcome is purely random, it is impossible to devise a system that will produce consistent winnings. You will be able to generate consistent profits only if you can identify some predictable patterns or predict certain outcomes of the game. If you could predict certain outcomes reliably, this situation would mean that the game is not random: this is a false assumption about games of chance. The outcome is always random in games of chance and therefore consistent profits are not possible. (There are rare exceptions such as live poker today and blackjack several decades ago; we will talk about them later.) The following is an example.

Let’s say you flipped a coin five times and it came up tails five times in a row. What is the probability that the next time you flip the coin it will come up heads? On the surface, it may seem that you have identified a predictable pattern and now the fortune is on your side if you bet on heads. The probability that a coin will come up tails six times in a row is small: 1/64. Therefore, you might figure that in this case, the probability of heads after the sixth coin toss should be 63/64 or 98.4%. But the probability of heads is still 50%, regardless of what you saw in the previous rounds of coin flipping. Thus, the game is still random and unpredictable.

Certain activities that can help you to predict the outcome of some games, such as card counting in blackjack, are no longer effective due to various countermeasures implemented by casinos. People who will be willing to play blackjack against you outside of a casino are most likely familiar with card-counting techniques. Therefore, you will have no advantage and the outcome of the game will be random.

Third, the common misconception among people who like gambling is that persistence will increase the probability of winning. They believe that if you lose one game, you shouldn’t be discouraged and should keep playing and this persistence will increase your chances of winning. Although the probability of winning will be greater if you play ten games rather than one, your losses will also be 10-fold bigger. The expected return on investment shrunk 10-fold: you paid (lost) ten times more money hoping to obtain the prize of the same size. The probability of winning increased also tenfold. This change did not make the game more favorable. If you multiply the probability of winning by the expected return on investment, this formula will give you the average return on investment also known as expected value. Expected value is always negative in any games of chance, whether you play one game or a thousand. Pooling of bets, such as lottery pools that some people participate in, does not change expected value either. In casinos, the negative average return on investment is due to the fees they charge for providing the games to the customers. On average, you will win 49 cents for every 51 cents that you will lose in a casino (the numbers are not precise, but you should get the idea). In lotteries, the negative expected value is due to the withdrawal of a large portion of the lottery revenues (usually 50%) by the government for its own needs. For example, if you collude with all other lottery players and buy up all tickets of a lottery draw for your single pool, will you lose or gain money? You will lose 50% of your investment despite having the winning ticket in your pool. (We are assuming that your share of the winnings is equal to your share of the pool; this is a fair arrangement.) The lottery is a bad investment and the great majority of people will keep losing money no matter how often they play or how much money they spend on lottery tickets. For this reason, some people call the lottery “a tax on stupidity”: the government collects this money from the population, and this tax only applies to people who are not good at mathematics.

People who spend their disposable income on gambling instead of saving will reduce their chances of achieving financial independence at the retirement age. This is because they will forgo an opportunity to invest profitably thanks to such wasteful activities as the lottery. Put another way, these people will give up low-risk financial independence at the retirement age in exchange for a dream about quick and easy financial independence tomorrow. Because of the compounding of investment returns, the failure to save and invest today will result in a bigger loss in the future than it may seem at first glance. Let’s say an index fund provides you with 7.5% annual returns on average over a period of 30 years. If you lose $1000 through gambling this year, this means that you gave up the opportunity to have 8,754 dollars in 30 years. (This is $1000 times 1.07530. The amount may be somewhat smaller because you may have to pay taxes when you cash out. It depends on your retirement plan.)


Key points


Online poker

My view is that internet poker is a form of pure gambling, where winning is random and unrelated to skill. We saw earlier that games where the outcome is purely random will cause losses for the majority of people and significant gains for providers of the gambling activities. Live poker is different in that the skills do matter and a minority of talented people can win consistently over time, even though the outcome of any one game is random. Internet poker is pure gambling because it obviates the two advantages that a skilled player can have:


  1. correct estimation of odds of winning or losing a hand;

  2. “acting” (such as bluffing) and “reading” of other players.


The use of odds calculators on poker websites is widespread and not against the rules. Odds calculators eliminate the difference between skilled and unskilled players because this software will allow anyone to make intelligent decisions in a poker game. An odds calculator plugs into an online poker table and shows you pot odds and simple odds of winning a hand, no input of data is necessary. This software often has other useful features, such as tracking and analysis of behavior of the people you are playing against. For example, after you have played 10 or 20 hands, it can tell you if a player is tight, loose, aggressive, or passive. The software can also show you discarded cards in some cases and you can find out if a player was bluffing after the fact.

Bluffing, reading of players, and other psychological tricks that are crucial in live poker are irrelevant in online poker. You can neither see nor hear your opponents. In case you are wondering, there is no software that will allow you to determine if somebody is bluffing or not. Some people might say that you can vary the decision time or read what others are typing in the chat box or use the player profiles compiled by your poker software. These methods are useless and do not make online poker a “people game” that live poker is. Online poker is a mechanical game similar to a slot machine.

Most poker professionals do not list online poker tournaments among their achievements. This is because you cannot win consistently in online poker and the outcome of this game is random regardless of your level of skills. In live poker championships, you see the same group of people among the winners year after year. This observation suggests that skills and talents matter in live poker (but there is a great deal of luck too). In online poker championships, the winners are random and you never see the same people win this game repeatedly. These observations suggest that luck is all that matters in internet poker. In conclusion, my advice is don’t waste your time and money on internet poker. Also, you need to keep in mind that live poker is not for everyone and may be illegal in your geographical area. You need to check your local laws and regulations. The influence of luck in live poker is substantial and only a small minority of participants can make money consistently in this occupation. Therefore, live poker is not for everyone.


Key points


Safe investments

On the pages above, we reviewed the most popular types of activities that are believed to lead to “financial freedom.” The analysis shows that these activities are unlikely to help you achieve self-employment (even less likely wealth) and instead, will lead to financial losses with high probability. Let’s say you hate your boss, are sick of your job, and want to become self-employed. Should you start trading forex, play online poker, sign up with a multilevel marketing system, or engage in any other disadvantageous activities we discussed above? No, you shouldn’t. Either think of something else or, as the saying goes, be wise enough to accept things that you cannot change.

As we saw above, there are no investment opportunities out there that guarantee huge returns with low risk. In rare situations when such opportunities do arise, the discoverer exploits them to the fullest and does not advertise them in books or on TV. If someone’s purpose of investing is to get rich, this means that this person is relying on luck. For example, he wants to invest in a single stock, a single startup company, or a bunch of lottery tickets. This person will most likely sustain losses. On the other hand, there are at least three types of smart investments that do not require luck. They are a) a down payment on a mortgage, or if you already have a mortgage, paying off the mortgage faster than necessary; b) government bonds or bank deposits; and c) a stock index fund. These approaches can increase your net worth over decades with low risk. We already discussed government bonds and index funds above and will now talk about investing in your own housing.

Although a mortgage loan can be considered a liability (you owe a lot of money to the bank), an asset (your house or apartment) offsets this liability. This arrangement gradually increases your net worth because it allows you to build your home equity, which is the market price of your housing minus what you owe to the bank. Things are more complicated than this because of yearly fluctuations of real estate prices. You will sustain losses if you buy a house and then have to sell it several years later, during a downturn in the prices of real estate. Nonetheless, over decades, the prices of residential real estate go up at an average annual rate of 5.9% in the U.S. [529]. Therefore, if you are not moving frequently, getting a mortgage is a good idea. A person or a family who rent housing are losing their money in the amount of rent each month and are building their landlady’s home equity. In other words, if you have a mortgage, you are investing your monthly mortgage payments into your own housing. Given the price appreciation data of real estate cited above, we can conclude that the long-term return on investment in mortgage payments is close to zero. This situation means that mortgage payments build your net worth in the same way as if you were depositing them into a savings account that pays 0% interest. This state of affairs is due to interest you are paying to the bank on your mortgage loan as well as housing insurance, furniture, utility payments, and property taxes. They will offset the long-term increase of real estate prices. Nevertheless, you are in a better situation than a person or family who rent their housing. They are throwing away their monthly rent payments instead of depositing them into the zero-interest savings account, that is, the mortgage loan. Therefore, getting a fixed-rate mortgage is not a bad decision if the mortgage payments are comparable to the rent you are paying. Mortgage rates are comparable to inflation rates in many countries. If your salary increases at the same rate as inflation or faster due to promotions, raises, or indexing, then you may consider your mortgage an interest-free loan. Thus, investing in the housing that you can afford is a good investment strategy. The key phrase here is “housing that you can afford,” meaning that you should be able to easily make the monthly mortgage payments at your level of income. If the sum of your monthly debt payments, including mortgage, constitutes about 25% of your gross monthly income (before taxes and contributions), this is an affordable mortgage loan.

There is one exception when renting is better than having a mortgage. If you are trying to start a business or if you just started a business, renting will be less stressful: getting a mortgage will be a bad idea. If you have plenty of money to invest, then buying real estate and renting it out will be a good low-risk business, provided that you study this business well and you plan on staying in this business for the rest of your life. You should not invest at peak prices; you need to wait for several years for a low or relatively low price by watching price charts. Meanwhile keep your money in a bank deposit. On the other hand, if you have high income and want to save money for a different kind of business, unrelated to real estate, then you should not put your money in real estate and instead save it in bank deposits (protected by government insurance). First, you will not lose money on commissions of realtors when buying and then when selling real estate. Second, you won't have to spend your time on real estate business and will be able to concentrate on your main job. Third, you will not lose money because of possible fluctuations of real estate prices.

Investment in gold is also a good way to preserve your savings, but you have to wait for years for an attractive entry point, i.e., a low or relatively low price (watch price charts). This approach makes sense only if you are planning on holding gold for decades. Gold is a grossly underpriced commodity because its price has been kept artificially low for decades by a conspiracy of leading nations and through various trading tricks (such as selling/shorting during low-volume trading periods). Brainwashed readers are probably rolling their eyes after reading the C word. An untampered-with gold market reflects real inflation pretty well; naturally, the government does not want you to see real inflation.

If you want to be a successful person, you should always use your own head and disregard what the majority of people believes and thinks. They are brainwashed, not successful, cannot think logically (not familiar with typical logical fallacies), not free (following orders every day), not very smart, and not very healthy. "The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation" (Henry David Thoreau). People with excellent health are a tiny minority, this includes mental, physical, and dental health. When was the last time you saw a person with glowing health in real life? Most people do not have an enviable life and state of health. I am not saying that the majority is always wrong; rather, it is usually wrong on important topics. The average person thinks that anyone who does not believe official sources is crazy. In reality, if you reject the majority opinion, then you are a thinking smart person.

Regarding stock indexes, considering that the powers that be want to, can, and do manipulate all major financial instruments (there is no free market of gold, currencies, bitcoin, stock indices, etc.) and that they have a huge information advantage over you, a stock index can no longer be considered a long-term profitable investment [1162 – 1170, 1181, 1196 – 1198, 1207 – 1211, 1213, 1216 – 1231, 1233, 1235 – 1248, 1267 – 1271, 1273 – 1278, 1293 – 1299, 1302 – 1304, 1308 – 1310, 1316, 1319 – 1323, 1325 – 1327, 1333 – 1336, 1355 – 1359, 1365, 1368 – 1373]. In particular, I doubt that there are large corporations that are private. Furthermore, if you are investing in large corporations, then you are giving your money to the ruling elite, that is, you are building your own prison. Therefore, of the types of investment mentioned above, only real estate (if you are earning rent income) and gold are relatively stable and profitable long-term. Investment in bonds (or a bank deposit) will probably be somewhat devalued by inflation (I mean real inflation), but it's still a good temporary store of value. Another long-term investment that can be profitable is your own business (you have full knowledge and control of what's going on), but it is too risky for the vast majority of people, i.e., it is not profitable for everyone.

You can also invest in more volatile but no less valuable assets such as silver and Bitcoin. In this case, you need to be absolutely sure that you are buying at a low price in an uptrend. The strategy is to buy a dip somewhere near a bottom and to hold indefinitely, i.e., you are investing at a good price, not trading. Because you will be holding for decades, you can disregard temporary losses and year-to-year fluctuations of prices. Remember that you are dealing with probabilities not certainties; therefore, diversification is a must. An all-time chart on a logarithmic scale will help you to determine whether the current price is above or below the historical average (this is a moving average, of course). Some peaks cannot be predicted; for instance, gold peaked in 1980 and stayed down for 20 years after that because the powers that be started suppressing its price through various machinations, secretly of course. This and other tricks made it possible to print money without causing an increase in interest rates and inflation. Publicly available data would not have helped you to predict this long-term downtrend of gold prices. You need to ask yourself how likely it is that the financial instrument you are interested in will suffer the fate of gold. Do not listen to mainstream financial news because it's all brainwashing (just like mainstream media). Use your head, listen to alternative media, and do your own research, or if you feel that this field is too complicated, then choose the most conservative strategy and stay out of investing altogether.

Regarding cryptocurrencies, get used to fluctuations, they mean that you are holding a fast-growing asset. Be sure to choose a Bitcoin wallet that supports the lightning network (faster transactions and lower fees). You can make your new Bitcoin wallet untraceable if you fund it through Monero and use VPN. Also it's a good idea to use and support decentralized social media and means of communication such as torrents, Tor browser, Bastyon.com, Qortal.org, nostr.com, and Blockchain DNS.


Key points


The role of hard work

Returning to the subject of wealth, some people do get rich quickly, so why can’t you? Do these people work harder or are they smarter than you are? The weight of evidence suggests that this is not the case. For example, higher than average intelligence correlates well with higher than average income, but huge intelligence does not correlate with huge income; there is no correlation between IQ and net worth [24].

There are plenty of people in the world who work excessive hours and who will not get rich (for example, many of the owners of startup companies). On the other hand, it is possible to become wealthy without working (for instance, through the lottery, inheritance, or marriage) or without trying hard (for example, if your parents are well connected). A person who has a close relative who is a Hollywood star or director has a better chance of achieving big success than the rest of the population. Therefore, hard work is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for getting rich. We can define wealth as being in the top 1% of net worth in the population. The above observations suggest that achievement of wealth does not require either hard work or high intelligence, in general. Nevertheless, it is possible that attainment of wealth requires high intelligence and hard work if the person is trying to do so independently. The relevant research data are lacking. Although hard work is subject to choice, intelligence is not (people are not born with equal mental abilities or identical brains [987]). Therefore, the influence of luck on your financial future is substantial even if we consider only these two factors.

A convenient indicator of hard work (i.e., effort) is average hours worked per week (or per year). There are some limited scientific data on the relationship between wealth and work hours. Dr. Eric French investigated the effects of net worth, wages, and health on work hours and on the likelihood of retirement. According to Figure 2 of the article [994], wealth increases with age (a well-known fact), but the number of hours worked per year decreases with age, on average. Thus, if we use average numbers for all age groups in the United States, higher net worth correlates with fewer work hours. I was unable to find studies on the relationship of work hours and wealth within a single age group.

If we look at income, research shows that the correlation of hard work and income is weak and limited. Among different countries, if we compare GDP per capita and average annual hours worked (2010 data), it is difficult to see a correlation [1015]. For example, Norway and Luxemburg have higher GDP per capita than the U.S., but they work fewer hours on average. On the other hand, South Korea and Mexico work longer hours than the U.S., but they have smaller incomes per capita, on average. If we look at a single country, in the United States, there is a moderate trend for longer work hours among higher income groups [995]. But the small differences in work hours cannot explain big differences in incomes. For example, people earning more than $500,000 a year work only 17% more hours than people making between $50,000 and $60,000. Also keep in mind that these are average numbers and there are people making $50,000 a year who work longer hours than some of those earning $500,000 [996]. In the graph “income vs. hours” there is a plateau around 50 hours per week (meaning that higher incomes no longer correlate with more hours worked). For example, the difference in the hours worked between people earning $250,000–500,000 per year and those earning more than $500,000 is negligible: both groups at around 49 hours a week. In New Zealand, the percentage of workers who earn more than 100,000 NZ dollars peaks around 50 hours per week and declines among people working more than 60 hours per week [996]. These data suggest that people earning the highest incomes in New Zealand are unlikely to work more than 50 hours per week.

Note that we cannot assume that the longer hours cause higher incomes, based on the above data. The reverse is also possible: higher incomes cause slightly longer work hours. For instance, a high earner can hire a maid and spend less time on household chores, choosing to devote more time to the career. We can conclude that the correlation between hard work and income is weak. Some factors other than hard work must have more influence on income.


Key points


The role of luck

There are many factors that influence the chances of getting rich. Most of these factors are not subject to free choice and have to do with luck. A combination of the following random factors predetermines the financial future of a person, with high probability:



The combination of these factors will have a strong influence on future income and net worth of the person. Unfortunately, a person cannot “earn” those factors. They happen to people by chance, that is, these things are the result of luck. Therefore, if we are talking about the independent approach to wealth, we have one variable that the person has control over: hard work. We also have about a dozen factors that are random and not subject to free choice. These random factors will determine how competitive and productive the person will be in the marketplace compared to other people (competitors). Thus, hard work alone will not be sufficient in order to achieve great success. The success in the marketplace will depend on the aforementioned combination of variables that are beyond your control. In other words, luck is a necessary condition of wealth. The implication is that advice on how to get rich is always useless because there is nothing a human being can do that will guarantee wealth or great success. Luck is beyond anyone’s control. Therefore, it makes no sense to pay for useless advice. Another reason why it is best to ignore the advice on how to get rich is that this advice is often based on magical thinking. Examples of common fallacies include


Fallacy 1. If you think and behave as if you were rich, you will get rich.

Fallacy 2. If you ask God (or “the universe,” “nature,” “the collective subconscious”) to give you wealth, it is guaranteed that you will get rich. According to some wealth gurus, now you can burn all bridges and undertake the riskiest business ventures—you can’t lose—because now “the universe is on your side.” [My comments: Studies of medical benefits of prayer show that it is not effective or at least not a reliable approach (reviewed in [932]). Of course it is possible that the universe is unwilling to give you health, but will give you wealth if you ask for it, although I find it unlikely.]

Fallacy 3. If you visualize (dream about) something positive every day, such as fame and fortune, it is guaranteed that this positive thing will happen to you. [My comments: If this were true, then a placebo pill would be an effective medical treatment. Placebos don’t work [931]. Bipolar patients often dream about wonderful things and do a lot of positive thinking during a manic episode. This optimism does not lead to wealth; on the contrary, mania and hypomania promote excessive spending and reckless behavior, which often lead to financial ruin [340].]

Fallacy 4. You are the only person in the world who prefers to buy cheap and sell dear. Other people are fools who do not want to be rich and who will be giving you their money in large amounts without a good reason. They will be buying stuff from you at prices well above the market price. They will also be selling their stuff to you at prices well below the market so that you can get rich.

Fallacy 5. Wealth requires certain personality traits, such as confidence (you should believe in yourself!), courage, self-discipline, and persistence. Once you develop those, then there is nothing standing between you and untold riches. If you do not have these personal qualities, it is your own fault because people can change personality traits by a mental effort.Z

Fallacy 6. There are no risks and no competition in the marketplace and you will be the only person who wants to get rich using the proposed approach.


If you see a “guru” peddling this sort of material, it is likely that you are about to become a victim of a scam [816, 1009]. Going back to definitions, material wealth is always relative, and we can define it only by how much stuff you have compared to other people. If everyone has a private jet, then you need to own ten private jets to be considered rich. If your net worth equals one million dollars, and the minimum wage is a million dollars per hour, then you are poor, not rich. It is useful to consider these three fundamental laws of economics [925]:


  1. Human wants are unlimited. In simple terms this means that the vast majority of people would choose to be rich if they could; they would also avoid being poor, if they could. No matter how much material wealth a person has, he or she will want more, in most cases.

  2. Resources are scarce, i.e., economic resources are always limited. For example, the amount of fossil fuels that people can extract in a given geographic area is limited; the budget of a local government is limited, and so on.

  3. Most humans always try to maximize utility; that is, they try to derive the most utility at the lowest possible price from every economic transaction. This principle means that the vast majority of people always prefers to pay less and to get paid more, all else being equal. If you see two refrigerators with identical technical specifications (and quality), you are likely to buy the one that has a lower price. Likewise, if you can choose between two identical jobs, you are likely to choose the one that pays a higher salary, all else being equal.


If we take these three laws into account—unlimited human wants, scarcity of resources, and maximization of utility—it becomes obvious that a person cannot get rich just because he has decided to do so. Other people are not going to give him their money in large quantities without a good reason because they want to get rich too. During any economic transaction between you and other people, other people will try to get as much money as they can from you if you are the buyer. They will also try to give you as little money as they can if you are the seller. Everyone cannot have more money than everybody else, hence only a minority of people can be rich. If someone is trying very hard, this does not guarantee that he will get rich. Previous paragraphs showed that how productive and competitive you are in the marketplace depends on many other variables besides hard work.

Don’t fall for the give-me-a-little-money-and-I-will-show-you-how-to-get-rich scam, which is one of the oldest fraudulent schemes in the history of mankind. Numerous authors have repackaged this scam in a multitude of formats (late-night TV infomercials, books, website subscriptions, videos, software, audiotapes, seminars, and so on) and sold it to tens of millions of people [1009]. Think about it: suppose someone knows how to make a million dollars easily with 100% guarantee and is willing to give you this information for a small fee, say $30. This proposition is equivalent to their giving you one million dollars out of their own pocket in exchange for thirty bucks! This is an illogical and unfair exchange for the seller of “easy wealth,” unless the seller is a charlatan and selling useless, untested, or false information. No wonder the advice in “how to get rich” books is almost always vague, lacking details, and heavy on motivation, New Age theories, or popular psychology instead of practical steps. If there were a concrete and reliable step-by-step approach to making a fortune, then the first person who learned about this method would milk it dry. This person would try to leave nothing to everybody else. (Economic resources are always limited, whereas human wants are unlimited.) A sane and honest person who knows how to make a million dollars easily will make that money without telling you anything. She will not try to sell you the million bucks for thirty dollars. This person may offer you a job, without telling you all the details of the business. Ask yourself why the vast majority of rich people do not write books on how to get rich. In rare cases, some rich people do not understand the role of luck in their good fortune and try to sell useless “how to get rich” tips to the masses. You can ignore this sort of information regardless of its source because there is no earthly reason that you can benefit from it, except through pure coincidence. (For example, you get lucky and, prior to that, you read a motivational book on how to get rich. This turn of events will create the illusion that the book caused your success.)

If you wish to get rich, you can try doing it slowly, for example, by getting a college degree, then an MBA degree, and then working your way up the corporate ladder. Because wealth requires great luck (see the example below), it will be unwise to take big risks or to make big sacrifices in order to get rich. To summarize, it makes no sense to pay for advice on how to get rich for several reasons:


  1. This advice is rarely new and you can find it for free on the Internet. You don’t need to buy a book or a promotional video if you can describe the whole system in two or three sentences. Read the reviews, negative ones first, and you will realize that it is senseless to pay for that trite advice.

  2. The advice in get-rich-quick books is based on magical thinking and will be unhelpful at best or will lead to financial ruin at worst.

  3. If someone had a fantastic business idea, it would be more profitable for the inventor to hire you as a part-time or full-time employee than to reveal you the details of the idea for a hundred bucks.

  4. Wealth requires luck and it is impossible to learn how to become lucky.


Please note that I am not saying that you will not become wealthy and will not achieve big success. My point is that the probability that any given person will become wealthy is miniscule. It is true that anyone can win a lottery, but the probability of winning is too small for any given person. An example will illustrate this point. Let’s assume that wealth means being in the top 1% of net worth in the population. In this case there is an approximately one in a hundred chance that any one person will end up in the top 1%. (To be precise, the last sentence should contain the phrase “in that person’s age group.” On average, net worth increases with age. For simplicity’s sake we will ignore the significant age-related differences in net worth.) What will happen if 50% of the population starts doing everything in their power to increase their net worth (which is the case in modern society)? Can 50% of the population be in the top 1% of net worth? No, they cannot. Only 1% of the population can be in the top 1% by definition. Therefore, whatever a person does, the chance that he or she will end up in the top 1% is small. The chance that any given person will get into the top 0.1% is smaller still.

Although this book aims to help readers improve some mental abilities, the fact remains that people have unequal opportunities from birth, including genetic differences in intelligence [987]. This book also proposes some techniques that may change certain character traits, such as impulsivity. Nonetheless, any two random people do not have identical character traits to begin with. Therefore, application of the proposed techniques will not provide everyone with identical high-quality character traits and equally high intelligence. The differences in intelligence and character traits among different people will remain substantial, regardless of whether the proposed methods are effective or not. How competitive you are in the marketplace depends on how your personal characteristics compare to those of other people. For example, if everyone increases their IQ by 10 points, then your competitiveness relative to other people will not change. Put another way, publicly available information on how to become smarter can increase your income [24], but it will not change your economic status relative to other people. This is because other people will also take advantage of this information. This kind of knowledge will not help a person to get into the top 1%. Therefore, the financial future of any one person depends on random factors, many of which are not subject to free choice.

The probability that a mentally retarded child born into a family of farmers in a third-world country will become rich is zero. This probability is higher for a healthy person with a high IQ who was born into an upper-middle-class family in a developed country. Note that the latter person did not “earn” the more fortunate circumstances, they happened by chance. In this case, the probability of achieving wealth is still negligible. This person will have to end up in the right place at the right time with the right set of skills in order to make a product or service that will hit it big in the marketplace. These circumstances are a lottery. (How many PC manufacturers had failed before the market was ready for this product?)

From the discussion above, it follows that people do not have complete control over their financial destiny. I do believe in the existence of free will,Q but the evidence presented above suggests that the role of free will in shaping a person’s life is small. In particular, your mind cannot choose your thoughts, needs, desires, interests, emotions, talents, and personality traits because they are the brain’s doing. It is the brain that controls the mind, not the other way around.Z You are free to pursue your desires, but you are not free to choose which desires you will have. It is likely that fewer than 10% of choices a person faces in life are free choices. The rest are the choices forced or limited by biological and environmental factors.

Nonetheless, in my opinion, it is possible to reduce bad luck. When you are not fully healthy and your brain is not functioning optimally, you experience bad luck or it seems that you are out of luck. The reason must be obvious: you are making bad decisions and are rewarded with a difficult and unpleasant life. On the other hand, if you achieve the best possible health and consequently optimal brain function, and will keep yourself in the best shape, then you will minimize bad luck and will improve your chances for big success. In my opinion, the only way to reduce clumsiness and the amount of errors at work is a strict diet (for a week or two) that is free of bread and all junk food (see the Natural Food Pyramid and its footnotes). Besides, I recommend reading Appendices VII and VIII and about hypomania in Chapter Four. If you have never felt great and never experienced hypomania, then you are probably sleeping not living.

Going back to the subject of financial destiny, the majority of the population cannot become self-employed entrepreneurs. Realistically, most people will do well if they get good education and find good jobs. Having a bearable boss will be crucial for your well-being, and you need to choose your prospective bosses carefully, for example, you can ask around among former employees. Current employees of the prospective supervisor will not give you an honest opinion because they are most likely scared of their boss. If the prospective supervisor appears to be nice during a job interview, this nicety may be a false impression because most bosses try to be courteous during the interview. Although you are unlikely to find a “nice boss,” finding a tolerable boss is feasible. By “tolerable boss” I mean someone who is not rude, or at least not very rude, and who will not make your life a nightmare by making unreasonable demands. If possible, choose bosses that are 20 to 30 years older than you are because it is easy to take orders (and occasional insults) from someone who is twice your age. Don’t waste your time and money on get-rich-quick schemes. Studies show that high income (and self-employment [513]) is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for being happy, although there is a weak to moderate correlation [476, 523, 997]. Keep in mind that in any occupation, as your career advances, you will receive more autonomy, i.e., you will become more like your own boss. Under the current economic system, you have a far better chance of achieving an above-average income if you get a good education and work for hire than if you try to start your own business. It is possible to achieve financial independence with almost no risk when you reach the retirement age, if you are prudent with your finances.

In conclusion, this book discussed many aspects of intelligence including academic, emotional, and social intelligence and even how to be smart with your money. This advice should simplify your life and help you become more productive. I update this ebook from time to time so feel free to download the latest version. Also check out my other ebooks: Make Your PC Stable and Fast: What Microsoft Forgot to Tell You and Fight Cancer.

Added in 2023: Despite all the potential problems and difficulties, you should try to become your own boss and avoid a mortgage and any other large debts. The plаndеmiс/scаmdеmiс of 2020–2022 showed that working for hire is no longer safe for your health; billions of people were forced to take a dangerous injection because they did not want to lose their job and miss a mortgage payment.


Key points


Summary of Chapter Seven

This book is unlikely to help you get rich but will improve your chances of successful self-employment. Self-employment depends on luck and does not correlate with intelligence. (Nonetheless, some occupations involve low risk.) Most startup businesses fail, and the chance that an average person will become self-employed successfully is less than one-eighth. Wealth depends on luck and does not correlate with intelligence. There is no direct correlation between wealth and work hours per week. Nonetheless, most people can become financially independent at retirement age.
[Previous Chapter Summary]


Appendices

APPENDIX I: Some recipes

APPENDIX II: A summary of the effects of various diets

APPENDIX III: A summary of the effects of various types of food

APPENDIX IV: Mental clarity questionnaire

APPENDIX V: Reading/writing productivity questionnaire

APPENDIX VI: My academic achievements

APPENDIX VII: 58 ways to change your lifestyle for health improvement

APPENDIX VIII: The raw diet
APPENDIX IX: Self-management of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder


APPENDIX I: Some recipes

Because I am not a professional chef, I have not been able to devise many recipes that conform to the requirements of this book’s diets. I am not a gourmand and when I cook for myself, I am not concerned with deliciousness of food, as long as food is natural and tastes OK. For example, when I live alone, on some days, I may eat nothing but boiled ground meat and raw vegetables without seasonings of any kind. This food tastes fine and is highly nutritious, but it is not “delicious” in the widely understood definition of this word. This kind of Spartan approach to food is not acceptable to most people and the pages below list some of the more civilized recipes. This appendix also provides a summary of the culinary requirements for those readers who are experienced with cooking and can invent their own recipes. Note that food can be both “brain-friendly” and delicious, but preparation of delicious food requires more time and effort. I recommend the book "Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and Diet Dictocrats" by Fallon and Enig, which contains tons of recipes of tasty dishes compliant with the Weston Price approach to nutrition (not all of them), which I endorse. Some of those recipes contain foods cooked above the boiling point of water (fried and baked foods); my advice is to consume such foods only on holidays. Fallon and Enig also recommend eating unrestricted amounts of sea salt instead of table salt and forbid the microwave oven. I have to disagree on these points; sea salt will make you constantly thirsty as effectively as table salt will; therefore, my advice is to supplement table salt with sea salt or Himalayan salt (at 20 to 1) and to reduce the total amount of salt threefold or more or avoid it most of the time. Sea salt and Himalayan salt contain large amounts of natural heavy metals, and you are likely to develop some new unusual symptoms if you suddenly replace table salt with these kinds of salt. My research suggests that physical effects of microwaving on food are indistinguishable from simple heating; but I would avoid microwave ovens because microwaves are harmful for the brain even at officially approved "safe" doses (see here and here). To be on the safe side, don't stay in the same room with the microwave oven while it's working or don't use a microwave oven at all; instead, heat/thaw food in a warm water bath. Many recipes published by Fallon and Enig require cheese, whole-grain bread, or tortillas; unfortunately, if you buy these foods in a health food store, they were likely made from chemical vinegar, refined salt, and flour that had been stored and therefore became unhealthy. If you choose to consume cereal grains, then you have to bake bread and tortillas yourself from freshly prepared flour. Keep in mind that cereal grains in any form will make losing weight, keeping your hair, and maintaining dental health more difficult. Some of Fallon and Enig's recipes involve alcohol: not a good idea. For the sharpest mind possible, it is best to avoid all alcohol always even if you are not prone to alcoholism. Despite these disagreements, I recommend "Nourishing Traditions" and the recipes therein. Some recipes are provided on the websites of Weston Price foundations: here, here, and here. You can also find some healthy recipes on the website of Linda Isaacs, MD, who successfully treats and cures cancer using a nutritional program.

When I say "disallowed" or "allowed" in the text below, I mean that the stricter the diet, the fewer errors you will make, and the smarter and healthier you will become.


Allowed foods: meat with average or high fat content, fish, eggs, dairy products (free of dietary supplements and other artificial ingredients), edible mushrooms, fruits and vegetables, pasteurized juices (free of additives), raw juices, natural fats such as melted beef fat, pork fat (cooked by boiling in water), and unrefined vegetable oils; raw nuts; raw water extract of whole-grain wheat flour or shredded whole grains; boiled or steamed whole grains are a special case because they are allowed in some diets and disallowed in others. Small amounts of sea salt or Himalayan salt are allowed in all diets except the fruit-and-vegetable diet. Unsalted food is easy to get used to and tastes OK; it is also possible to use natural substitutes of salt for cooking instead of table salt, as described below.


Disallowed foods: cured, smoked, canned or other processed meats; pungent spices and vegetables (garlic, onion, leak, hot peppers, radish; OK on holidays; people with slow metabolism can probably eat them everyday and not experience problems with anger); salted and processed cheeses; various artificial ingredients, such as food additives (white sugar, brown sugar, refined starch, gelatin, nitrates, nitrites, vinegar, coloring agents, and others), and dietary supplements (iron, calcium, vitamins, and others); typical sandwiches; white flour, noodles, macaroni, pasta, store-bought salad dressings, sandwich spreads, ketchup, mustard, dip, and other store-bought seasonings; any junk food, such as potato chips, cake, candy, cookies, pastry, pizza, hotdogs, hamburgers, chewing gum, and so on. Don't buy any kind of minced meat (ground meat) because it is contaminated with heavy metals shed by typical meatgrinders. It is acceptable to use white flour to prevent dough from sticking to the rolling pin and table.


Allowed seasonings. It is possible to devise seasonings that conform to the criteria listed above. There are many recipes of healthy seasonings in the "Nourishing Traditions" book. You can use beef fat or pork fat and small amounts of plant oils as a seasoning (with boiled food, not for frying). You can also add small amounts of sea salt or Himalayan salt (one-third of what you normally use, or don’t use any salt if possible). A good seasoning proposed by Sally Fallon and Mary Enig is a mixture of sea salt, apple cider vinegar, and olive oil. You can replace refined sugar in most cases with raw honey, rapadura, brown sugar, or highly sweet pulp-free fruit juices such as pineapple and grape juice. I do not consider brown sugar healthy food (even though it is better than white sugar). If you have time and desire, you can evaporate pulp-free sweet-grape juice to prepare your own healthy brown sugar. Dried fruits such as raisins are not a good alternative to white sugar because they tend to cause a lot of gas in the digestive tract.

You can replace table salt with a reduced amount of table salt supplemented with sea salt or Himalayan salt (at 20 to 1). Whereever I mention "sea salt" or "Himalayan salt" in recipes below, I mean the table salt supplemented with one of these kinds of salt. I believe that pure sea salt or pure Himalayan salt in usual amounts will cause health problems in most people. (I do not consume any salt.) Or you can replace salt with plant products that have naturally high sodium content and have a slight salty taste: celery, celery seeds, dill, parsley, spinach, wheat germ, or a combination thereof. This approach is not going to restore the full saltiness of your customary food and will add the spicy taste, which may not always be desirable. Nonetheless, this approach may be better than completely unseasoned food. Keep in mind that celery and spinach are a common source of food allergies. In order to get the most saltiness out of these foods, it is best to chop them finely and add them at the beginning cooking, such that these products are boiled long enough to release the maximum amount of sodium into the solution.


Allowed cooking procedures: juicing, grinding, grating, cutting, blending, and mixing of foods in any combinations; boiling and steaming.


Disallowed cooking procedures: any thermal treatments where temperature exceeds the boiling point of water: frying, baking, roasting, grilling, microwaving (the latter is allowed for thawing and heating of food), that is, any type of cooking that causes charring or browning of food. Do not pulverize any foods in advance and do not store them in powdered form because many nutrients will get oxidized during prolonged storage, according to Weston Price's research. For example, pulverize nuts in a blender immediately before consuming them and prepare whole-grain flour (using a home mill with the millstone made of granite or stone) immediately before baking bread or other grain products (as mentioned above, baked foods are OK only on holidays). Do not use a meat-grinder because it contaminates food with microparticles of heavy metals (when the blades rub against the perforated plate); instead, chop foods finely with a knife or pulverize them in a blender. Don't use a plastic cutting board, use a wooden one instead. If you have to mash or scrape something with a spoon, use a wooden spoon. Avoid any contact of a metal with highly acidic ingredients such as lemon juice or apple cider vinegar: cut lemons with a ceramic knife and handle apple cider vinegar with a plastic spoon. A blender is probably the biggest source of electromagnetic radiation in your home; therefore, don't stand right next to a blender when it is on, go to another room.

Minimize the contact of your foods and drinks with plastics: use glass, wooden, and stainless-steel utensils and containers instead of plastic ones as much as you can. Plastics get into your foods and drinks as micro- and nanoparticles, especially when high physical stress is involved (e.g., a working blender, dissolving honey in water with a spoon, freezing of foods in plastic bags, etc.). You need to dissolve honey with a wooden spoon in a glass cup. Cut meat with a stainless-steel knife on a wooden cutting board. Freeze foods in glass containers (keep in mind that if you pack foods into the container too tightly, then it may crack after freezing). Of course, you increase the risk of breaking the glass and cutting yourself. You can use glass utensils siliconized on the outside (less likely to shatter). A glass container with a liquid won't crack after freezing if you fill only half of its volume and tilt it by 45°. Use a blender whose cup consists of stainless steel and glass (no plastics inside the cup).


* * *


As you can see, these requirements are not too restrictive and allow for a great variety of recipes. If you have some experience with the Paleolithic diet, Weston Price nutrition, or Atkins diet, you will notice that you either can use some of your preexisting recipes or will have to modify them slightly. In fact, you can adapt any of your favorite recipes by replacing unhealthy ingredients with healthy ones and unhealthy cooking procedures with safe ones. I give some vivid examples below. If you have never followed any diets in your life, adjusting to the proposed style of nutrition may be difficult but not impossible. With some creativity, you may be able to modify the recipes that you regularly use and make them tasty too. The list of my own recipes starts on the next page. Finally, I recommend listening to audiobooks or your favorite podcasts during cooking (and other household chores); buy a special holster for your smartphone and use headphones. This way, it won't seem like these chores are taking up your valuable time. Do not listen to mass media unless you want to stay brainwashed (alternative media that have millions of listeners/viewers are also mass media and cannot be trusted). When you chop or cut something in the kitchen, you should turn off the radio and other distracting devices and focus on the task at hand because otherwise you risk cutting yourself.


VERY SIMPLE AND QUICK BUT NOT EXTREMELY DELICIOUS DISHES


Boiled meat. Using a microwave oven, thaw out one kilogram (roughly two pounds) of ground beef or other red meat (15–50% fat). Alternatively, thaw out 0.5 kilograms (a pound) each of ground beef and ground chicken (or another type of poultry, 7% fat or higher). Cut the blocks of thawed ground meat into cubes approximately 5 centimeters (2 inches) wide. Bring 0.5 liters (a pint) of water to a boil in a saucepan. Put the meat in the water, set the timer for 5 minutes or so, and wait until the mixture boils again. Reduce the flame and continue cooking for 3–5 more minutes, with occasional stirring to make sure that all meat is cooked through. Let the soup cool down and do not add anything to this dish (such as salt or spices). Do not discard the fat, most of which will float to the surface. The dish can be stored in the refrigerator for several days and it will congeal upon cooling. You can gradually consume the boiled meat by mixing it with other types of food, such as cooked vegetables or boiled grains. Although this dish is not filling and it is easy to eat one or two pounds at one sitting, you shouldn’t eat more than 150–250 grams (5–8 ounces) of boiled meat per meal on a daily basis. If you need to eat large amounts of meat, my advice is to ingest 100–150 grams (3–5 ounces) five times a day. This dish may seem bland at first, but if you get used to food devoid of any artificial ingredients, boiled meat will start tasting like the most delicious food in the world.

If you eat significant amounts of meat daily and prefer to spend as little time as possible on cooking, you can boil 2 to 3 kilograms of ground meat (4–6 lbs.) in a large saucepan and store the meat along with the broth in the freezer in plastic containers (0.5 liters or about one pint per container). You can then thaw the containers in a microwave at regular intervals.


Steamed chicken thighs. This is my most favorite food. Buy frozen chicken thighs or chicken hind legs in a grocery store. Skin and fat should not be removed. Pour approximately 8 centimeters (3 inches) of water into a midsize steamer. Put three frozen hind legs or four thighs onto the grid. If the frozen hind legs do not fit into the steamer, then break off the boney ends using a wooden hammer. Close the lid, put the steamer on the stove, and when the water starts boiling, set the timer to about 45 minutes. If the meat was thawed when you put it in the steamer, then 30–35 minutes of steaming should be enough. When the dish is ready, don’t discard the broth: you can use it in soup recipes. I do not recommend boiling preexisting broth because the formation of carcinogens and mutagens is much higher the second time around (because broth is thicker than water, it burns more easily when you try to bring it to a boil than newly made broth). You can freeze broth in plastic bottles and add it to other dishes after they are done, i.e., after you turn off the stove. Do not use any seasonings or spices with steamed chicken legs; they are tasty even if you are not accustomed to unseasoned food. This dish is not filling and it is possible to eat a tremendous amount and still feel that your stomach is empty. My advice is to combine the chicken thighs with boiled grains or cooked vegetables and to not eat more than one or two chicken legs per meal. Incidentally, frozen fish can be steamed in much the same way. Lately, I replaced chicken thighs with a boiled whole chicken, to which I add mushrooms during the boiling (the total cooking time is 1 hour). The key is to use a relatively small saucepan so that the water covers the chicken, but there is not much water overall. I eat the chicken together with the broth, supplemented with home-made veggie juice and sometimes with the seasoning made of sea salt (or Himalayan salt), apple cider vinegar, and olive oil.


The Zeus cocktail. When consumed three times a day, it will give you excellent work capacity and low need for sleep. When not working, you need to forgo this smoothie because otherwise you may experience problems with anger. To prepare a one-time dose, add a mixture of raw nuts (preferably soaked and dried beforehand as described in the "Nuts" section below), for example, half a walnut, 6-8 pumkin seeds, 2 cashews, 2 filberts (hazelnuts), 2 almonds, and 2 pistachios into a large blender cup (0.7 to 1.0 liter). Then add 50-70 grams of finely chopped raw meat and the same amount of finely chopped raw tail fat (see Appendix VIII regarding the safety of raw animal foods), one sliced raw tomato, and one sliced raw peeled cucumber. The vegetables are optional or can be replaced with a pulp-free vegetable juice. Add a glass of water. Turn on the blender. If it does not work well, then remove tough tendons from the blades and try again, and so on until you obtain a fine suspension. When drinking this smoothie, keep it in your mouth for 30-60 seconds to start proper digestion.


The kindness cocktail (orange sourcream). This smoothie will help to get rid of feelings of anger and to calm down. Even though it is loaded with calories and is highly filling, it normalizes weight. To reduce anger most effectively, you need to exclude or minimize meat, fish, nuts, and pungent vegetables in your diet temporarily. The kindness cocktail offers decent work capacity, especially when combined with a couple of raw eggs, although there is no comparison with the Zeus cocktail. To prepare a one-time dose, add 50-100 grams of finely chopped raw tail fat into a large blender cup (0.7 to 1.0 liter) (see Appendix VIII regarding the safety of raw animal foods). Next, add one sliced raw tomato and half a glass of water. Turn on the blender to prepare a fine suspension. When driking this smoothie, keep it in your mouth for 30-60 seconds to start proper digestion. If you have never tried this cocktail, start small and see how you feel. Do not eat honey in the same meal. It is important to cut off skin from tail fat because the skin contains considerable amounts of protein. The tomato can be replaced with two raw eggs and/or pulp-free tomato juice or vegetable juice containing tomato.


The kindness salad. Chop tomatoes, cucumbers (with the skin), and tail fat finely in roughly equal amounts. Mix well for 2-3 minutes so that the vegetables let out juices and these juices soak the tail fat well. Now you can eat it. It is important to cut off skin from tail fat because the skin contains considerable amounts of protein. Optional: season the salad with turmeric powder and with apple cider vinegar diluted 1:3 with water. The seasoned version is tastier but has no sedative properties and does not improve self-control (turmeric and the acid stimulate the central nervous system). Both versions will help to lose weight.


Low-calcium salad. Chop tomatoes, cucumbers, and bell peppers finely in roughly equal amounts. Grate beetroot (half the amount, with the skin) so that you have strips ~1 mm wide. Mix well.


Home ketchup. Use the recipe from the book "Nourishing Traditions" or find another recipe on the Internet, but use a blender instead of a meat-grinder, rapadura instead of white sugar, sea salt or Himalayan salt instead of table salt, and apple cider vinegar instead of regular vinegar. Measure the apple cider vinegar with a plastic not metallic spoon.


Home mustard. Use the recipe from the book "Nourishing Traditions" or find another recipe on the Internet, but use unrefined cold-pressed oil, rapadura instead of white sugar, sea salt or Himalayan salt instead of table salt, and apple cider vinegar instead of regular vinegar. Measure the apple cider vinegar with a plastic not metallic spoon.


Home mayonnaise. Use the recipe from the book "Nourishing Traditions" or find another recipe on the Internet, but use unrefined cold-pressed oil, rapadura instead of white sugar, sea salt or Himalayan salt instead of table salt, home mustard (see above) instead of store-bought mustard, and apple cider vinegar instead of regular vinegar. Measure the apple cider vinegar with a plastic not metallic spoon.


Home carpaccio. Cut raw beef, raw veal, raw horse meat, or raw chicken (with chicken skin and fat) into small pieces, not bigger than one quarter inch or ~0.5 cm. Raw chicken breast fillet is tender and easy to chew; therefore, you can cut it into large pieces, but it contains no fat (I recommend adding chopped raw tail fat). Can be eaten as is, seasoned with the home mayo described above, or added into a salad (see Appendix VIII regarding the safety of raw animal foods).


Home sushi. Finely chop raw filleted Atlantic salmon. This is the tastiest raw fish that I know of. Can be eaten as is (see Appendix VIII regarding the safety of raw animal foods) or made into sushi in one of the following ways. i) Cut several tomatoes in half and core them (eat the core). Stuff raw chopped salmon into the tomatoes and cover with a thin layer of mustard, mayo, or ketchup (see the recipes above); place small pieces of avocado on top. ii) Soak brown rice overnight, discard the water, and boil the rice without salt (or with sea salt or Himalayan salt) using a typical cooking procedure. Place a sheet of nori on a table, cover it with cooled boiled rice, and then cover the rice with raw chopped salmon. Roll it up, wrap into another sheet of nori, and cut into sushi rolls, which can be seasoned as above. iii) Cut a large cucumber into circles about 1 cm (half an inch) thick. Core them (eat the core) and stuff with raw chopped salmon. Wrap each with a thin strip of nori so that the salmon does not fall out. Eat as is or season as described above.


Tortillas. This ingredient is used in the book "Nourishing Traditions," but the recipe is not given unfortunately. You can find a recipe on the Internet but use freshly ground wheat (or its mixture with sprouted and dried wheat that is freshly ground) instead of regular flour, sea salt or Himalayan salt instead of table salt, and butter from a farmers' market (it will be pasteurized most likely, but this is not a problem here) instead of store-bought butter. You can use white flour to prevent the dough from adhering to surfaces (rolling pin, table, etc.).


Pita bread. This ingredient is used in the book "Nourishing Traditions," but the recipe is not provided unfortunately. You can find a recipe on the Internet but use unrefined cold-pressed oil, freshly ground wheat (or its mixture with sprouted and dried wheat that is freshly ground) instead of regular flour, sea salt or Himalayan salt instead of table salt, and rapadura instead of white sugar. You can use white flour to prevent the dough from adhering to surfaces (rolling pin, table, etc.).


Mozzarella cheese. This ingredient is used in the book "Nourishing Traditions," but the recipe is not given unfortunately. You can find a recipe on the Internet but instead of regular vinegar use apple cider vinegar. Measure the apple cider vinegar with a plastic not metallic spoon. It is important to use whole raw milk, and it's OK to employ the special enzyme for curdling the milk.


Boiled grains. Some authors (Ramiel Nagel) believe, as I do, that cereal grains cause tooth decay; therefore, it is best to avoid them or consume them only on holidays, and they need to be replaced with large amounts of animal fat. Cooked grains also increase body weight of people with slow metabolism. I am not convinced that pre-soaking of grains before cooking reduces their negative effects. If you buy whole grains at a supermarket, a convenient recipe for cooking is usually listed on the package. The following is a convenient way to cook shredded wheat (made from whole-grain wheat). Avoid shredded wheat that is light yellow in color: they do not make it from whole grain. You need shredded wheat that has a brownish grey color. Bring 4 liters (a gallon) of water to a boil in a large saucepan. Pour 650 grams (one and a half pounds) of shredded wheat into the boiling water and mix well. Reduce the flame, leave the lid slightly open, and set the timer to 3 minutes. It is important to avoid burning or charring of the cereal at the bottom of the saucepan. Stir the cereal every three minutes. The total cooking time is approximately 15–20 minutes. When you are stirring the cereal, if you notice that the shredded wheat started sticking to the bottom of the saucepan (but there is no charring yet), reduce the flame further. If you sense the smell of burning or notice black particles (burnt wheat) in the mixture, then the procedure failed and you will have to discard this dish or feed it to domestic animals and to start all over. If no charring occurred, then during the last 5 minutes of cooking, you can turn off the stove and close the lid. The dish is ready. If you eat a lot of boiled grains daily, then you can save some time on cooking by using an extra large saucepan to make about 8 liters (2 gallons) of boiled grains at once.

You can combine the boiled shredded wheat with cooked meat or cooked vegetables, or you can eat it as a stand-alone dish. It tastes OK when unseasoned. If you wish, you can add unrefined vegetable oil, pork fat, or beef fat at the end of cooking. Adding finely cut dried fruit (apricot, raisins) during cooking can improve the taste as well. If you have to use salt, add one half of the amount of sea salt or Himalayan salt. This dish is not filling and even if you eat up a large amount of boiled shredded wheat, you may feel that your stomach is empty twenty minutes later. This is normal and should not be a cause for concern unless you start to feel hungry. If you eat an equivalent amount of bread, you will feel fullness and heaviness in your stomach for many hours later. But my view is that bread can make you stupid, whereas boiled wheat will not, although both can slow you down.

The procedure for cooking of buckwheat is similar, except that you need to stir approximately every 6 minutes. Brown rice and oats need to be boiled longer: 35–40 minutes total, but they still have to be stirred every five minutes or so. You can go about your business while the cereal is cooking and the timer will remind you to stir every five minutes. You can eat most of these cereals with milk, which makes the meal tastier and more filling compared to cereals or milk alone.


Boiled vegetables. You can buy a frozen mix of cut vegetables at your local supermarket, if it satisfies the criteria listed at the beginning of this appendix. Fill half a saucepan with water and bring it to a boil. Put enough of the vegetable mix in the boiling water such that water barely covers the vegetables. Boil for 15–20 minutes. Can add tomato paste (free of additives), dill, and parsley during the last 5 minutes of cooking. When the soup is ready, you can add chicken broth (see above) and a little sunflower oil for taste. Do not remove fat from the broth. If you have to use salt, add one half of the amount of sea salt or Himalayan salt.


Nuts. Many of this book’s diets include raw nuts. Keep in mind that peanuts are not nuts, strictly speaking, they are legumes. You can eat a heaping tablespoon of pulverized nuts after a meal as if it were a food supplement and wash it down with fruit juice or carrot juice. You can also add the pulverized nuts to salads or whole nuts to a smoothie (which you will prepare in a blender). Nuts are a heavy food for your body, and you may feel bad if you start eating substantial amounts of nuts. After eating a large amount of nuts in one sitting, I always experience a chest pain in the heart area lasting for about one day; therefore, caution is advised. After studying traditional diets and Weston Price's research, Sally Fallon and Mary Enig propose to soak nuts overnight in salty water and then dry them in an oven at a low temperature. This procedure is thought to remove or reduce the amount of antinutrients that are naturally present in nuts and seeds to protect them from bacteria and insects. Indeed, I feel much better when I eat soaked-and-dried nuts instead of regular raw nuts. I soak nuts for 24 hours in distilled water and then rinse them in pure water, lay them out on a tray, and air dry them at room temperature with a fan for several hours and then for 1-2 weeks in the fridge. In my opinion, an exception is almonds because they seem to contain negligible levels of antinutrients. Almonds are rich in calcium, magnesium, zinc, and phosphorus: a unique combination among all known nuts and seeds. William Donald Kelley believed that almonds help to cure cancer (in combination with a proper diet). I soak almonds for several hours in distilled water to soften them up and then eat them together with this tasty water. Alternatively, I chop dry almonds finely with a knife and eat them as is or add to other dishes. If you live in the United States, keep in mind that most almonds are produced in California, and most of them are irradiated to improve their storability. It is not easy to find unirradiated or organic almonds in the United States. You don't need to soak coconut. You need to store any nuts in the fridge; otherwise, they may get infested by small beetles. You should never chew raw whole nuts; it's a good idea to pulverize them in a blender immediately before ingestion. This way, nuts will be much easier on your teeth. You can chew nuts in the following cases: 1) you soaked them for several hours, 2) you chew soft types of nuts with your front teeth first, assuming you have good front teeth, or 3) you slice nuts finely with a knife. Also see footnote # 46 in Appendix VII.


Fruit. Fruits rarely need cooking or special preparation aside from thorough washing, peeling, and cutting. Fresh fruit can serve as a snack or an appetizer with every meal. Nonetheless, in the context of a raw diet, fruits can strongly increase the amount of gas in the digestive tract. To solve this problem, you can prepare raw juice without pulp as follows. Pulverize some fruits in a powerful blender for 30 seconds (add water). Then dilute this puree twofold with water, and filter this suspension through four layers of gauze. The gauze needs to be washed with water several times before this procedure. When all juice goes through, resuspend the pulp in an equal amount of water and let the liquid pass through the gauze. Prepare a large volume of juice and freeze it for storage in plastic bottles. A blender is probably the biggest source of electromagnetic radiation in your home; therefore, don't stand right next to a blender when it is on, go to another room. An alternative, quicker method: add water to fruit in a blender cup so that the water covers the fruit completely; pulverize this in the blender for 30 seconds and pass this puree through a sieve (course screen) to quickly remove large particles. Mix the wet residue with an equal amount of water and pass it through the sieve again. Store this thick juice (contains pulp) in a fridge or freezer, and you can dilute it with half volume of water to facilitate subsequent filtration. Before consumption, pass the thick liquid through a fine-mesh sieve to remove most of the pulp. Some fruits, such as persimmon, are difficult to filter after the pulverization with water in a blender. You need to freeze and thaw this pulp; after that, the filtration will go smoothly. I don't recommend pear juice because it is very difficult to separate from pulp, although a 1:1 mixture of pears and persimmon works OK. Juice from sweet grapes is the most convenient in terms of the amount of sugar per unit of effort; I drink this juice every day. Grape juice (after a fine sieve) will cause zero flatulence if you pass it through a coffee filter (made of paper) and if you consume it half an hour before a meal and at least 4 hours after a meal. This way grape juice will be digested completely without any residue. So that the filtration goes smoothly, you need to fold the coffee filter appropriately (like an accordion) and use a funnel that has a stepped rather than smooth surface (the steps are perpendicular to the filter creases).


Carrot juice. Don't buy pasteurized carrot juice in a grocery store. It is rather easy to make carrot puree in a powerful blender if you add some water. The most time-consuming step is the peeling of raw carrots. This puree can replace carrot juice. It contains large amounts of simple sugars and you can use it instead of fruit with every meal. In my experience, carrot juice can make your facial skin yellowish if you drink this juice daily. People who know you may start wondering if you have contracted hepatitis.


Dairy. For someone who is not lactose intolerant or allergic to cow milk, milk is an excellent food. You can eat it with every meal or use it as a snack/drink between meals. If whole milk does not cause problems with constipation, then you can consume it instead of low-fat milk. See footnotes 6 and 8 in the Natural food pyramid. Unsalted unprocessed cheese (made from pasteurized milk) is another excellent source of protein. People who are lactose intolerant can drink cultured milk (for example, kefir or buttermilk) in small amounts or special lactose-free diary. Goat milk may be an acceptable drink to people who are allergic to cow milk. These dairy products go especially well with boiled grains. If you consume small amounts of dairy, for example a glass of milk per day, then you do not have to be concerned about the presence of artificial ingredients, such as added calcium or vitamins. On the other hand, if you eat large amounts of dairy, for example, in the context of the antidepressant diet, then my advice is to use milk that is completely free of any artificial ingredients. I recommend raw milk and raw dairy; their risks to health are greatly exaggerated by conventional medicine. If you believe that you contracted an infectious illness from consuming raw dairy, then it is easy to get rid of this illness by the method described in Appendix VI (section "raw balanced diet"). We saw in Chapter Four that milk can cause upset stomach in the context of the antidepressant diet. In this case, it is best to drink milk alone on an empty stomach half an hour before a meal. If you get used to diets containing large amounts of dairy, you may stop having digestive problems with milk regardless of how you consume it. I consume an even tablespoon of raw butter once every 3 days because the research of Weston price suggests that raw butter and raw cream are beneficial for dental health.


Soft-boiled eggs. You can use the typical recipe: put eggs in water, wait until the water boils and then remove the eggs and place them in cold water, for example, under a running faucet. Traditionally, the official dietary guidelines have recommended limiting consumption of eggs because they contain a lot of cholesterol. It is now widely known that dietary cholesterol has no effect on blood cholesterol. The most recent official dietary guidelines (MyPlate) dropped the outdated recommendation to limit cholesterol-rich foods in your diet.


Wheat extract. You can prepare raw water extract of wheat as follows: mix 1 kilogram of wheat berries (preferably organic, suitable for spouting) with water with some excess of the latter. Soak the wheat for 1 day at room temperature plus 1 day in a fridge. Now place some of the soaked berries together with water in a blender cup, add more water, and pulverize the mixture in a blender for 20-30 seconds. Pour the homogenate into a saucepan. Do the same with the rest of the wheat. Put the saucepan in a fridge and let the solids settle on the bottom overnight. Decant the semitransparent supernatant carefully (this is the wheat extract). Some solids will get out of the saucepan together with the wheat extract. Let this small amount of solids settle on the bottom for several hours at room temperature, and now you can decant and drink the liquid without the solids. It's no use trying to filter the wheat extract for example through coffee filters. It is not amenable to filtration. The wheat extract can be stored at 4°C (in the fridge) for 1–2 days or at minus 20°C (in a freezer, in glass bottles, half-full and tilted by ~45° so that they do not crack) indefinitely. The wheat extract has a pleasant taste, but most people will not find it to be a particularly attractive drink. It is almost as filling as whole grains, and you may feel full after ingesting several glasses of wheat extract, but you will most likely feel that your stomach is empty 5 or 10 minutes later. You can improve the taste if you sweeten the wheat extract with one-fourth volume of grape or pineapple juice (free of additives). Raw wheat extract is highly nutritious and you can drink it with meals or between meals. In contrast to cooked grains, the wheat extract does not have sedative properties and will not slow you down. The same kind of extract can be prepared from buckwheat (unroasted variety suitable for sprouting) and brown rice. In contrast to boiled cereal grains, this raw extract does not cause a weight gain, and I strongly doubt that it causes tooth decay.

Preparing the wheat extract on a regular basis takes some time and effort. If you, like me, prefer to spend as little time as possible on food-related matters, you may consider making a large amount of wheat extract in a large vat (20–30 liters or 5–8 gallons) so that you can do this procedure less frequently. Alternatively, you can avoid the wheat extract altogether. If you must consume a high-protein diet (which may require a dietary fiber supplement), you can use other, less labor-intensive fiber supplements such as psyllium husks instead of wheat extract. You can also avoid high-protein diets and meals most of the time.

It is best to store the dry wheat flour in the fridge or use it up immediately after the purchase because it can change taste when it stays at room temperature for several months or longer. In a similar fashion, you can prepare water extract from buckwheat flour, shredded whole wheat, and steel-cut oats. You need to use half as much buckwheat flour for the same amount of water, i.e., one kilogram (2.2 lbs.) of flour per 5 liters (1.3 gallons) of water. (You won’t be able to make a water extract from oat flour because the liquid and the solids do not separate out after you mix oat flour with water and put the mixture in the fridge for several days.) These extracts have a pleasant taste according to my experience. The water extract of grains contains all of the soluble proteins, vitamins, and carbohydrates present in whole grains, but it excludes starch, gluten, and insoluble fiber. The wheat extract may be an acceptable food to people who must avoid gluten.

Please note that inclusion of the water extract of grains is optional in all of the diets described in this book. Nonetheless, the wheat extract makes diets more balanced and diversified. I have never had problems with the wheat extract but there is a tiny risk that wheat flour may be contaminated with bacteria, yeast, or yeast toxins. You need to contact the manufacturer regarding the safety of a product in question.


Simple salad. Wash tomatoes, cucumbers, and cabbage. Cut tomatoes, peel and cut cucumbers, and chop cabbage in approximately equal amounts. Mix the cut vegetables with chopped dill (one-tenth amount). If you are not on the fruit-and-vegetable diet, you can add one-tenth amount of pulverized nuts such as pecans, walnuts, or filbert. Alternatively, you can add two or three hard-boiled eggs, after you cut them into cubes about one centimeter (half an inch) wide. If your salad does not contain nuts, you can add unrefined sunflower oil. If you have to use salt, add one half of the amount of sea salt or Himalayan salt.


Apple salad. Wash apples, carrots, and cabbage in approximately equal amounts. Chop the cabbage finely and grate the carrots. Cut each apple into eight segments and remove the core. Mix the apples and vegetables and add one-tenth amount of pulverized nuts.


Mood-brightening yogurt. Mix 100 ml (3 oz.) of red grape juice with a double amount of buttermilk or kefir and 300 grams (0.7 lb.) of unsalted unprocessed cheese.


BETTER TASTING DISHES THAT WILL REQUIRE SOME TIME AND EFFORT


The amounts are listed in metric units; approximate amounts in pounds or ounces are indicated in parentheses.


Natural chocolate. Ingredients: 2 tablespoons of cacao powder (preferably whole cacao beans), 1 tablespoon of raw honey, 2 tablespoons of filbert (or a mixture of nuts), water or milk. Keep in mind that cacao powder is made of roasted cacao beans (not raw food). Instructions: Soak the cacao beans in water for 15 minutes and then peel them. Soak the cacao beans for at least 6 hours in a glass of water or milk. Add honey and nuts and pulverize everything in a blender immediately before consumption. Alternatively, in the above procedure, use 2 tablespoons of cacao beans and instead of nuts, use 2 tablespoons of store-bought cacao powder.


The self-control cocktail. Ingredients: 1-2 tablets' worth of powdered valerian root (prepare a batch from dried root in a blender), similar amounts of powdered motherwort, peppermint, hops, and oregano, 1 heaping tablespoon of raw honey, 1-2 tablespoons of a pulverized mixture of raw nuts, water. Instructions: Pour two glasses of water into a blender container, add the herbs, nuts, and honey in that order. Pulverize the mixture for 10-15 seconds in the blender.


Diet soup. Ingredients: 0.5 kg (a pound) of potatoes, 0.5 kg of cabbage, 0.5 kg of carrots, 200 g (7 oz.) of tomato paste (free of additives), and one bunch of dill or parsley. Instructions: Pour approximately 1.5 liters (1.5 quarts) of water into a 4-liter (gallon-sized) saucepan and bring the water to a boil. While you are waiting for the water to boil, wash the vegetables and then chop cabbage finely, peel and cut potatoes, and peal and grate carrots, in that order. When the water starts boiling, put the cabbage in the saucepan and let it cook for 15 minutes, then add carrots, potatoes, and tomato paste and mix well. Let the mixture boil for 15 minutes, then add 100 grams (3 oz.) of chopped dill or parsley. Remove the saucepan from the stove and let the soup stew for about 10 minutes. At this point, you can add boiled meat to the soup, if you have made those ingredients previously. If you have some leftover chicken broth from the steamed chicken recipe, you can add it for taste; do not remove fat from the broth. Dispense the soup in plates and (optionally) add a tablespoon of unrefined vegetable oil (such as sunflower oil) per plate.


Will power soup. Ingredients: 0.5 kg (a pound) of grated or sliced carrots, 0.5 kg of sliced cucumbers, 0.5 kg of sliced beets, 0.5 kg of sliced tomatoes, 0.3 kg of mushrooms, a tablespoon of dried seaweeds, and one bunch of dill or parsley. Instructions: Prepare the soup similarly to the above recipe (diet soup). Add 3 heaping tablespoons of mutton fat (finely chopped) or wet-rendered lard per plate.


The restorative cocktail. Pour one glass of home-made vegetable juice (e.g., tomatoes, cucumbers, beets, carrots, dill, and parsley) into a blender cup. Add ~10 grams of raw beef liver (see Appendix VIII regarding the safety of raw animal foods), ~2 grams of pre-soaked and sliced turmeric root, and 0.2-0.3 grams of dry kelp. Let it stand for several hours so that the kelp gets soaked. Optional: add 20 grams of sliced raw tail fat to improve the taste. Pulverize the mixture in a blender.


Pizza. Use the recipe from the book "Nourishing Traditions" or find some other recipe on the Internet and replace unhealthy ingredients with healthy ones.


Persimmon icecream. Use the recipe from the book "Nourishing Traditions" or find some other recipe on the Internet and replace unhealthy ingredients with healthy ones.


Diet borscht. Ingredients: 0.5 kg (a pound) each of ground beef and ground chicken, 15% fat or higher; 500 grams (a pound) of potatoes, 300 grams (10 oz.) of cabbage, 400 grams (a pound) of beets, 200 grams (0.5 lb.) of carrots, 100 grams (3 oz.) of tomato paste, 30 grams (1 oz.) of dried parsley root, one bunch of dill, and 60 grams (2 oz.) of lettuce. Instructions: Pour 2 liters (0.5 gallons) of water into a 4-liter saucepan (gallon-sized) and bring it to a boil. Thaw the ground meat in a microwave oven. In the meantime, cut lettuce, shred cabbage, grate carrots, and cut beets into small cubes, less than one cm (half an inch) wide. Peel the potatoes and cut them into cubes about 3 cm (an inch) wide. When the ground meat thaws out, cut it into cubes about 5 cm (2 inches) wide and put the ground meat in boiling water. When the water starts boiling again, let the meat cook for about 5 minutes. Then add cabbage and beets, mix well, and let the mixture boil for about 5 minutes. After that, add the potatoes and lettuce and let the borscht boil for about 10 minutes. Add the grated carrots, chopped dill, chopped parsley root, and tomato paste and let the mixture cook for 5 more minutes. If you have to add salt, use one half of the amount that you usually add or use the salt substitutes described above. Remove the saucepan from the stove, close the lid, and allow the borscht to stew for 15 more minutes. Dispense it into plates.


Diet Greek salad. Ingredients: 60 grams (2 oz.) of ground filbert nuts, 500 grams (a pound) of tomatoes, 350 grams (0.8 lb.) of bell peppers, 400 grams (a pound) of cucumbers, 200 grams (0.5 lb.) of unsalted unprocessed cheese, 150 grams (1/3 lb.) of canned olives, and one bunch of dill or parsley. To prepare the sauce: mix 5 tablespoons of olive or sunflower oil with 2 tablespoons of lemon juice. Instructions: Cut the tomatoes into large chunks; peel the cucumbers and cut them into thin circles. Remove the seeds and cut bell peppers into thin slices. Cut the olives into small circles and shred the greens. Put everything in a salad bowl, add the sauce, and mix well.


Shrimp salad. Ingredients: 4 avocadoes, 4 tomatoes, 600 grams (1.5 lbs.) of fully cooked shrimp; sauce: 5 tablespoons of unrefined vegetable oil plus 2 tablespoons of lemon juice. Instructions: Shell the shrimp, cut tomatoes into average-sized chunks. Peel the avocadoes, remove the pit, and cut the pulp into segments. Put all the ingredients into a salad bowl, add the sauce, and mix gently, trying not to mash the avocado slices.


Fruit and cabbage salad. Ingredients: 400 grams (a pound) of cabbage, 400 grams of seedless grapes, 2 average-sized apples, 2 tablespoons of lemon juice, 60 grams (2 oz.) of pulverized nuts, unrefined vegetable oil. Shred the cabbage finely, core the apples, and cut them into thin slices. Put the grapes, cabbage, nuts, and apples into a salad bowl, add the lemon juice, mix everything well, then add the vegetable oil and mix again.


Potato and salmon salad. Ingredients: 300 grams (0.7 lb.) of salmon filet; 500 grams (a pound) of potatoes, 6 tablespoons of unrefined vegetable oil (e.g., sunflower oil), half a bunch of dill and the same amount of parsley. Instructions: Boil potatoes in their skins and peel and cut them into cubes about 2 cm (an inch) wide. Cook the salmon filet by steaming as described above for steamed chicken thighs. Cut the salmon into small pieces; remove small bones if you notice any. Chop the greens and pass them through a meat grinder. Put everything in a salad bowl, add the vegetable oil, and mix thoroughly.


High-protein salad. Ingredients: One bunch of dill and the same amount of parsley; three hard-boiled eggs, 300 grams (0.7 lb.) of boiled ground pork or beef (see the section “Boiled meat” above); 30 grams (an ounce) of pulverized nuts, such as walnut or pecan; 300 grams (0.7 lb.) of tomatoes. Instructions: Chop the greens and pass them through a meat grinder. Cut the tomatoes and eggs into small pieces. Put all the ingredients in a salad bowl and mix well.


Sorbet. Ingredients: 400 grams (a pound) of dates and 200 grams of shelled filbert nuts. Instructions: Pit the dates and chop them finely. Grind up the nuts using a meat grinder. Mix the nuts with dates.


Stewed meat and cabbage. Ingredients: 1 kg (2 lbs.) of cabbage; 500 grams (a pound) of ground beef or pork, 20% fat or higher; 200 grams (0.5 lb.) of carrots; 300 grams (0.7 lb.) of eggplant. Instructions: Thaw the ground meat in a microwave oven. Shred the cabbage, cut the eggplant, and grate the carrots. Pour about 2 cm (an inch) of water into a large nonstick frying pan, set the flame to about average strength, and when the water starts boiling, put the cabbage in and close the lid. Let it stew for 10–15 minutes. Mix the cabbage. Cut the thawed ground meat into cubes about 3 cm (an inch) wide and put on top of the cabbage along with the slices of eggplant. Do not mix and if necessary, add a little water. Close the lid and let it stew for 15–20 minutes. After that, add water if necessary and add the grated carrots. You can break 3 to 4 eggs on top of that if you want to. Do not mix. Close the lid and stew for another 10–15 minutes. Remove the frying pan from the stove and mix the dish well.


Stewed mushrooms with chicken. Ingredients: 3 chicken hind legs or four chicken thighs; 500 grams (a pound) of mushrooms; sunflower oil; one bunch of dill or parsley; 400 grams (a pound) of cabbage. Instructions: Cook the chicken legs by steaming separately, as described in a section above. Shred the cabbage, pour about 2 cm (an inch) of water into a nonstick frying pan, turn on the stove, and when the water starts boiling, put the cabbage in. Stew for 10–15 minutes. Mix the cabbage. Cut the mushrooms and put on top of the cabbage. Do not mix; if necessary, add more water. Close the lid and stew for 20–25 minutes. If the dish is not fully cooked, add a little more water and stew for another 10 minutes. If the chicken thighs (cooked separately) are ready at this point, separate the flesh from the bones and cut the flesh with skin and fat into pieces about 3 cm (an inch) wide. Remove the frying pan with mushrooms from the stove, add the pieces of chicken and three to four tablespoons of sunflower oil, and mix everything thoroughly. If you have to add salt, use one half of the amount that you usually add or use the salt substitutes described above.


Chicken with rice and vegetables. Ingredients: an average-sized chicken: 1.5 kg (3 lbs.), 400 grams (a pound) of tomatoes, 400 grams (a pound) of bell peppers, 300 grams (0.7 lb.) of brown rice; and unrefined vegetable oil. Instructions: Wash and cut the chicken. Cook it separately in a steamer as described in the section about chicken thighs above. Cut the tomatoes into average-sized chunks, remove the seeds from bell peppers, and cut them into thin slices. In a saucepan, boil one liter (a quart) of water, add rice, and cook for about 20 minutes. Can stir every 5 minutes to make sure there is no charring at the bottom. Add water if necessary. Then put the vegetables on top of the rice, close the lid, and cook for another 20–25 minutes. If the chicken is ready at this point, then remove the saucepan from the stove; add the pieces of chicken, 4 to 7 tablespoons of unrefined vegetable oil (for example, sunflower oil) and mix everything well.


APPENDIX II: A summary of the effects of various diets

This section used to contain a detailed table based on my personal experience, but later I decided to delete it because people have different types of metabolism and are affected by diets differently. The three basic types are "fast metabolism" (5-10% of the population, alternative names: carbohydrate type, sympathetic dominant, catabolic imbalance, and rapid oxidizer), "moderate metabolism" (most people, alternative names: intermediate type, balanced type), and "slow metabolism" (5-10% of the population, alternative names: protein type, parasympathetic dominant, anabolic imbalance, and slow oxidizer). A detailed discussion of the metabolic types can be found in my other book: "Fight Cancer", chapter "The Gonzalez protocol."


APPENDIX III: A summary of the effects of various types of food

This section used to contain a detailed table based on my personal experience, but later I decided to delete it because people have different types of metabolism and are affected by foods differently. The three basic types are "fast metabolism" (5-10% of the population, alternative names: carbohydrate type, sympathetic dominant, catabolic imbalance, and rapid oxidizer), "moderate metabolism" (most people, alternative names: intermediate type, balanced type), and "slow metabolism" (5-10% of the population, alternative names: protein type, parasympathetic dominant, anabolic imbalance, and slow oxidizer). A detailed discussion of the metabolic types can be found in my other book: "Fight Cancer", chapter "The Gonzalez protocol."


APPENDIX IV: Mental clarity questionnaire

The purpose of this questionnaire is self-assessment of the effects of various treatments (e.g., drugs, diets, or other lifestyle changes) on mental abilities, specifically, on the fluid components of three types of intelligence: academic, emotional, and social. The recommended frequency of self-assessment with this instrument is once every two weeks. Because this is a self-rating instrument, the answers can be faked. Therefore, you should not use this questionnaire in situations where the test results will translate into some kind of reward or punishment for the test takers (for example, when you use the questionnaire for screening of job applicants). It is best to use the questionnaire for self-assessment and for research purposes (for instance, volunteer studies) because under these circumstances the answers are likely to be honest. Readers are free to use this questionnaire for research or academic purposes without obtaining my permission. No one has validated and characterized the questionnaire scientifically, and therefore the following characteristics are unknown: mean and standard deviation in the general population, construct validity, reliability coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha, and test–retest variability.

Some questions may seem irrelevant, but in my view, they can assess relevant mental abilities indirectly. Certain questions (2, 6, 12, 13, and 18) may appear to be assessing crystallized intelligence (knowledge and skills); in actuality, most of these questions are designed to test fluid intelligence indirectly. The selection of questions for this instrument was based on my personal experience with various diets and the changes that they produced in various components of social and occupational functioning. Therefore, this questionnaire probably represents my subjective opinion about what “mental clarity” means. A legitimate question may arise as to what a high mental clarity score means for someone who has it. In theory, it should correlate with high scores of fluid intelligence on proctored tests of academic, emotional, and social intelligence. This correlation has not been verified. The questionnaire starts below the line.




Question 1 is split in two for two categories of people: those who have to work for a living and those who do not have to work for a living (students, retirees, and others). Please answer the subquestion appropriate for you and ignore the other subquestion within Question 1. When answering questions 1 and 11, you need to ignore physical health problems because the questionnaire deals with mental/intellectual spheres of life. When answering questions 2 and 12, you can ignore your relationship with your supervisor at work (if you have a supervisor) because this relationship is usually (but not always) stressful and unpleasant to the employee. Question 18 mentions “internal mood,” which means how a person feels as opposed to what the person displays or shows to other people. Changes of lifestyle in question 18 exclude drugs, alcohol, or pharmacological treatments.

In the following questionnaire, please mark each statement with an appropriate number as follows: strongly disagree (2); kind of disagree (3.5); not sure (5); sort of agree (6.5); and strongly agree (8). Please try to select responses as honestly and accurately as possible.


  1. a) My life is easy (if you have to work for a living); b) Life is pretty simple, there is nothing to worry about (if you don’t have to work).

  2. I find it difficult to deal with some people (at work or at school or at home); I can’t resolve my problems with these people and hate them.

  3. It is easy for me learn any subject matter by reading a textbook, even if I don’t find the subject particularly interesting.

  4. I can work quickly, efficiently, and without making a single mistake for hours or days.

  5. I find it difficult to live alone or to spend an extended time by myself because I feel sad or lonely.

  6. In order for me to feel happy, my face should express joy.

  7. It is nearly impossible for me to learn if I have to read a textbook on a subject that I do not find interesting.

  8. I never raise my voice and never get into altercations or quarrels.

  9. I rarely feel compassion toward unfamiliar people or toward animals.

  10. I am as talkative or more talkative than an average person, especially at social gatherings (parties, meetings).

  11. Life is complicated and difficult; I cannot solve many of life’s problems and this causes me substantial distress.

  12. It is easy for me to interact with people and my relations with other people are always pleasant or neutral.

  13. I can live alone comfortably.

  14. I often crack jokes that make large groups of people laugh.

  15. I frequently make annoying mistakes or errors in my work/studies and get reprimanded by others or have to redo a task from scratch.

  16. I believe that I should be talkative and gregarious in order to be happy or to show other people that my life is interesting.

  17. I often have difficulty controlling my emotions, which leads to undesirable consequences.

  18. I can lift or lower my internal mood when necessary by changing my lifestyle.

  19. I often help people who feel uncomfortable or who feel down.

  20. It’s easy to make me laugh.



The raw score for each question is the number with which you marked a question. The raw score for questions 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 16, 17, and 20 should be converted according to this formula:


final score = ten minus raw score


For all other questions, the final score is the same as the raw score. To obtain the value of the mental clarity score, add up the final scores of all twenty questions. Interpretation of the values is as follows:


126–160 corresponds to excellent mental clarity
111–125: good mental clarity
90–110: fair mental clarity
40–89: low mental clarity


APPENDIX V: Reading/writing productivity questionnaire

Complex reading and writing tasks usually constitute the bulk of workload for knowledge workers. The RWP questionnaire can assess how well a knowledge worker can perform reading and writing tasks in a given job. It is a relative measure as opposed to numerical scores from testing of sustained attention. This is because different occupations involve different amounts and different complexity of reading and writing tasks. The same person may obtain a high RWP score in a job with relatively small workload and a low RWP score in a job that involves substantial amounts of reading and writing tasks of high complexity. The same person may also score differently on the RWP questionnaire in the same job with a different supervisor.

The primary purpose of this questionnaire is to identify interventions that may improve or worsen job productivity of knowledge workers. It is true that testing of sustained attention can also serve this purpose and the ratings of sustained attention should correlate with reading/writing productivity [533]; however, it is not known if this relationship is a simple linear one. Additionally, performance of job-related reading/writing tasks depends on work capacity [534], self-control [490, 535, 536], and ability to perform certain specific tasks (e.g., to express one’s thoughts in writing or to process textual information). Therefore, tests of sustained attention and tests of reading/writing productivity most likely do not assess exactly the same variables.

The drawback of the RWP questionnaire is that it is subjective, but the advantage is its applicability to varying occupations and the ability to estimate short-term productivity (within the timeframe of one month). In the case of academic science, it is difficult to come up with an objective measure of long-term performance [501]. But in the short term (i.e., one month), an objective measure of scientific productivity is probably not possible at all. On the other hand, the RWP questionnaire can serve as a subjective short-term metric for self-assessment purposes. Readers are free to use this questionnaire for research or academic purposes without obtaining my permission. The RWP questionnaire starts below the line.




Both reading and writing tasks that are considered in this questionnaire must be directly related to a knowledge worker’s job. You should ignore recreational reading and writing when answering the questions below (writing of e-mail and text messaging should not be considered either, even if they are job related). Reading tasks generally involve assimilation of information either through reading of text or visual assimilation/analysis of data in some other way. Writing tasks, as defined in this questionnaire, involve active creation of information/documents by typing or by writing with a pen/pencil. Some job-related tasks may involve both reading and writing. For the sake of simplicity, those tasks where writing constitutes 25% or more of the total time spent are in the category of writing tasks, and the others are considered reading tasks (this is an arbitrary cutoff). Some examples of reading tasks are the following: reading of scientific papers or research grant proposals, searching a database, searching literature, editing scientific papers or testing of software. The following are some examples of writing tasks: writing of scientific papers or research grant proposals, writing of a book, writing of software, performance of certain types of calculations, and preparation of slides for a presentation. Attending a presentation/lecture or watching a movie (even when directly related to the job) is neither a reading nor a writing task. Ignore this type of task when answering questions below. This is because assimilation of auditory information is not the same as “reading,” whereas taking notes (for example, during a lecture) is not “active creation of information.”

In the following questionnaire, please mark each statement with an appropriate number as follows: strongly disagree (0); kind of disagree (1); not sure (2); sort of agree (3); and strongly agree (4).


  1. I enjoy reading tasks.

  2. Usually, I keep putting off work-related writing until the last moment.

  3. I couldn’t finish all planned reading in the past four weeks.

  4. It is easy for me to get started on necessary reading.

  5. I enjoy writing tasks/projects.

  6. In the past four weeks, I had writer’s block for several days or longer.

  7. I tend to put off work-related reading until the last moment.

  8. I completed all necessary writing on time in the past four weeks.

  9. I dread or hate writing tasks.

  10. In the past four weeks, I easily assimilated all necessary reading material.

  11. I find most reading tasks boring and try to avoid them.

  12. Getting started on a writing task/project is easy for me.



The raw score for each question is the number with which you marked a question. The raw score for questions 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, and 11 should be converted according to this formula:


final score = four minus raw score


For all other questions, the final score is the same as a raw score. The questionnaire includes two scales: Reading Productivity Scale and Writing Productivity Scale. To obtain the value of the Reading Productivity Scale, add up the final scores of questions 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, and 11. To obtain the value of the Writing Productivity Scale, add up the final scores of questions 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 12. Interpretation of the scale values is as follows:


18–24 corresponds to excellent productivity
14–17: good productivity
10–13: fair productivity
0–9: poor productivity


APPENDIX VI: My academic achievements

Most books don’t sell. Most employers think that people who write books are a bit nutty. In 2012, I decided to delete this section and change the author name to a pen name. In general, writing a book is about the stupidest thing a person can do because the probability of success is infinitesimal: this is a high-stakes lottery.

In 2013, I became my own boss and the anonymity is no longer necessary, but changing the author name is such a big task that I decided to not do it again.


APPENDIX VII: 58 ways to change your lifestyle for health improvement

This list is quite different from what the majority of people believe to be a healthy lifestyle. Chances are you have never heard of some items on the list. The proposed methods will help you to implement a total makeover of your body and mind. Be sure to read the footnotes too. At present, there is no scientific proof that the whole combination presented here improves health, extends the lifespan, or cures a disease. Nevertheless, there is a strong theory behind each point: they make sense if you do some research on these topics, especially hormesis [71, 72]. I myself adhere to almost all of these points. At my age (almost 50), I have excellent health and ideal weight, and I look much younger than my age. Besides, I have my own business, and I am very happy at present. These methods are free and easy to try. If you like them and they make you feel better, then there is no reason not to use them. Possible adverse effects are described in various chapters of the main text. Note that big and sudden changes in a lifestyle may cause temporary aberrations in metabolism, such as a rash, changes in sleep or weight, unusual feelings, nosebleeds, or an eye stye. At the end of each point, the following ratings are provided in brackets, for example, [1, a, activates CNS] means the most beneficial for health (the first place: the strongest effects and the largest number of beneficial effects), safe [a], and activates the central nervous system. Another example: [20, c] means 20th place, i.e., rather weak effects on health, dangerous [c], i.e., serious adverse effects are possible, and there are no well-defined effects on the central nervous system. Keep in mind that activation of the brain is not always desirable and usually weakens self-control. Therefore, the points below that increase activity need to be balanced with points that decrease activity. Actually, because the activating measures are more potent than the sedative ones, you need to both dial down activation and increase sedation if you want to retain self-control. The table below summarizes the effects on metabolism, and in the footnotes, I show the doses of each treatment that I use myself.


  1. A healthy diverse diet (see the natural food pyramid in Chapter One). Ignore your weight and don’t count calories (but try to avoid overeating: see the chewing techniques in Chapter One of that book). [5, a]

  2. Do brief cardio exercise (hormesis; twofold pulse acceleration) one to seven times a week, and you may add intensive physical exercise (30–60 minutes with sweating) once a month. A stationary bicycle in your home is the easiest way to exercise. [3, c, activates CNS]

  3. An adapted cold shower (approximately 20°C or 68°F) once a week (hormesis) when you are healthy, and several times a day when you are physically ill. A shower at 25°C is also beneficial but less effective. [1, a, activates CNS]

  4. Don’t smoke tobacco.

  5. Either no alcohol or moderate amounts at social events.

  6. Once a day or every other day, consume food products with exceptional therapeutic properties: turmeric and/or black seed. For example, they are effective against diabetes. [5, a]

  7. Don’t take any artificial nutritional supplements, such as artificial vitamins and minerals. Do consume foods, spices, and herbs (or extracts) rich in micronutrients: 1-2 teaspoons of cod liver oil, 10-20 grams of beef liver, and small amounts of seaweeds daily and one tablet of mumijo once a week. [4, a]

  8. Complete colon cleansing once every 3–12 months, followed by a course of a good multi-probiotic. Try coffee enemas too (they can be done more frequently). [3, a, sedates CNS]

  9. Meditation or a brief nap. [41, a, sedates CNS]

  10. Use a tongue scraper at least once a week. Scrape your throat too, with a spoon. Regarding dental health, see Endnote D1. [42, a]

  11. Do breath-holding exercises 1–7 times a week. This treatment is a moderate stressor for the system and as such should be beneficial for health, according to hormesis research. [12, a, sedates CNS]

  12. Practice short-term fasting regularly (hormesis). You can start with a water-only fast for 16 hours once a fortnight. Then you can increase the dose up to 24 hours per fortnight without water and food. [15, a, activates CNS]

  13. When facing a health problem, you should be skeptical about both conventional and alternative medicine. Except in the context of emergency medicine, you should be extremely suspicious of pharmaceutical and surgical treatments.

  14. If you wish to try some alternative or complementary medical treatment, do some research (here is a list of trustworthy websites, and I recommend greenmedinfo.com, www.westonaprice.org, price-pottenger.org/directory-practitioner/, madinamerica.com, breggin.com, and t.me/s/associationofdoctors), paying attention to scientific studies published in peer-reviewed journals.

  15. Raise your core body temperature to 38.0–38.5°C (100.5–101.3°F) once every 1–6 months (hormesis) either in a hot bath at 40°C (104°F) or via intensive exercise. [13, b, sedates CNS]

  16. Do hyperventilation exercises once a week or once every 3 months (hormesis). [14, c, activates CNS]

  17. Go on a raw diet for one or two days a week. [4, a, activates CNS]

  18. Skip a night’s sleep once a month or every other month (hormesis). [18, b, activates CNS]

  19. Use a tanning bed or exposure to sunlight in small doses, e.g., several minutes every 1–4 days (hormesis; natural source of vitamin D). [9, b, activates CNS]

  20. Raw lemon juice. It's another type of hormesis (an acidic agent) and must be prepared correctly. Pomegranate juice is a less effective alternative. [3, b, activates CNS]

  21. Use centuries-proven herbs when necessary to adjust your mood, activity level, self-control, and sleep, for example, the valerian root, ginseng, and rhodiola. [20, a, sedates CNS, activates CNS]

  22. Consume beef fat or mutton fat (wet-rendered or boiled in water, not fried) as much as you can. This food is absolutely necessary for brain health (self-control, mood, sleep, getting rid of anger, etc.). Don't be scared, you won't gain weight. Everything you know about animal fat is flat wrong. [16, a, sedates CNS]

  23. Once a fortnight (or every day when you are ill), eat 1 or 2 tablespoons of pulverized or minced raw hot peppers and ginger. This is a good shock for your system (hormesis) and is a pain-killer. [6, a, activates CNS]

  24. Try the method of Galina Shatalova if you have any illness. [1, a, activates CNS]

  25. Discontinue all chemical drugs; some will have to be discontinued gradually. [2, b, activates CNS, sedates CNS]

  26. A prolonged raw diet that includes safe and socially acceptable raw animal foods. [2, b, normalizes CNS]

  27. A prolonged raw vegan diet. [8, a, activates CNS]

  28. A prolonged vegan diet without junk food. [9, a, activates CNS]

  29. Positive spiritual changes. [10, a]

  30. Prolonged fasting (hormesis). [13, c, activates CNS]

  31. Sauna (hormesis). The best remedy for an asthma attack. [17, b, sedates CNS]

  32. Losing excess body weight. [19, a, usually activates CNS]

  33. Think carefully about dangers and benefits of vaccines. See scientific evidence here, here, here, and here. [5, a]

  34. A diet that excludes all foods cooked at high temperature (higher than the boiling point of water). [22, a, activates CNS]

  35. Several days of a ketogenic diet per month (hormesis). [23, a]

  36. Moving to a rural area. [24, a]

  37. Avoid tap water, even filtered one. Distilled water is recommended instead, in combination with calcium-rich plant foods. [25, a]

  38. Exercises for the spine, especially if you have a sedentary job. [26, a]

  39. Low-intensity exercise, such as walking outdoors for 60 min. Stay on your feet all day or as much as you can. [27, a]

  40. Elimination diet for 1 to 2 weeks, first, try excluding typical allergens: dairy and cereal grains. Another good remedy for asthma. [28, a]

  41. Ingestion of small doses of hydrogen peroxide or ozone therapy (hormesis) [29, a]

  42. Winter swimming (hormesis) [30, c, activates CNS]

  43. Review household chemicals. [31, a]

  44. Ingestion of low doses of baking soda (hormesis; alkaline agent). [32, a]

  45. Eating raw honey daily. [33, b, sedates CNS]

  46. Eating pulverized nuts daily. [34, b, sedates CNS]

  47. Moderately high air temperature. [35, a, sedates CNS]

  48. Buy organic foods. [36, a]

  49. Exposure to low atmospheric pressure (hormesis). [37, a]

  50. Deep diving (hormesis; exposure to high pressure). [38, b]

  51. Parasite cleansing. [51, a]

  52. Grounding (earthing). Also walk on rocks or apply an equivalent massage. [52, a, activates CNS]

  53. Avoidance of electromagnetic radiation. [53, a]

  54. Dousing oneself with sea water (hormesis, exposure to a hypertonic solution). [39, a]

  55. Lower air temperature in your home (15–18°C). [40, a, activates CNS]

  56. Sleep on your back on a hard straight surface (thickness of the soft layer about 3 cm). Quite a few problems with health are caused by misalignment and compression of the spine. [25, b]

  57. Liver cleansing. [41, b, activates CNS]

  58. Don't consume ice-cold food and drinks and don't do physical exercises in cold weather (intensive inhalation of cold air).

Table 5. Foods and other treatments that accelerate metabolism (catabolic/sympathetic interventions activating the CNS) or slow down metabolism (anabolic/parasympathetic interventions sedating the CNS). The former category usually enhances anger (irritability) and weight loss and weakens self-control, while the opposite is true for the latter category. This information is based on research by such physicians as Emanuel Revici, Nicholas Gonzalez, and William Donald Kelly and my own research. Effects depend on the type of metabolism; for example, meat will make sympathetic dominants (fast metabolism) angry and overactive; however, it tends to make parasympathetic dominants (slow metabolism) more positive and organized and less passive. A balanced type (normal metabolism, the majority of people) will experience intermediate effects. Exceptions are shown in footnotes. It can be concluded from the table that almost everything that improves health weakens self-control; the better you feel, the worse is self-control (there are some exceptions).


Strong catabolic effect

adapted cold shower, brief cardio exercise, fasting, all day on your feet#, fruit-and-vegetable diet (no protein and no fat)

Strong anabolic effect

horizontal position of the body, a brief nap during the day, meditation, sedative herbs (do not work immediately), raw honey**, animal fat (except dairy) boiled in water

Moderate catabolic effect

lemon juice, highly acidic fruits and berries (cranberry, pomegranate, etc.), pungent vegetables, substantial caloric restriction, a cup of strong coffee, several cups of tea, cacao (including chocolate; promotes constipation), adaptogens (ginseng, Rhodiola, and Schisandra), hyperventilation exercise, safe raw meat, raw fish, a raw diet, a slightly cooked diet (cooking at or below the boiling point of water), skipping a night's sleep, sudden cold shower***

Moderate anabolic effect

complete colon cleansing, breath holding (a laxative), a brief warm bath, raw animal fat** (except dairy), elevated air temperature, boiled eggs, raw** or boiled beetroot, raw leafy greens (broccoli, kale, spinach, etc.)**, boiled beef brain, high-calory standard tasty nutrition, bread, boiled cereal grains, a small dose of coffee, a raw omnivorous diet** based on anabolic/parasympathetic foods and limiting catabolic/sympathetic foods, prolonged tiring physical exercise (with or without cardio), a small dose of magnesium sulfate## (a laxative), a vegetarian or vegan diet containing a lot of boiled cereal grains and little nuts and seeds

Weak catabolic effect

nuts* and seeds*, boiled meat* (promotes constipation), boiled fish*, a small dose of baking soda, air baths, brief or moderate sunbathing, lowered air temperature at home, walking barefoot on the ground, foot massage, plant oils, fish oil, sauna, prolonged hot bath, apple cider vinegar, turmeric, black seed, a small dose of hydrogen peroxide

Weak anabolic effect

raw or pasteurized dairy products (promote constipation), raw eggs**, raw** or boiled fruits and vegetables, raw beef brain**


Exceptions from the general trend:
#causes rapid weight loss with little or no effect on CNS;
##for details see footnote number 37 below;
*does not activate CNS but promotes anger;
**helps to lose weight while calming down;
***causes confusion and may slow down CNS but promotes anger.
Note that a combination of weak stimuli (e.g., turmeric and apple cider vinegar) will have a moderate, not weak, effect.

Don't start many lifestyle changes simultaneously. Introduce one change at a time with an interval of 1-2 weeks, starting with the top 5 (the first parameter in square brackets). Some comments (footnote numbers correspond to the numbers in the list above):
1)There is no evidence that elevated body weight worsens health [741]. Statistics (correlation, not causation) show that overweight people (25 < BMI < 30) have the same level of health as people with normal weight (20 < BMI < 25). Obese people (BMI > 30) on average have worse health, but there is a large minority of healthy obese people. Therefore, if you are healthy, you should not waste your time trying to lose weight in order to maintain health. Both extra weight and many health problems are caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. The weight of scientific evidence is in favor of this argument: health problems are not caused by extra weight. If you want to be and stay healthy, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle and you don’t need to watch your weight or to count calories. An unhealthy lifestyle will worsen health and can increase body weight. It’s OK to try to lose weight if you want to become more physically attractive, but keep in mind that the weight loss will take up some time and is likely to reduce your work capacity (you are sacrificing your career). Weight loss diets, such as low-fat diets and low-carb diets, have significant negative effects on the brain: you will be sacrificing mental health as well. A balanced low-calorie diet (protein-normal, vitamin-normal, reduced fat and carbs) may be a better option, but this approach will still reduce job productivity and self-control. I developed a weight loss diet that does not impair self-control or work capacity, I used it myself successfully to lose more than 30 pounds: see Endnote C1 "Starchless diet." The aims of dieting are not limited to weight loss; the more important reason for following a strict diet is cognitive enhancement. In particular, if you go on a strict smart diet for a week or two, it will reduce clumsiness and errors at work. It should be noted that there is sufficient evidence that various foods affect different people differently and there are several types of metabolism (metabolic types) each requiring a different type of nutrition. Dentist William Donald Kelley was among the first to propose this theory and has subdivided people into 10 metabolic types. They are described in his book "One Answer to Cancer," which is available for free online. The only problem is that the testing for metabolic types is not available in that book. Free testing is outlined below. First of all, you need to allow yourself to eat some healthy foods that you crave but may be avoiding for purely ideological reasons. If you want boiled fatty meat, then eat it as much as you want. In fact, I would advise eating boiled meat that is at least 50% fat (add beef or mutton fat) and avoid lean meat as plague. Second, at least one of Kelley's metabolic types does not tolerate raw foods well. Therefore, don't force yourself to eat raw foods if you strongly dislike them or if they make you feel worse. Boiled or steamed foods are fine. If you dislike meat or fruits, then don't force yourself to eat any of these. As Dr. Nicholas Gonzalez used to say, finding the right diet is not difficult, just eat healthy foods that you want and enjoy (the wording is not exact). One of Dr. Kelley's assistants, William Wolcott, has developed a paid long questionnaire on metabolic types, which has gained much popularity after the death of Dr. Kelley. Dr. Joseph Mercola later licensed and modified this test (with permission), making it simpler and free of charge. This adapted test is called Nutritional Typing and is available for free on Mercola.com. I recommend and endorse this test. Mercola's test yields one of three results: the Protein Type, Carb Type, or Mixed Type, which roughly correspond to the Parasympathetic Dominant Group (Carnivore, slow metabolism), Sympathetic Dominant Group (Vegetarian, fast metabolism), and Balanced Group (average metabolism), respectively, as defined by Kelley, who subdivide these groups into 10 types (3 parasympathetic dominant types, 3 sympathetic dominant types, and 4 balanced types) and provide individualized dietary recommendations and advice about dietary supplements for each type. These recommendations are aimed at balancing the autonomic nervous system, i.e., the goal is to turn the para- or sympathetic nervous system dominance into a balanced functioning of the autonomic nervous system. After you determine your basic group of metabolism by Mercola's test, you can read the descriptions of metabolic types in "One Answer to Cancer" to see which one describes you, more or less. After you determine your type, read the personalized dietary recommendations in the same book. Again, you need to listen to your body and choose the healthy foods that you want and crave. If this healthy diet then makes you feel better, we can conclude that you are on the right track, i.e., you've found the right diet for your metabolic type. Very simply, sympathetic dominants have the choleric temperament (fast metabolism), balanced types have the sanguine temperament usually and sometimes phlegmantic or melancholic (normal metabolism), and parasympathetic dominants usually have the melancholic or phlegmatic temperament (slow metabolism) [a detailed discussion of the autonomic nervous system and metabolic types can be found in my other book: "Fight Cancer", chapter "The Gonzalez protocol"]. The diets recommended for the three metabolic types are described in Appendix VIII of the current book (the paragraph about my latest raw diet; you can convert these diets into cooked ones if you wish). I have stayed on a strict but sufficiently diverse and filling diet (starchless diet) since May 2019 with 100% compliance.
2)Note that small amounts of exercise (10 minutes daily without sweating) tend to reduce fatigue and improve mood. I devised a regimen called brief cardio exercise (see Chapter Two, section "Adapted cold showers"), which takes no more than 1-2 minutes once a day. Intensive physical exercise may be harmful for people with some health problems, and in my opinion, brief cardio exercise should be avoided during a manic or hypomanic episode. Daily cardio exercise is absolutely necessary for reversing atherosclerosis, i.e., for removing cholesterol plaques from blood vessels, but you need a gradual and cautious approach. Don't take statins because they will not help you in this regard and will worsen your health in general (modern clinical trials do not prove anything, see Appendix I in my other ebook "Fight Cancer"). Another crucial step for reversing atherosclerosis is rejuvenation of the body and losing weight down to the lower limit of the norm: BMI of 20. You can use a combination of dry fasting (see my other ebook "Fight Cancer"), a starchless fruit-and-vegetable diet, and a starchless raw or 80% raw diet (see Endnote C1). Cardio exercise temporarily increases blood pressure but overall helps to get rid of hypertension. Hypertension is discussed in more detail in footnote # 30 below. Some people cannot do brief cardio every day because there is a risk of hypomania and loss of self-control. Instead, you can walk outdoors for 1 hour. This procedure takes some time but does not require will power. See footnote # 39. I do brief cardio every day and do not have problems with hyperactivity or loss of self-control because I lead a special strongly sedative lifestyle (see the low-protein diet in Appendix VIII). Most people should not do brief cardio more frequently than once or twice a week. Depending on your metabolic type, you may be able to do brief cardio more or less frequently (see my other book: "Fight Cancer", chapter "The Gonzalez protocol").
3)I do not recommend contrast showers because heating promotes inflammation and causes skin ageing. Only infrequent heating is beneficial for health [1190] (I would say once a month or less frequently). Moderately cold hydrotherapy has the greatest number of beneficial effects on health as compared to any other treatment: antifever, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antifatigue, wakefulness-promoting, mood-enhancing, immunostimulatory, antihypotension, and antinausea (all documented in various scientific studies, and the biological mechanisms are known in most cases). The downside is a decrease in self-control (when healthy people take cold showers); therefore, don't use this procedure more often than once a week and/or apply many sedative measures. On rare days when the strongest self-control is necessary, don't take a cold shower for a week before. I would say that if your job requires strong self-control (in particular, as little procrastination as possible), then don't take cold showers more often than once a month. Another cooling procedure, an air bath, causes slight temporary activation but does not worsen self-control, and you can do it every day when you are healthy (see footnote # 55 below). When you are agitated, cold hydrotherapy is not recommended. Cold hydrotherapy does not cause problems with self-control when you are ill: you can use it 2 or 3 times a day [1073]. Besides, local application of moderately cold water is a scientifically proven way to reduce inflammation, pain, and many other problems. For example, if you are starting to lose hair, apply cold water to your scalp every other day (and hot water once a month). If you have lower back pain, apply cold water to the affected area daily. Note that painfully cold water (colder than 14°C or 56°F) actually promotes inflammation, not decreases it. I take an adapted cold shower every other day after a brief cardio exercise and do not have problems with hyperactivity or loss of self-control because I lead a special strongly sedative lifestyle (see the low-protein diet in Appendix VIII). Depending on your metabolic type you may be able to take adapted cold showers more or less frequently (see my other book: "Fight Cancer", chapter "The Gonzalez protocol").
6)Turmeric is a food product that has the greatest number of scientifically documented therapeutic effects, including treatment of cancer and diabetes. The only other food product that can compete with turmeric in this regard is black seed (Nigella sativa). I don't recommend powdered turmeric and black seed oil because many beneficial ingredients get oxidized with storage. If possible, use whole dried turmeric (root), soak it for a day, and pulverize it in a blender immediately before consumption (for example, in a smoothie). I prefer to chew black seed in tiny portions. Black seed seems to promote anger (this problem is negligible when you are sick and consume black seed daily). Because turmeric and black seed are powerful medicinal products, I do not recommend starting with large doses right away. Start with 1 gram once every 3 days and see how you feel. Increase the dose gradually. My doses are described in point # 7 below. If you get nosebleeds, this means that you need to reduce the dose. Unfortunately, turmeric and black seed are not recommended for people with fast metabolism (choleric temperament) because of adverse effects on mental health. Such people should consume such foods not more frequently than once every 1-2 weeks or only during an acute illness (such as influenza). For the treatment of both type I and type II diabetes, I recommend the method of Galina Shatalova, M.D., Ph.D. (she cured many patients of diabetes) as well as the scientifically proven methods listed on these webpages:
https://www.greenmedinfo.com/disease/diabetes-mellitus-type-1
and
https://www.greenmedinfo.com/disease/diabetes-mellitus-type-2
Even though conventional medicine considers both type I and type II diabetes incurable, they are in fact both curable, and you need to gradually discontinue diabetes medications. Officially recommended treatments of diabetes have too many adverse effects and will gradually destroy your health. The cause of both types of diabetes is an unhealthy or suboptimal lifestyle; insulin injections and metformin do not deal with the cause of the disease. It has been known for a long time that high-fat diets are beneficial for patients with diabetes, and there is some evidence that a raw diet can cure diabetes (see Appendix VIII "Raw diet" and these links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQaMNa6Z7sg, and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rx8YcP01gyE). The serious problems with the official methods of diagnosis and treatment of diabetes are described well in a book by Biswaroop Roy Chowdhury "Diabetes Type I & II - Cure in 72 Hrs." If you have type I diabetes: do not inject yourself with insulin, it will gradually destroy your health. (If you are already injecting it, then stop gradually.) Go on a ketogenic diet to lower your blood sugar, see mandatory supplements in point #7, plus you need to consume capsules of the pig pancreas (Nutricology) or at least pancreatin. Also focus on the most powerful healing modalities, which are likely to restart your pancreas: lemon water (point # 20), adapted cold shower (point # 3), brief cardio exercise (point # 2), and an omnivorous raw diet (appendix VIII, you can make it ketogenic). A pinched nerve in the spine is a known cause of problems with the pancreas; therefore, review points # 38 and 56, and try to implement all other points in this 58-point list as much as you can.
7)The supplements mentioned in point # 7 are strongly recommended, whereas everything listed below is optional. Keep in mind that seaweeds may cause a mild allergic reaction when consumed daily (laminaria is least likely to cause this problem). If this happens, then stop eating them for a week and then start with much smaller amounts and gradually increase them. Also, alternate different species of seaweeds. If some herbal extracts or other supplements are in the form of capsules, then remove the shell before ingesting these supplements. If the shell cannot be disassembled easily, then find supplements in another form, not in capsules: for example, find liquid fish oil instead of capsules. (Exception: some useful supplements may be in the form of capsules with an intestine-soluble shell, which should not be removed, otherwise the supplement will lose its properties in the stomach, e.g., pancreatin.) Add small amounts of seaweeds to your food on a regular basis; they contain iodine (necessary for the thyroid gland) and a truckload of other rare minerals. Consume approximately 10 grams (one-third ounce) of cod liver and 10 grams of beef liver every day. These two supplements will take care of your needs for vitamin D and vitamin B12, respectively. Canned cod liver is OK. Plus 2 even tablespoons of raw cream or 1 even tablespoon of raw butter once every 6 days: raw dairy fats [along with cod liver oil] are very beneficial for dental health according to Weston Price's research. You can consume more if raw dairy fat does not make you constipated. Avoid or minimize store-bought juices from acidic fruits such as apples, pomegranates, or oranges because they are prepared by means of stainless-steel equipment and therefore contain some heavy metals. There is no convenient way to prepare pomegranate juice without metallic equipment, but you can use a special plastic juicer for citrus fruits at home. You should drink such juices only through a straw to protect your teeth and lips. In addition, take a medical test that measures concentrations of various rare chemical elements in your blood. Modify your diet according to the results of the test. Suppose the test shows that your zinc level is low. Find foods rich in zinc (e.g., shrimp) and start eating more of them. Do not take tablets containing a zinc salt (artificial chemical). Artificial vitamins and minerals are not assimilated well by the human body and are mostly excreted with urine. Besides, they do not have the same effects on your body and mind as vitamins and minerals that come with food, i.e., in a “natural package” (Reviewed in Chapter One, section “Artificial ingredients in the diet…”). Remember that vitamin-rich foods are the safest, followed by natural chemicals (found in nature, e.g., vitamins), which are less safe, and then followed by invented chemicals (not found in nature, for example, pharmaceutical drugs), which are the least safe for humans [1050, 1131]. Another natural dietary supplement is a good multi-probiotic. For example, Bio-Kult (United Kingdom) contains 14 strains of beneficial bacteria (I do not have a financial relationship with this company). You can take a multi-probiotic occasionally with food, for example, one capsule with each meal for a week once or twice a year, but the most effective approach is rectal administration with enema water during complete colon cleansing once a year. Don't worry too much about consuming sufficient amounts of various chemical elements, such as calcium. There is always plenty of calcium in your body regardless of what you eat, most likely because living creatures can transmute chemical elements through low-energy nuclear reactions, or what is called "cold fusion." There is enough evidence that living creatures routinely turn calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, and iron into one another [1191 – 1195]. Because there is too much information about nutritional supplements above, I am providing a ranking of supplements below, starting from the most important ones (according to Weston Price's research) and showing my own doses (I frequently update this list):
{1} [daily] cod liver and/or cod liver oil (1-2 teaspoons daily of the latter is suitable for most people); the oil should be free of any additives and must be stored in a fridge; I take 1 teaspoon twice a day; this is also a source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; if you avoid sources of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as seeds (except for chia seeds and flaxseeds), nuts, olive oil, and other plant oils, then you will shift the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in your body toward a lower value, ideally below 1.0; I cannot take chia seeds, flaxseeds, and the respective oils because they give me diarrhea (perhaps my digestive tract works too efficiently)
{2} [daily] beef liver (10-20 grams finely chopped daily for most people; alternatively, you can take capsules of freeze-dried raw liver; see Appendix VIII); I used to consume 10 g per day and to finely chop it and chew it well (which you should do with all other organ meats mentioned below); people with fast metabolism should not consume any fish, meat, or organ meats except for brain and pancreas (the latter should be either raw or lyophilized [in capsules])
{3} mumijo also known as shilojit (⅛ tablet every 3 days); I find it useful against musculoskeletal problems, especially muscle cramps; in such cases, I start taking this dose two times a day and kale 3 times a day
{4} kelp (only laminaria; ~0.1 grams dry weight once every 3 days); in people with fast metabolism, the need for this supplement is close to zero (causes an allergic reaction in me)
{5} [daily] turmeric (dried root); I soak it and add it (several grams) to lemon juice in the morning; I also use powdered turmeric for this purpose in the evening
{6} [daily] a calcium supplement: broccoli in moderate amounts, chew it well; (optional:) ~5 grams of kale one to three times a day; this is a low-to-moderate dose of calcium, designed for people with fast metabolism (choleric temperament); most people can take more calcium, for example, 10-15 grams of kale 3 times a day; people with slow metabolism (also known as predominance of the parasympathetic nervous system or phlegmatic or melancholic temperament) should avoid leafy greens (they have a sedative effect), and other plant sources of calcium are preferable such as almonds and cabbage (see footnote # 37 below)
{7} black seed once a week; I chew these seeds in tiny portions about 1-2 grams total in one sitting (10-15 min). This food seems to promote anger (this problem is negligible when you are sick and consume black seed daily)
{8} juice of 1-2 medium-sized lemons 5 days on and 5 days off, alternating (see footnote # 20 below)
{9} I consume 2 even tablespoons of raw cream once a week; if you wish, you can try preparing special high-vitamin raw butter or cream as recommended by Weston Price (see below); I simply buy raw milk directly on a farm and separate the cream; if you don't see the word "raw" on a price tag at a farmers' market, don't ask if the dairy is raw or pasteurized; the seller will deceive you in most cases
{10} [daily] beef brain, ~20 grams
{11} [daily] people with rapid metabolism (~3% of the population) such as myself need substantial amounts of dietary magnesium; I consume ~5 grams of kale per day and broccoli (15-30 g) three times a day
{12} raw pancreas (beef or porcine), ~20 grams 1-3 times a day: 10 days on and 5 days off, alternating; alternatively, you can take a freeze-dried pancreas as capsules (for more details, see the chapter "The importance of organ meats..." in my ebook "Fight Cancer")
{13} ginkgo (1 capsule [80 mg] of dried extract once every 4 days)
{14} I used to consume raw fish eggs (unsalted), raw lung (bovine), and raw kidney (bovine), 10 grams of each once every 3 days (on different days); alternatively, you can take freeze-dried organs as capsules; people with fast metabolism should not consume any fish, meat, or organ meats except for brain and pancreas (the latter should be either raw or lyophilized [in capsules])
{15} baking soda (¼ to ½ teaspoon per half a glass of water, once every 8 days; see footnote # 44)
{16} [daily] raw tendons and cartilage, 10 grams, for example you can buy a beef knee at a farmers' market and cut off tendons and cartilage from the bone; slice this small portion (10 g) finely (heavy manual labor for 10-15 minutes); don't use a meat-grinder for this purpose (contaminates food with heavy metals); this stuff is impossible to chew even when finely chopped; keep it in your mouth for about half a minute and then swallow; this supplement is beneficial for the musculoskeletal system and recommended for people who do a lot of physical exercise, with any type of metabolism
{17} a multiprobiotic (not taken regularly; usually added into enema water)
{18} hydrogen peroxide (10 drops per half a glass of water, once every 8 days; see footnote # 41)
{19} sedative or stimulant herbs (I take ginseng, schisandra, and rhodiola once a week, 400 mg each; see footnote # 21 below)
{20} apple cider vinegar (once a week; one teaspoon diluted with a glass of water or a smoothie; avoid contact with any metal); I find that in large amounts, this substance increases the number of errors at work
{21} acacia honey, 2 tablespoons per week, dissolved in ⅓ glass of water or juice; I combine this in the same meal with 1 tablespoon of cold-pressed coconut oil and ~10 grams of coconut meat, finely sliced; these foods complement each other, and I sometimes consume this combination several times a week; coconut causes lots of gas, but honey is antibacterial and neutralizes this effect; on the other hand, honey tends to promote allergies, while coconut and its oil do the opposite
{22} chlorella (one even teaspoon [powder or tablets] once a week); in people with fast metabolism, the need for this supplement is close to zero (causes an allergic reaction in me); I do not recommend spirulina because some batches of this product may contain unsafe levels of neurotoxins
{23} wheatgrass (one even teaspoon [powder or tablets] once a week)
{25} a glass of raw wheat extract once a week (see Appendix I)
{26} raw cacao beans (1 heaping tablespoon once every 6 days in the form of home chocolate; see Appendix I)
{33} a paste of pulverized Chili peppers and ginger (2 heaping tablespoons once a month; see footnote # 23 below)

I presoak for 1-2 hours item {22} and for 1 day items {5} and {26} because they are too hard and can slightly damage blades of a blender (and your smoothie gets contaminated with particles of heavy metals). I keep a separate calendar in KOrganizer (software for Linux) for various supplements and lifestyle interventions (Microsoft Outlook is an alternative). Even if you gradually started taking these natural supplements with an interval of 1-2 weeks, you may develop symptoms of allergy or some other strange symptoms occasionally. In this case, stop taking all supplements for 1-2 weeks.
The special butter can be obtained only in early summer only if cows are pastured and eat rapidly growing grass. For this butter, the cows should be milked before approximately June 15 (in a temperate climatic zone). You need to make arrangements with some farmer, and ask him/her to not pasteurize or heat the milk and butter in any way. This special butter has a distinct color (it is more yellow than ordinary butter) and contains dozens of times as much vitamins (A, D, K2, and others) as regular butter does. Weston Price noted that if cows eat rapidly growing wheat or rye grass, then this special butter has an especially high vitamin content and has an orange hue. I can say that the butter made from milk collected after approximately June 15 no longer has a distinct color and cannot be considered high-vitamin butter. Put several kilograms of the special butter in a freezer and eat it for the next year as a food supplement (an even tablespoon every 3 days or an even teaspoon [3 grams] daily). In combination with cod liver oil, the special butter is the best remedy for tooth decay. Alternatively, you can buy large quantities of raw milk on a farm (last week of May – first week of June); in this case, you can be 100% sure that your cream is raw. You will need large transparent containers or jars with the mouth large enough for a ladle. Put the jar with the milk in a refridgerator for one day to let cream separate, and then skim the cream with a ladle and put it in a freezer. You will need to freeze approximately twofold more cream than butter. Approximately 1.0–1.5 kilograms of special butter per year is enough for one person; accordingly, you need to freeze for storage about 3 kilograms of special cream. This translates to 30–40 liters of raw milk.
8)This procedure has noticeable effects on mental state (aside from being effective against diarrhea). Scientific evidence of nongastrointestinal effects is scarce [1075, 1076] probably because scientists shy away from this kind of funny research, but there is a sound theory behind this approach (going back to Hippocrates). It is known that rectal administration of drugs and nutrients is as effective as the oral route; in other words, the contents of the colon are actively absorbed into the bloodstream. Thus, complete emptying of the colon means that you will stop being a shithead for a few hours (I am joking). Self-experimentation since the early 1990s suggests that this approach improves sleep and reduces anxiety; there is a subjective increase in mental clarity. This method also seems to be effective against headache (and fever if it is caused by a bacterial infection). Recent research on gut bacteria (microbiota) suggests that they affect many parameters of mental and physical health [1074], and complete colon cleansing will of course cause big changes in the microbiota. There is no reason to believe that colon cleansing is an effective treatment of severe diseases such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s, although in theory, this approach might prevent (not treat) colon cancer. The procedure is safe (3–5 liters total of intermittent inflow and outflow) but can be uncomfortable and even painful if performed by an inexperienced person. Accordingly, seek a qualified health care professional if you wish to give it a whirl for the first time. It’s a good idea to take multi-probiotics after this procedure to prevent negative changes in intestinal microflora. For example, Bio-Kult (United Kingdom) contains 14 strains of beneficial bacteria (I do not have a financial relationship with this company). Actually, I recommend adding a multi-probiotic to the water used for colon cleansing. Before you do that, try taking this probiotic orally for 2 weeks to make sure that there are no negative reactions. Usually, I use the first 1.5 liters for a coffee enema (see below), the next two rounds are warm tap water, and I add one capsule of the multiprobiotic into the last 1.5 liters. In my experience, colon cleansing is not effective against constipation and provides only a temporary relief against excessive gas: dietary changes and probiotics are more effective. (Regarding constipation see Chapter Three). A coffee enema stimulates the liver and enhances its detoxification function [1287]. To do a coffee enema, you need to boil 100 milliliters (powder) of lightly roasted ground coffee in 0.5 liters of water for 5 minutes and then let it simmer for 20 minutes. Let it cool down to approximately body temperature, filter it through a sieve, and add warm water to 1.5 liters. This solution should be warm because a cold enema is uncomfortable and difficult to hold. Apply coconut oil or another lubricant to the enema tip and assume a position where your torso is horizontal or the buttocks are somewhat above the head. When you administer this coffee solution (1.5 liters, you can take short breaks), you need to hold it for 15 minutes. Lie down on a foam mat face down, face up, or on any side as long as you are comfortable. If you feel that you can't hold it, then assume a face-down-ass-up position and move your abdomen from side to side. When the 15 minutes are up, you can let the coffee out not necessarily in one sitting. Get up and do some torso-bending exercises and then sit down on the toilet and let the coffee out again. That's it. Of note, a ketogenic diet will effectively reduce gas in the digestive tract, but this diet is highly unbalanced and cannot be a permanent solution. The starchless diet (endnote C1) is more balanced and is another good way to reduce flatulence. To solve problems with flatulence, perform complete cleansing of the colon with addition of a multiprobiotic into the enema water. Next, minimize or exclude foods containing starches, avocado, coconut, and legumes and replace all raw fruits with pulp-free juices (see Appendix I, section "Fruits"). Of note, some raw vegetables (tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, bell peppers, kale, celery, broccoli, and cucumbers) cause almost no gas, but puree made of these vegetables does cause gas (unless you keep the puree in your mouth for several minutes). Some effective remedies for constipation, e.g. psyllium husks and vegetable puree, also cause flatulence, but castor oil (not for the pregnant) and flaxseed oil do not. Among whole fruits, persimmon, watermelon, and melon cause almost no gas; apricots, peaches, and nectarines give little gas; whereas apples and whole grapes cause a lot of flatulence. To be on the safe side, start with replacing all fruits with pulp-free juices, preferably raw home-made ones, or with hypoallergenic honey (such as acacia honey) dissolved in water. As mentioned above, your diet should not contain any starch (boiled cereal grains, bread, pancakes, and other junk food containing flour), because starch promotes fermentation in the digestive tract. To further reduce the amount of gas, exclude all cabbage family vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, etc., because they contain raffinose, just as legumes do) and avoid raw cereal grains. Because this diet contains no insoluble dietary fiber, you are at a higher risk of constipation and should avoid or minimize all foods promoting constipation: cacao (chocolate) and dairy. Don't overeat animal protein (eat it only when you work) because it tends to harden the stool too. A low-gas raw diet mainly consists of raw juices, raw whole tomatoes and cucumbers, tail fat, raw eggs, and small amounts of nuts and honey; eat nuts only when you work. If necessary, replace whole vegetables with pulp-free vegetable juices and replace all fruit juices with diluted honey (I don't recommend juices from cabbage and its relatives because they contain a lot of raffinose). During this low-gas diet, force yourself to go number 2 in the toilet 1–2 times a day. A wad of toilet paper can serve as a “muffler” when you go to the bathroom, and will ensure complete silence even with a gassy diet. Note that it is possible to have "healthy diarrhea," i.e., when your gastrointestinal tract works too well, for example, from overconsumption of flaxseed oil. In this case, you don't need colon cleansing and have to take measures that harden the stool: eat more butter and cacao (e.g., home chocolate, see Appendix I) and reduce your consumption of laxative foods (see Chapter Three, seventh section). One wise physician recommends complete colon cleansing instead of surgical removal of the appendix. I perform complete colon cleansing once every 3 months and when I have unhealthy diarrhea.
9)If you assume a horizontal position, this by itself will slow down the brain and will help to calm down. I have noticed that the speed of mental work is approximately twofold lower when you are lying down than when you are sitting. It is useful to meditate and to completely turn off all the noise and external information during sunbathing. (I meditate only during sunbathing).
11)Exhale maximally in a standing position, pinch your nose, start pacing the room, and hold your breath as long as you can (you will give up after 10-15 seconds). Do this 2-3 times with an interval of several minutes. This procedure aside from calming you down will temporarily unblock a congested nose during a cold or flu and will stimulate intestinal peristalsis. (In some people, this procedure may cause agitation or even a panic attack.) If the above procedure causes pain or discomfort in the abdomen, then do not use complete exhalation (exhale normally) and do not move during the breath-holds. Similar breathing exercises are a part of yoga, and one Russian physician named Konstantin P. Buteyko developed a system of breathing exercises that is proven to alleviate some pulmonary diseases, such as asthma [415, 1072]. To prevent damage to capillaries in the head, always do breath-holding exercises in the upright position, never lying down. I also noticed that daily breath-holds can cause spasms and discomfort in back muscles. I do two breath-holds with a 2- to 3-minute interval once every 6 days.
12)Brief fasting is a good exercise for your metabolism and is safe for most people [1071]. There is a world of scientific literature showing health benefits of intermittent and short-term fasting in humans and in laboratory animals. To avoid overeating on the day after fasting, I recommend cardio exercise twice a day. Fasting is widespread in nature, and if you never fast, then your lifestyle is unnatural. For healthy people, I would recommend a 24-hour dry fast once a fortnight. I follow this schedule myself and add one day of the fruit-and-vegetable diet immediately after the day of dry fasting. Prolonged fasting (longer than 48 hours) requires special controlled conditions where you cannot stuff your face with junk food at any moment: for example, a special hospital for fasting or, if you live alone, then you need to rid your house or apartment of all food. Breaking a long fast requires a special diet, whereas eating junk food during this period will cause serious damage to your health. Despite positive scientific data, I do not recommend intermittent fasting because breaking a fast is huge stress for your body, and if it happens every 2 days, then this regimen cannot be good for health in the long run. Although adapted cold showers will make fasting easier, this combination increases impulsivity to dangerous levels. Fasting can be combined with cold showers if you are sick (you won’t become more impulsive), and this regimen can help you to tackle a stubborn health problem. This combination is also acceptable if you are healthy and limit your access to the Internet and telephone (for details see the chapter on fasting in my other ebook, Fight Cancer). The combination of dry fasting with adapted cold showers has a rapid rejuvenating effect, and you will notice that in two short days you look and feel many years younger. Plan fasting on your days off: when you can get some rest. It is important to break the fast correctly. Start with boiled and raw fruits and vegetables (the first meal). Pulverized raw carrots or tomatoes are the best. Pascalized meat or safe raw meat can also be included in the first meal. The second meal (3–5 hours after initiation of eating) can include boiled grains and pulverized nuts in addition to the above. The third meal can include dairy and boiled meat. You should never take probiotics or eat honey on the day you break a fast. Wait at least 2 days and 1 day, respectively. Please keep in mind that the longer the fast, the more problematic is the return to nutrition. There are far more restrictions on diet if you are coming out of a 10-day fast. Incidentally, the health system that includes both dry fasting and cold water procedures was originally proposed by a Russian guy named Porfiriy Korneyevich Ivanov (Порфирий Корнеевич Иванов) [1073]. He claimed that this approach helped him to beat cancer. Anyway, according to existing scientific evidence, fasting can help you get rid of some health problems and prevent new ones. There is a mild type of fasting: you eat only raw non-starchy fruits and vegetables and/or raw juices (not store-bought); ideally, 80% of this diet should consist of tomatoes, carrots, beets, and cucumbers. If you are on vacation and wish to lose some weight and get younger, you can try the following regimen: dry fasting for 24-48 hours followed by the fruit-and-vegetable diet for 1-3 weeks; just as prolonged fasting, this regimen also requires special controlled conditions such as a separate apartment (for details see the chapter on fasting in my other ebook, Fight Cancer). I must warn you that any type of fasting causes character changes and reduces libido (temporarily). On the fasting days, you may experience some irritability. You are likely to become less emotional in general and may stop laughing. This is not a big deal because in my view laughter is meaningless. There is nothing more stupid than the notion that you must laugh to be happy. On the positive side, your mind will become sharper, and it will be easy for you to make other people laugh. I fast without water for 24 hours once a fortnight.
13)It is absolutely crucial to familiarize yourself with the sources below if you want to understand the serious problems of conventional medicine (use Google Translate if necessary; if some links below don't work, try a Web proxy, the Tor browser, VPN, your smartphone, or archive.org):
https://tinyurl.com/2p8hzave
 https://tinyurl.com/2p93rntt
 https://tinyurl.com/59hjwt9j
 https://tinyurl.com/y989ucdf
 https://tinyurl.com/yckymen2
 https://tinyurl.com/y7hrsmj8
 https://tinyurl.com/s6zqhgf — note the date of this event
https://tinyurl.com/2p89zea2
 https://tinyurl.com/3ju6dts8
 https://tinyurl.com/vpeloml
 https://tinyurl.com/25vrwb9t
 https://tinyurl.com/1q3ofte4
 https://tinyurl.com/hj8d7vx4
 https://tinyurl.com/7a5n9hr8
 https://tinyurl.com/p2r6a5z8
 https://tinyurl.com/2p977fek
 https://tinyurl.com/2p9uw8bz
 https://tinyurl.com/2h6c2pbu
 https://tinyurl.com/586kdyuk
 https://tinyurl.com/4x33mfbd
 https://tinyurl.com/mcr6ryw6
 https://tinyurl.com/39un2wrk
 https://tinyurl.com/nhff2ahb
 https://tinyurl.com/3vdsbp5n
 https://tinyurl.com/yckts3m8
 https://tinyurl.com/mvkfcb4r
 https://tinyurl.com/yu5sc8sc

 Conventional medicine is better than alternative medicine when it comes to some (not all) medical emergencies, physical trauma, some dental or eye problems, and some infectious diseases (treatment of viral infections is not effective in most cases). In other situations, it is difficult to say whether conventional or alternative medicine is better. Keep in mind that there are natural antibiotics such as raw honey, garlic, onion, and some herbs [1150]. Conventional medicine is the third leading cause of deaths, and you are entering a minefield when you decide to undergo a high-tech medical treatment [1065, 1127, 1143, 1151, 1153]. Most of the methods of official conventional medicine have not been proven scientifically to be effective ([1063, 1064] and Appendix I in my other book "Fight Cancer"). The same is true for alternative medicine. There is plenty of fraud and self-serving behavior on both sides. We've talked about fake science in relation to conventional medicine, and now I would like to mention my objections to some methods of alternative medicine. Homeopathy in my opinion is unscientific. Acupuncture undoubtedly works, but the theory behind it is not compatible with modern biology. Pure vitamins and natural chemicals (known as nutritional supplements) can always be avoided and replaced with safer herbs and foods [1131]. Many practitioners of alternative medicine claim that viruses do not exist and that viruses and bacteria cannot cause diseases, i.e., that the infectious theory of diseases is wrong. My response: This is only partially true and mostly incorrect. I speak as a former biologist with a Ph.D. degree. The existence of many fages (viruses of bacteria), giant viruses, retroviruses, and other kinds of viruses has been proven exhaustively when researchers photographed and characterized a virus isolated by centrifugation in a density gradient. I agree that the main scary viruses that the ruling elite uses to frighten the population have not been proven to exist, and therefore the diseases attributed to these viruses are caused either by aggressive treatments or by other factors. For example, three scientific studies on Spanish influenza (1918) failed to demonstrate transmission of the infection from person to person:
Rosenau MJ, Keegan WJ, Goldberger J, Lake GC: Experiments upon volunteers to determine the cause and mode of spread of influenza, Boston, November and December, 1918. Hygienic Laboratory-Bulletin 1921, No. 123.
McCoy GW, Richey DW: Experiments upon volunteers to determine the cause and mode of spread of influenza, San Francisco, November and December, 1918. Hygienic Laboratory-Bulletin 1921, No. 123.
Rosenau MJ, Keegan WJ, Richey DW, McCoy GW, Goldberger J, Leake JP, Lake GC: Experiments upon volunteers to determine the cause and mode of spread of influenza, Boston, February and March, 1919. Hygienic Laboratory-Bulletin 1921, No. 123.
The following study shows that C0V1D-l9 as a disease cannot be transmitted between humans: Jackson S et al.: Safety, tolerability, viral kinetics, and immune correlates of protection in healthy, seropositive UK adults inoculated with SARS-CoV-2: a single-centre, open-label, phase 1 controlled human infection study. Lancet Microbe 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00025-9
According to that study, “test positivity” (without the disease) can be “transmitted” with low probability, but if you read this list articles: https://tinyurl.com/yckymen2 then you will realize that C0V1D tests produce false and meaningless results.
Daniel Roytas wrote a book, “Can You Catch A Cold?” where he presents over 200 scientific studies where transmission of various diseases (that are considered “infectious”) between humans failed either 100% or close to it. Some of these studies can be found here: https://tinyurl.com/mvmvejsz
Other interesting information about influenza:
https://tinyurl.com/5d5744ju (starting at 19 min 15 sec in the video)
https://tinyurl.com/4mb7287y
https://tinyurl.com/5327j54s
I am convinced that many prominent virologists are not honest independent scientists but rather well-paid disinfo agents managed by the powers that be through blackmail, i.e., a control file, namely, a list of criminal liabilities, either real or fabricated (but actionable). Another technique ensuring secrecy is a threat of elimination of retirement benefits (and of a big unofficial pension). Finally, the standard tool of the ruling elite is a threat of physical harm (what if you go blind for the rest of your life?) as well as a threat of a disease or death of family members, best friends, and pets. Thus, 100% reliable secrecy is guaranteed. Going back to microbes, viruses and bacteria definitely can cause diseases in other microbes and in animals and plants. Parasitism, where one species kills or sickens another species, has been well documented in biology. Infectious diseases are a kind of parasitism. If microbes cannot cause diseases, then why do humans and animals have an immune system? Nineteenth century surgeons Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister dramatically reduced infectious complications of surgical operations by sterilizing the room, clothes, the surgical wound, and surgical instruments, which was revolutionary at the time. If allegedly no microbes can cause human diseases, then sterilization would make no difference in surgical operations. The claim "the viruses and bacteria—that are officially claimed to cause human diseases—do not cause diseases" may be close to the truth, but I have not seen a thorough review of scientific literature proving this statement. Furthermore, I do not recommend many alternative cancer treatments (see my other book "Fight Cancer", the chapter "Nonrecommended alternative treatments of cancer").
When choosing a medical procedure, you need to ask yourself 1) Does the author of the procedure or healthcare provider want my money? Can I perform the treatment myself without paying a penny to this healthcare professional or to the inventor? 2) Does the procedure make sense or address the real ultimate cause of the illness that I can understand and verify myself? 3) Will this practitioner turn me into a permanent client of the healthcare industry because the procedure will temporarily relieve the symptoms, while causing new health problems? 4) Is the procedure dangerous: will it do more harm than good? [1050, 1065, 1127] 5) Is it likely that the scientific evidence was corrupted by those trying to sell this method? 6) Do I really have a disease that needs to be treated? 7) Is it possible that I am healthy but the health problem was invented to sell various healthcare products? 8) If the method in question is often called “quackery,” is it possible that it works but is being trashed by powerful competitors? I recommend this honest and informative website about pros and cons of prescription drugs: http://rxisk.org
 Prescription drugs are necessary for effective health care but their role in medicine would be much smaller if beneficial effects and adverse effects of drugs were presented honestly by the pharmaceutical industry. Today, for many drugs, beneficial effects are exaggerated, whereas adverse effects are downplayed or not reported. This is how evidence-based medicine works at present, as exposed by David Healy and other brilliant researchers. See his presentation here. If you try to do your own research on a drug, you will still be misled by the badly manipulated Wikipedia, by skewed Google search results (see the presentation by Sharyl Attkisson here). The biggest fraudsters are surgeons; most of what they treat can be cured with lifestyle changes (for example, a raw diet) or does not require treatment, but surgeons will never tell you about it. They receive all kinds of bribes from manufacturers of medical equipment and hence are always eager to operate, regardless of whether a patient needs an operation or not. I know several people who became disabled for life after elective surgery for minor health problems, which could be cured with lifestyle changes. Surgeons are the profession that inflicts probably the greatest harm on society (the minority of surgeons who work in traumatology only are beneficial for society). The powers that be brainwash gullible masses 24/7 to love and respect physicians, especially surgeons. The latter are highly effective at reducing the population size, which is what the ruling elite has been planning for decades. An average simpleton blindly believes anything a surgeon says. You should avoid hospitals like the plague whenever possible. The ruling elite has turned hospitals into death traps that kill not heal people, as evidenced by recent events in 2020–2021. Many people who had the f1u and checked into a hospital were killed by toxic antiviral and sedative drugs combined with a venti1ator, not to mention millions of people injured and killed by vaccines. Virtually everyone who had the f1u and stayed at home (as usual) survived. Some readers might say: modern medicine and pharmaceutical drugs cannot cause so much harm because everybody knows that life expectancy today is much longer than it was several centuries or several millennia ago. My response: you shouldn't believe official statistics, and the average lifespan probably increased mostly because of reductions in childhood mortality. The latter decreased due to better sanitation and better skills of doctors in this field [1136]. Some studies show that maximum lifespan has remained almost unchanged in the last two millennia, i.e., people easily lived to 80 or 100 years in ancient Greece and ancient Rome [1137, 1138, 1152]. Please see the end of the section “Interpreting evidence from studies on human subjects” (Chapter One in this book) and the appendix "40 ways to distort the results of a clinical trial and cancer statistics" in my other ebook, Fight Cancer.
14)For instance, you can undoubtedly use medicinal herbs (e.g., arnica) to reduce mild-to-moderate pain instead of chemical drugs; regarding other natural painkillers, see footnote #23 below. Also, I recommend coconut oil as a lip balm, moisturizing cream, hair mask, and a general replacement of petroleum jelly (vaseline). The fewer artificial chemicals you apply to your body externally and internally, the fewer health problems you will have. Another excellent website is madinamerica.com, which deals with mental health. Incidentally, some researchers have cast doubt on the usefulness of psychiatric drugs [35, 457, 1045, 1046, 1049 – 1055, 1057, 1058, 1060, 1067, 1068, 1080 – 1082, 1088, 1098, 1101, 1109, 1111 – 1118, 1128, 1130]. Use search engine DuckDuckGo.com. Veteran CBS investigative journalist Sharyl Attkisson explains in this presentation that Wikipedia is untrustworthy because it is influenced by drug companies. When reading or listening to alternative medicine sources (may also be labeled as natural medicine, natural treatments, naturopathy, complementary medicine, etc.), keep in mind that these people may have useful ideas but a wrong explanation of the mechanism of action. I haven't seen good evidence suggesting that GMO foods are bad for health, but I am in favor of labeling of all GMO-containing foods. Also, my advice is to learn how to search PubMed.gov correctly. For example, the search string hepatitis[Title] AND "liver cancer"[Title/Abstract] returns articles where the word hepatitis is mentioned in the title and phrase "liver cancer" occurs in the title or abstract; you can use operators NOT and OR in a similar fashion. You can also use parentheses and construct long search strings with dozens of operators. Regarding conventional medicine, unfortunately, not all doctors have your best interests as their top priority. You have to do your own research and seek many different opinions because the current system of health care leaves much to be desired. You need to be very selective when it comes to doctors. It is not uncommon for a physician to prescribe costly, unnecessary, and even harmful procedures because they ensure a stream of income for this person or his/her employer. Keep in mind that clinical practice guidelines are influenced by powerful commercial interests, such as drug companies and device makers. Biomedical researchers worship drug companies and many of them hope to get a high-paying job in the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmacotherapy has its place but in my view it should not dominate health care. If you have hypertension, and a doctor prescribes a drug instead of proven lifestyle changes, this kind of health care does not make you healthy, it keeps you sick while turning you into an income stream for the healthcare industry. Some adverse effects of this medication will later develop into another disease or health problem and will be treated with other drugs, making you sicker and generating more profits for the healthcare industry. Pharmaceutical-industry-funded research suggesting that healthy people should be put on some sort of medication for life for prophylactic purposes is the most vivid example of perversion of medicine by commercial interests. At present, molecular medicine is all the rage, whereas nonpharmacological biomedical research and physiology are unfashionable. At any rate, scientific fraud is widespread, as explained in Chapter One. Besides, modern clinical trials do not prove anything because of numerous legal ways to distort the results (see appendix "40 ways to distort the results of a clinical trial and cancer statistics" in my other ebook, Fight Cancer), and the vast majority of clinical trials deal with potentially profitable treatments. Usually, these interventions do not address prevention or the benefits of lifestyle changes or low-tech free treatments outlined above: unprofitable approaches. It is difficult to find good-quality medical information. The field of complementary and alternative medicine is not perfect either, there are a lot of dishonest salesmen there. Any given author may provide some good information on some topics along with bad information in other areas. “Everybody lies.”
15)You will greatly enjoy a warm or moderately hot bath (38–40°C). This is another mild stressor for your system and is expected to improve health (if repeated regularly) according to hormesis research. Don’t try to use painfully hot water (43°C) because it will make you sick and you will feel damage to health immediately. Usually it is advisable to avoid a sauna, because it involves extreme temperatures (air temperature of 70°C and higher), which can't be good for your skin. In some cases, a sauna is definitely beneficial, for example, during an asthma attack. In general, I do not recommend hot showers on a regular basis because they tend to promote swelling of veins in the legs (which probably may lead to varicose veins). Instead, take a hot bath where your body is almost horizontal. If you still decide to go to a sauna, then you had better lie down there because heating of the legs in the standing position may cause varicose veins. Almost a hundred years ago American surgeon William Coley successfully treated cancer by causing a high fever in patients (40°C and higher). Hyperthermia is gradually disseminated in clinical practice as a treatment of various types of cancer, and it is believed that this method stimulates the innate immunity against cancer cells. My advice is to use moderate hyperthermia (38°C core body temperature that can be achieved in a 40°C bath) as hormesis and an immunostimulant, rather than high hyperthermia designed to kill cancer cells (because there is a risk to kill the patient). The alternative is to raise your core body temperature by intensive exercise. I alternate three types of cardio exercise (stationary bike, rapid lifting of knees while hanging from a horizontal bar, and arm exercises with dumbbells) with short breaks until the body temperature reaches 38°C. I measure the body temperature by means of an electronic thermometer by placing it under the tongue. It should be mentioned that only infrequent heating is beneficial for health [1190] (I would say once a month or less frequently). I take a hot bath (and raise my core body temperature to 38°C) once every 6 months.
16)I recommend breathing exercises invented by A.N. Strelnikova (Russian spelling: А.Н. Стрельникова) [1070]. I do them once every 3 months on an empty stomach: each session consists of the “Pump” exercise 8 × 6 repeats, and I precede this exercise with my own version: 5 rapid full exhalations and inhalations. I cannot do hyperventilation exercises in greater amounts because I get muscle cramps. It is likely that you can do these exercises more frequently than I can. My version is a harsher treatment and carries more risks for health. I experienced something like a heart attack when I did this exercise once a day (10 rapid full exhalations and inhalations). A medical checkup revealed that it was a false alarm; nevertheless, now I am very careful with my version of hyperventilation. Therefore, you should not do this kind of exercise more often than once a week and do not combine it with strenuous physical exercise on the same day. Hyperventilation causes euphoria and tends to have a stimulant effect on the central nervous system, including an immediate reduction in fatigue. Nevertheless, this method does not increase impulsivity. Excessive hyperventilation will cause brief dizziness and weakness.
17)Some people do not tolerate raw food well and need a gradual transition period of 2 or 3 months. If you experience problems with flatulence, see point # 8 and its footnote. In most cases, a raw diet will make you feel younger right away [803, 920]. See appendix VIII for more details. My diet is 99% raw 90% of the time during a normal work schedule. I eat boiled chicken for ~3 days per month. When I am swamped with work, I eat boiled chicken and boiled eggs every day.
18)There is ample scientific evidence that sleep deprivation has a rapid and reliable antidepressant effect (unfortunately, the relapse is also rapid) [1078]. Sleep also affects the immune system. In accordance with the hormesis principle, this moderate stressor for your body should improve health if you do it regularly and the frequency is small. Sleep deprivation is to be avoided during a manic or hypomanic episode, and you should not drive a car or operate machinery during sleep deprivation. Practically speaking, skipping a night's sleep is not difficult if you use adapted cold showers in combination with brief cardio. You can use this method several times at night and several times the following day, until the following night, when you can go to sleep again. Pascalized meat or other types of safe raw meat or fish also make temporary sleep deprivation easy. Sleep deprivation is not recommended for patients with bipolar disorder, especially during a manic or hypomanic episode; sleep deprivation will be beneficial during a depressive episode. I do this once every 2 months.
19)According to the literature research conducted by greenmedinfo.com, exposure to sunlight is the unconventional procedure most strongly supported by scientific evidence as an anticancer modality [1272]. Formation of vitamin D may be one of the mechanisms, but hormesis may be another, and we still do not know everything about what happens in the human body during exposure to sun light. Of course you can use sun rays instead of a tanning bed if you can. To minimize the risk of skin cancer (which in my opinion is exaggerated or made up in mass media), choose a dose that causes little or no tan [1079]. Don’t forget to put on special goggles to protect your eyes. Don’t look at the UV lamps directly even through the goggles. You will also need a floor fan placed about 1–2 meters away to blow off ozone, which is produced by UV light when it interacts with oxygen in the air. Ventilate your room afterwards. Start with a 1-minute session in a tanning bed or tanning booth per week, and then gradually increase the frequency of 1-minute sessions to once a day 6 days a week. Recently, I stopped using UV lamps and now use only natural sunlight for this purpose once every 4 days or less frequently (this procedure can make me overactive). When I am ill (no risk of hyperactivity), I will sunbathe daily in small doses. On sunny days, instead of the solarium, open a window and tan while one of four parts of your body is exposed to sunlight (~1 minute each): front torso and face, the back and the back side of the head, front side of legs, and back side of legs. Do not allow heating of the skin. Do the whole cycle up to 6 times. The whole procedure should take ~40 minutes. If you have a fever, sunbathing in the summer is not recommended because it raises body temperature. With a little practice, you will be able to catch the sun even on cloudy days. You can also relax mentally and meditate during these 40 minutes of sunbathing. The same can be done in winter, but you need to take some precautions: wrap a scarf around your neck and place a powerful heater with a fan near the window, so that it does not blow air directly into you. Limit your winter sun-bathing to 2 minutes a day or avoid it altogether and replace with a UV solarium. (My personal experience suggests that these very cold air baths can cause a cold or the flu if they last more than a few minutes; a cold shower in an atmosphere of room temperature air will not cause such diseases.) This brief strong cooling is tantamount to a cold shower, and you need to keep in mind that you may experience temporary problems with self-control because of the activation of the central nervous system. I take winter sun baths only on the days when I take a cold shower, with an interval of at least 10 min between these procedures. Avoid winter sunbathing when you have a respiratory disease; instead, use UV lamps. Never mind the tone of your skin, your goal is to imbibe solar energy. To minimize the risk of sunburn, follow these principles: 1) smaller intensity of lamps with longer duration of tanning sessions and 2) a lower dose per session with greater frequency of sessions. If you have a home solarium with total power of lamps of 1000 watts, then pull out half of the lamps and set them aside for future replacements (or install lamps with half the power). Now, with half the power of your solarium, you can conduct 2-minute sessions (8 minutes total on four sides) instead of 1-minute sections at full power. The expected benefits of hormesis are as follows: Small doses of UV irradiation cause small amounts of DNA damage in the skin, which is easily repaired and serves as an exercise for your body, simultaneously improving other defensive mechanisms. Avoid sunblock because it is bad for your skin and for your health; to avoid sunburn, stay in the shade or cover your skin with clothes. Regarding the formation of vitamin D, according to my self-experimentation, a vertical solarium (a home machine called Plaza XL from JW Sales GmbH, Germany; 10 UV lamps, 176 cm long, 3.6% UVB, 100 watts each) at 2 minutes a day on each of the four sides of my body (front, back, left side, right side), total 8 minutes a day, 6 days a week raises the blood level of vitamin D to the normal range after 3 weeks of this regimen, without any dietary supplementation with vitamin D. The tan will become noticeable only after 3 or 4 months of this regimen. As mentioned above, I recommend daily small amounts of cod liver and/or fish oil, which is another natural source of vitamin D. You should know of course that vitamins that come from natural sources have different effects on your body and are assimilated differently by your system as compared to artificial vitamin supplements. Artificial vitamins are poorly assimilated and are mostly excreted with urine. If you will be “sunbathing” daily by means of a home vertical solarium (on all four sides of your body sequentially), then the front top of your feet will receive a larger dose of UV irradiation, and you may notice some freckles there. To prevent this problem, you can wear slippers during these sessions. Examine your skin every now and then. If you notice something unusual, for example, a red spot that cannot be explained, then stop the UV sessions for a week or two until these changes disappear. Nowadays, I sunbathe approximately once a week in the summer, 1 minute for each of the 4 parts of the body, 6 times total (about 35 minutes total). In other seasons, there are much fewer sunny days, and it's cold, sunbathing is like taking a cold shower; therefore, I do not sunbathe in cold seasons and don't use the home solarium either.
20) I drink 1:3 to 1:5 diluted lemon juice half an hour before a meal (my dose is shown in footnote # 7 above). It is a central-nervous-system stimulant, and most people should not consume it more frequently than once or twice a week in the morning. Use a ceramic knife to cut lemons. To prepare the juice, use a special citrus juicer and prevent any contact of this juice with metal because it can corrode even stainless steel and become contaminated with heavy metals. I recommend purchasing on the Internet a manual citrus juicer made of glass. Its advantage over a plastic electric juicer is that it will not expose you to a potent magnetic field and will not contaminate the juice with plastic micro- and nanoparticles. Next, pass the thick liquid through a fine-mesh sieve (plastic one is OK) to remove most of the pulp. Dilute the juice 3- to 5-fold with distilled water. (Optional: pass this clarified diluted juice through coffee filters to make pulp-free juice; just like any other fruits and berries, lemon pulp causes a lot of gas in the digestive tract. So that the filtration goes smoothly, you need to fold the coffee filter appropriately [like an accordion] and use a funnel that has a stepped rather than smooth surface [the steps are perpendicular to the filter creases]. Lemon juice does not filter well, and the whole process will take all day and several filter changes.) While pulp-free juice is being made, I drink it in portions several times a day. Drink dilute lemon juice only through a straw to prevent damage to your teeth and lips (purchase glass straws on the Internet). Apply coconut oil or some other oil to lips before drinking lemon juice. When you start drinking lemon juice regularly, you may temporarily experience cold sores; they may result from both acid damage and rearrangements in your immune system that cause dormant viruses to wake up. You can gradually increase the dose of lemon juice from one lemon every other day to two lemons per day within 2-4 weeks. If you start with the large dose of lemon juice right away, then you may experience some unusual side effects, such as a constant feeling of anger, a burning sensation in your feet, joint pain, etc. If you are allergic to lemons and/or other citrus fruits, then try passing lemon juice through coffee filters. If this filtered juice still causes an allergic reaction, then try gradually increasing the dose from a very small one (one-eighth of a lemon every other day). The following regimen is suitable for very weak, dying patients (any type of metabolism) to bring them back from the brink of death: adapted cold showers (or cold baths) at 20°C several times a day and diluted lemon juice also several times a day. If the person is unconscious (in a coma), I believe that you can calculate a safe concentration of filtered lemon juice for intravenous injection (sterilize the liquid by passing it through a 20-micron filter) and use the cold-water procedures too.
21)Herbs are much safer than chemical drugs; nevertheless, you need to consult a healthcare professional or herbalist and/or study the adverse effects thoroughly before use. If your job requires strong self-control, then such herbal sedatives as the valerian root (Valeriana officinalis) and motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca or Leonurus quinquelobatus) are your best friends. In my experience, the most potent sedative remedy is Sedative Mix No. 10 from a company called Travy Kavkaza (Травы Кавказа, Russia). If you wish to prepare it yourself, here is the recipe: oregano (Origanum vulgare) grass, thyme (Thymus serpylium) grass, motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) grass, lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) grass, Jacob's ladder (Polemonium coeruleum) root, peppermint (Mentha piperita) leaves, hops (Humulus lupulus) cones, hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) flowers, guelder rose (Viburnum opulus) fruits, chicory (Cichorium intybus) root, meadowsweet (Spiraea filipendula) grass, aralia (Aralia racemosa) root, valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root, and geranium (Geranium sylvaticum) grass. I turn this dry mixture into powder in a blender and take it raw (by adding to a smoothie) at a dose of 80 mg twice a day. This is an average dose for daily use (160 mg) for a person weighing 75 kg (my height is 183 cm if you must know), whereas 120 mg × 2 times a day is a strong dose, which can be increased if necessary. A less potent herbal mixture at the same doses is oregano (Origanum vulgare) grass, motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) grass, peppermint (Mentha piperita) leaves, hops (Humulus lupulus) cones, valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root, and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) flowers; the everyday dose for me is 120 mg twice a day (240 mg total per day). At higher doses, I don't feel well. Note that there are no herbs that will sedate or put you to sleep right away. The sedative effect will manifest itself after several days of daily dosing several times a day. Other easy sedative treatments also help with self-control: honey (diluted with water), pulverized nuts, cooked meat (at least 50% fat), and breath-holding exercise every day. Numerous scientific studies on self-control have shown that consumption of large amounts of glucose improves self-control in humans possibly because glucose is the main fuel for the brain. This is probably why honey enhances self-control despite not a being strong sedative. I used to take sedative herbs daily for many months in a row, for ~2 years total. They are not addictive and you can stop taking them abruptly after taking them for a long period. They may have some adverse effects on some people (they haven't for me). Currently, I take sedative herbs only when necessary. To stay awake when I need to work at night, I use Rhodiola, Schisandra, and ginseng in combination with cardio exercise (my dose is described in footnote # 7 above; I soak dry herbs in water for 1-2 hours and then chew them). These treatments are safe, cheap, and effective. (I do not find tea and coffee helpful in this regard; a large dose of coffee causes an awful hangover.) You can buy most of them as ethanol extracts in a vitamin shop or a drug store. Remember that all stimulant/activating treatments (including a raw diet) tend to worsen self-control and increase libido, whereas most of sedative herbs tend to have the opposite effect. Incidentally, an acquaintance of mine claims that you can overcome porn addiction as follows: you must have at home a separate computer that is not connected to the Internet; do not approach your computer that is connected to the Internet until you satisfy yourself on the disconnected computer; this way, you will be spending much less time on porn.
If you wish to make a water extract yourself, the best way is to pulverize these roots or herbs (in the dry form) in a high-quality expensive blender. To effectively pulverize this kind of material into flour, the blender must have high rotational speed, sufficient power output, the correct configuration of blades, and the right geometry of the bowl. I have Bork B 804 (I use it with the steel cup, I don't use plastic cups that come with this blender). After you make this flour, you can store it in the fridge in plastic bags. To make a one-time dose of the water extract, scoop the amount that fits on the tip of a teaspoon (approximately the size of a pharmaceutical pill) and resuspend it in half a glass of water or juice.
22)You can instead consume lard (pork fat) if it does not contradict your religious beliefs. Dairy fat may promote constipation, and I consume no more than a tablespoon every 3 days. It's a good idea to add animal fat to the meat that you consume, so that the fat content of meat is at least 50%. If you decide to eat a large amount of fatty meat in one sitting, it may cause constipation too; therefore, you need to supplement such meals with castor oil (not for pregnant women), flaxseed oil, psyllium husks, or Cyamopsis tetragonoloba extract. Or you can eat animal fat alone, after heating it mildly or without heating, with meat broth. It's rather bland, but you can get used to it. Animal fat (without any seasonings) is the best comfort food and will melt all your problems away because it is the perfect food for the brain. Raw mutton fat (tail fat) is also a good food, but for safety, you should buy it only from a halal or kosher seller. Only in this case, can you be sure that the raw fat has not been in contact with equipment containing raw pork (it may contain a dangerous parasite: pork tapeworm). It is advisable to chop raw tail fat finely before ingestion. Raw beef fat is not edible alone (it's like chewing gum devoid of any taste and sticking to your teeth; you will not experience a reflex to swallow it even if you chew it for half an hour) but can be added to other foods. Beef fat that was boiled in water is more edible. The difference between raw mutton fat and boiled mutton fat is that the latter has a stronger sedative effect and may slightly increase body weight. Both foods reduce feelings of anger and normalize mood; you will feel and look better. Ethnic groups living in the Far North, such as Eskimos, have traditionally consumed a diet that consists of ~80% animal fat by calories, and some of this fat is raw. You can eat as much animal fat as you can, up to a pound per day (0.5 kg). It is possible that your type of metabolism does not agree well with the aforementioned animal fats; therefore, you need to add them into your diet gradually. Another type of animal fat is fish oil, and it may be more compatible with your metabolic type, but you should limit the dose to 1 or 2 teaspoons a day. People who do not tolerate fish oil well can try flaxseed oil instead, as recommended by Dr. Nicholas Gonzalez. Don't buy capsules, instead find liquid fish oil, such as cod liver oil. Animal fats are also good for physical health, and one American doctor of Romanian descent, Emanuel Revici, successfully treated cancer with animal fats (such as cod liver oil and placenta extract) and with substances isolated from animal and plant fats. For details, see my ebook "Fight Cancer." It is worth mentioning that when I started consuming substantial amounts of animal fat daily, I noticed that my eyesight improved by a few points (I am somewhat myopic) and my problem with excessive armpit perspiration went away for good. These are not serious health problems, but none of the other lifestyle changes had any effect in this regard. I consume 100-200 grams of raw tail fat per day (subdivided into three meals). Typically, I add finely chopped tail fat into a vegetable smoothie to pulverize it. I do not recommend combining raw tail fat and honey in one meal. You can consume diluted honey 1 hour before a meal.
23)This is another type of hormesis. Hot peppers (chili peppers) contain a substance called capsaicin, which has analgesic and anticancer properties. Ginger too contains a number of analgesic and anticancer substances. When you eat this hot puree alone, you will stimulate your cardiovascular system and various mechanisms that get rid of nasal mucus. To prepare this mixture, wash ginger and peppers, and cut off the remainder of a stalk from the peppers, but don't peel the ginger. Cut them up and place them in equal amounts into a blender with a small amount of water. Store the resultant puree in a freezer. To put out the fire in your mouth, eat some oils or fats. I do not recommend eating this pepper-ginger mixture more often than once a fortnight because in my experience, pungent foods tend to promote the feelings of anger; besides, this extremely hot food can damage the mucus membrane of the digestive tract. Start once a month and see how you feel the next 1-2 days. Nonetheless, when you are ill or in pain, you can eat the hot mixture every day. A biographer of Emanuel Revici by the name of Donald Kelley Eidem claims that he has cured himself of testicular cancer by consuming hot peppers every day for some time, along with cod liver oil. I take 2 heaping tablespoons of a paste of pulverized Chili peppers and ginger once a month. There are other natural pain-killers: arnica, a coffee enema (stimulates the detoxifying function of the liver [1287]; see endnote #8 above), a cold shower or local application of cold water, ingestion of turmeric (anti-inflammatory remedy; endnote #6 above), ingestion of black cumin seed (anti-inflammatory remedy; endnote #6 above), aromatherapy with lavender oil (contains pain-relieving substances), and extension and straightening out of the spine (eliminates pinching of nerves and thus unexplained cases of pain in the body parts devoid of any detectable problems, see endnotes ## 38 and 56). Preferably, with any kind of pain, you need to find an underlying cause; for example, the standard nutrition (the diet of the majority of people) is proinflammatory and can cause headaches (see the Natural food pyramid); a metabolic imbalance can also result in persistent pain or other health problems: some people have metabolism that is too fast or too slow (for details, see my other book: "Fight Cancer", chapter "The Gonzalez protocol").
24)Galina S. Shatalova, M.D., Ph.D. (1916–2011) was a Russian neurosurgeon-turned-naturopath. When in medical school, she attended lectures of renowned physiologist Ivan Pavlov. As a surgeon, Shatalova served in two wars: the Russian-Finnish War and World War II. Her career in conventional medicine was going well, but she eventually abandoned conventional medicine and turned to mostly naturopathic methods sometime in the 1950s. She got disappointed with surgical methods and used to say that most of surgical interventions are unnecessary and harm patients. Dr. Shatalova has cured many patients by her method, which she called the "System of Natural Healing." This method is effective against many diseases considered hopeless by conventional medicine, e.g., cancer, type I and type II diabetes, heart failure, renal failure, and others. She presented her numerous clinical cases to the medical establishment and to Soviet Union Communist Party leadership, but they either did not believe her or were not interested in changing the system convenient to the establishment. Thousands and perhaps tens of thousands of patients have regained health via Shatalova's books. The System of Natural Healing can be used individually without her assistance and is very inexpensive. Shatalova was a celebrity in the Soviet Union in the 1980s and appeared on various TV shows. Shatalova's method consists of 1) spiritual changes (e.g., getting rid of anger, greed, and envy); 2) a mostly raw, plant-based diet including vegetable juices, honey, and herbs, with a substantial reduction in the amount of food (down to ~500 calories per day); 3) breathing exercises; 4) physical exercise including jogging; 5) whole-body cold-water procedures, e.g., gradual dousing (starting with legs and going up), which resembles the adapted cold shower; 6) something like forest therapy, i.e., living close to nature, away from cities, and getting in touch with nature. Shatalova was not a raw-fooder because she recommended eating slightly boiled whole cereal grains such as buckwheat, and she was not a strict vegan either because she allowed her patients to eat a tablespoon of cream occasionally (roughly once a fortnight). She noticed that people who adhere to her dietary regimen undergo some notable physiological changes, for example, their breathing rate decreases to approximately 5 cycles per minute at rest, and they gain unusual physical stamina as proven in supermarathons and lengthy hikes through a desert. The participants eating the officially recommended balanced diet dropped out of these experiments because of exhaustion. Shatalova criticized the official caloric theory of nutrition and believed that it is the root of all diseases. She was not a fan of pharmaceutical drugs in particular and of conventional medicine in general, which she called "symptomatic medicine." Typically, she made her patients discontinue all chemical drugs. Galina Shatalova was a remarkable human being, healer, and charismatic speaker, and she had lived a long and healthy life. She still has many followers in Russia. She was not enthusiastic about fasting and usually recommended the above-mentioned calorie-restricted regimen as a milder version of fasting. Her treatment protocol makes a lot of sense because it involves comprehensive lifestyle changes. For more details, see this webpage. Despite her celebrity status, there is no Russian Wikipedia page of Galina Shatalova. This means that the Matrix cannot refute Shatalova's teachings and has no other choice but to keep silent about her. I would like to say in conclusion that the System of Natural Healing is an excellent way to get rid of severe diseases such as cancer, but it may not be suitable as prophylaxis for all healthy people. In my experience, a vegan diet is incompatible with hard mental labor, for example, studying at a university, reading and writing of scientific articles, preparing for lectures, and writing of research grants. On the other hand, inclusion of raw animal foods into your diet, e.g., mutton fat (tail fat), eggs, scallops, fish oil, and small amounts of mild-cured fish, as well as greater amounts of pulverized nuts enable the hardest mental labor. Calorie restriction is incompatible with hard mental labor too. Even though Dr. Galina Shatalova had been a staunch vegetarian, i.e. did not eat meat in the second half of her life, she admitted in her book "Human Health" that Yakuts (eastern Siberian people) often live to be 100 years old because they eat sliced frozen raw meat and fish (Siberian sashimi).
25)Your goal should be to get rid of all prescription drugs if you are taking them constantly (some of them may have to be tapered off slowly). If you stay on chemical drugs, then your health will be gradually getting worse. You can take herbs on a daily basis without harming your health. If you feel well, but the whole Matrix scares you into taking some chemical drug or into undergoing some medical procedure, or else "you will die," then you need to find the critics (physicians or scientists) of this treatment and of the underlying theory. You need to carefully examine the scientific evidence that they offer. If this contrary evidence is unbiased and logical, then you should ignore the "overwhelming proof" in favor of this questionable treatment because it has been fabricated. What matters is the quality of scientific evidence, not the amount of evidence. Please see the end of the section “Interpreting evidence from studies on human subjects” (Chapter One in this book) and the appendix "40 ways to distort the results of a clinical trial and cancer statistics" in my other ebook, Fight Cancer. I do not take any prescription drugs (haven't for many years).
26)Judging by the experience of many people and my own, a raw diet can cure many diseases. I know of only three techniques that rapidly noticeably rejuvenate the human body: the adapted cold shower, brief cardio exercise, and an omnivorous raw diet. See appendix VIII for more details. In this regard, the other 55 lifestyle changes listed here work only in combination and slowly.
27)See appendix VIII.
28)See the end of footnote # 24 above.
29)Some relevant topics were discussed at the beginning of Chapter Six. Some character traits (envy, greed, workaholism) and life goals are bad for health, and therefore spiritual changes will be beneficial. Here, I am not talking about psychosomatics, which I consider nonsense that is based on false information and logical errors (see the end of Appendix VIII). First, I will say which life goals make sense and will bring freedom and satisfaction with life, i.e., will make you happier internally. 1) The Matrix does not want you to be free, it wants you to serve it to your detriment, whereas alcohol and cigarettes are the surest way to enslave you; for this reason, getting rid of bad habits is the first necessary step. 2) Next, improving your health and brain health will give you big dividends in the future and will make your life much easier. You won't have to bend over backwards and subject yourself to horrible stress to make ends meet, which is what most of the working population has to do. 3) Achieving financial independence (self-employment) will protect you from many stressful situations, for instance, when your boss humiliates you and is rude to you; self-employment will make your life more pleasant but cannot be achieved quickly, years and decades will be needed. 4) Learning about the world and getting rid of the abundant false knowledge that has been put in your head from birth by the powers that be (through various channels, including educational institutions and mass media), will greatly increase subjective well-being and facilitate life. As they say, the truth will set you free. 5) One of the crucial principles is to get into a relationship and have kids as late in life as possible, ideally after 40. Otherwise, you will lose freedom from the start and won't be able to achieve any of the above: your life will consist of responsibilities (family and work), and you won't have either time or energy for anything else. At this point, I will mention the goals that will not increase your life satisfaction. If your work requires you to smoke cigarettes and to get wasted with alcohol periodically, or else you won't fit in, then a good career in this occupation will destroy your health and will poison your life. Striving for joy is meaningless (many people believe that only people who talk and laugh a lot are happy: nonsense). Aiming for great pleasures is fraught with big trouble, loss of freedom, or harm to health. If your income is above average, then further increases of income will not make you happier. Accumulation of beautiful things and other material gains will bring you only a fleeting pleasure. It is pointless to envy the rich because many of these people are unattractive both inside and outside and are burdened with numerous health problems and hard responsibilities; there are quite a few fake businessmen (work in intelligence) and fake successful people (children and nieces of the leadership of intelligence agencies). I envy people who radiate health and mental clarity.
30)It is noteworthy that this procedure helps to get rid of varicose veins (according to psychiatry professor Yuriy S. Nikolayev), hypertension, and many other health problems. See details in a chapter about fasting in my other ebook, Fight Cancer. According to conventional medicine, hypertension is "incurable," and the patients are put on lifetime chemical drugs. Nonetheless, it is scientifically proven that prolonged water-only fasting cures hypertension if a strict diet is followed afterwards [1183, 1184]. Hypertension correlates with overweight especially with obesity. Although this correlation does not prove that excess body weight causes hypertension, losing weight would not hurt if you have hypertension, especially to the lower limit of the norm, BMI 20. See Endnote C1 "Starchless diet." There is scientific evidence that switching to a healthier diet helps to get rid of hypertension but not always, cardio exercises temporarily raise blood pressure but overall help to cure hypertension, cold hydrotherapy temporarily slightly increases blood pressure but overall helps to overcome hypertension because of the diuretic effect and exercising the cardiovascular system. Doctor Holod (Youtube) recommends contrast showers. Mostly likely, you need comprehensive lifestyle changes and reducing the consumption of foods that cause you to drink a lot of water: salty, smoked, and fried foods. You can employ chicken broth for its salty taste as well as sea salt instead of table salt, in a much smaller amount than what you are used too. There are nonpharmacological ways to reduce blood pressure (just as prescription drugs, they have a temporary effect): a hot bath (or sauna), acupressure techniques (search the Internet), and/or breathing in a bag (or several breath-holds). Dry fasting also quickly reduces blood pressure, but before you artificially lower blood pressure, it's a good idea to try to determine why it increased. According to Dr. Holod, hypertension can be cured as follows by enabling kidney function: drinking a lot of water, warming of the kidneys, warming of the legs in a horizontal position in the evening (at other times too if necessary); within several weeks, the kidneys will finish their tasks, will calm down, and will stop increasing blood pressure. For details, see my ebook "Fight Hypertension." I fast once a year for 3 days or longer with water. My personal record is a 5-day fast without water (not that you should try to break any records by fasting; listen to your body).
31)See details in this article: https://tinyurl.com/yyfmhxcd
I don't use a sauna regularly.
32)See endnote C1. You need to choose the kind of weight loss lifestyle(s) that you can follow for the rest of your life or for many decades. I slowly lost a lot of weight in the year 2020 and has kept it off since. Currently, my BMI is about 22, and I have been living on a strict but sufficiently diverse and filling diet (starchless diet) since May 2019 (100% compliance).
33)A person who is familiar with rules of logic and has examined scientific evidence about vaccines will become an antivaxxer. Key scientific studies: [1324, 1341, 1348 – 1350, 1360, 1361, 1366]. Other references: [1277 – 1285, 1292, 1296 – 1299, 1312 – 1314, 1317, 1328 – 1332, 1336 – 1340, 1351 – 1354]
35)Regarding the ketogenic diet [1077], to minimize the risk of constipation, I recommend the following composition of the ketogenic diet: normal-fat or fatty meat and fish (boiled or steamed or pascalized), raw tail fat (see Appendix VIII), the ratio of muscle meat to fat should be 1:2 or 1:3, raw or boiled eggs, avocadoes, a small amount of raw vegetables, for example, one small tomato per meal, and some nuts. You can add 2 tablespoons of raw cream or one tablespoon of raw butter (try a farmers' market) every 3 days; I believe that any dairy is not good for you in large amounts. Goat dairy is less conducive to constipation and allergies, but do not eat amounts larger than mentioned above. Consume no more than a teaspoon of plant oils per day (I don't eat them at all). You also need various vitamin-rich foods as supplements daily (see footnote # 7 above). That’s it. Exclude any pungent vegetables such as horseradish, garlic, onions, hot peppers, and spices. Aside from tail fat, the type of fat that causes the least problems is beef or pork fat that is boiled in water or steamed, not fried, salted, or smoked. I don't go on a ketogenic diet regularly. I find that self-control is insufficient during a ketogenic diet; for example, I have problems with procrastination. In my opinion, for the strongest self-control, you need good amounts of healthy sugars such as pulp-free raw (or frozen-thawed) fruit juice (it helps to lose weight, by the way).
36)This is infeasible for most people, but a good compromise is to move close to a park or forest, where you can walk for an hour daily. On the other hand, if you work from home, then you can find a small town or rural area with unpolluted or relatively clean environment and move there. You will be rewarded with excellent well-being, greater mental clarity, and successes in your work. I should warn you that a rural area does not necessarily mean cleaner air; do your own investigation. In some cases, residents burn wood or coal for heat, and accordingly, the air is more polluted than that at the center of a large city, both indoors and outdoors. A lot depends on where the house is located and the direction of winds. Moving to a large city makes sense for a young person who is trying to make a career and/or get good education. On the other hand, for a person who has already achieved everything he or she wanted, it is best to move away from large cities toward a cleaner environment in general and cleaner air in particular. I moved to an environmentally clean rural area in March 2022. This transition was easy because I have an Internet business and work from home. You should not believe any official information about environmental cleanliness of various geographic regions in your country. An area that is officially declared "environmentally clean" may actually be subjected to various covert weather modification activities, chemtrails, dumping of waste, addition of some crap into tap water, etc. In my experience, the only reliable way to find a geographic location that is environmentally clean is to locate a suburban zone where the political and business elite of your country is concentrated. Don't worry, most likely you can find affordable housing there.
37)I have a home still for making distilled water. It should be used correctly; namely, you should turn on the still only outside your home (e.g., on a balcony or in your backyard); otherwise, you will be inhaling toxic vapors from tap water. If your apartment does not have a balcony, then don't use a still; buy distilled water instead. An alternative to distilled water is a tap water purification system that can be installed in your home and is based on double reverse osmosis. It dramatically reduces the amount of salts in water, including fluoride and chlorine compounds. There is plenty of evidence of toxicity of fluoride and its uselessness for dental health [1288]. I recommend distilled water or double reverse osmosis because tap water, even filtered one, contains industrial waste nowadays. If you live on a strict diet and drink distilled water, then you should eat some kind of calcium-rich foods daily. I am convinced that humans need an order of magnitude less calcium than stated in official guidelines, and these guidelines are not supported by any convincing or logical evidence (if you do some research). There is good evidence that calcium can form in your body from other elements as a result of low-energy nuclear reactions (see footnote # 7 above), and therefore you do not need a lot of calcium in your diet. People have different types of metabolism and likely need different amounts of calcium; hence, you need to find your own optimal dose of calcium. Calcium-rich foods should be eaten in small amounts 3 times a day rather than in large doses once a week. If you ingest more calcium than necessary, then you will experience health problems (such as joint paint, kidney stones, other calcium deposits in the body, constipation, and neuromuscular miscoordination: I tend to bite insides of my cheeks when chewing) or if you do not consume enough calcium, you will also experience problems (such as muscle cramps in the legs, inability to sit straight for a long period [muscle spasms in the back], other musculoskeletal problems, slight tinnitus, and allergies). I believe that chemical calcium supplements (e.g., calcium chloride) and animal sources of calcium (e.g., milk, bone fragments, and egg shells) cause irreversible (or difficult-to-reverse) harm to human health and should be avoided. Plant sources of calcium are much safer: kale, bok choy, broccoli, cabbage, sesame seeds, poppy seeds, almonds, and other plant foods. Calcium supplementation along with mumijo is recommended when you experience musculoskeletal problems (bone fracture, muscle cramps, etc.). I do not consume any nuts (stopped eating them in 2023), except for coconut. People who have problems with anger and irritability need to be careful with nuts and seeds (coconut is an exception). I don't like milk because it increases fatigue and discomfort in my legs (I walk for one hour in a forest every other day). I consume dairy (raw cream or raw butter) only as a small dietary supplement, which cannot be a source of calcium. Weston Price recommended half a teaspoon of special butter three times a day to satisfy your need for fat-soluble vitamins; I consume a commensurate amount (a tablespoon of raw cream once a week). Likewise, I do not recommend chemical supplements of magnesium, you need to consume certain plant foods instead if you need magnesium. (My doses of calcium- and magnesium-rich foods are listed in footnote # 7 above.) Incidentally, Drs. Nicholas Gonzalez and William Donald Kelley recommended a calcium supplement to parasympathetic dominant people (slow metabolism) and magnesium and potassium supplements to sympathetic dominants (rapid metabolism). They gave all three minerals to balanced types (normal metabolism) but much lower doses of these supplements to the opposite metabolic types (e.g., less calcium for sympathetic dominants). In my opinion, a potassium supplement is not really necessary because there is plenty of potassium in almost any plant and animal foods. If you eat substantial amounts of broccoli and/or cabbage with each meal, then you don't have to worry about calcium and magnesium supplementation, especially if you consume kale or bok choy everyday too. People with fast metabolism (also known as predominance of the sympathetic nervous system, catabolic imbalance, carbohydrate type, rapid oxidizers, or choleric temperament: approximately 3-5% of the population) should consume less calcium than other people; after I shifted my metabolism to the fast mode by means of adapted cold showers, brief cardio exercises, and lemon juice every day, my need for calcium, vitamin D, and animal protein decreased, whereas my need for dietary magnesium increased. Good sources of dietary magnesium and calcium for people with rapid metabolism are leafy greens (broccoli and kale, not spinach). Calcium from spinach is hardly assimilated by the human body, and you should avoid oxalate-rich foods (such as carrot juice, spinach, and celery) because they cause a calcium deficiency, with corollary problems with the musculoskeletal system. Good sources of dietary calcium for people with slow metabolism are sesame seeds, poppy seeds, almonds, cauliflower, and cabbage (leafy greens are not recommended because they have a sedative effect).
38)Regarding spine health, I recommend neurologist Vladimir Golod (YouTube) and Elena Ivanovna Akulova (Novosibirsk, Russia) (I don't agree with them on some other topics). If spinal discs are substantially degraded (in the elderly), then mobility/flexibility of the spine may be compromised, and you need to be careful with spine exercises. For everybody else, aside from simple exercises for the spine, it is beneficial to extend the spine, especially if there is suspected pinching of a nerve or a spinal hernia or back pain. Pinching of a nerve in the spine may cause pain or other problems in any other part of the body. Vladimir Golod does not recommend chiropractic specialists because they pose a high risk of damage to the spine. He recommends extending your spine on a special massage bed (from a company called Nuga Best), it contains built-in rollers that gently roll along the full length of the spine and extend it. Neither Dr. Golod nor I have financial ties to this company. It is not necessary to purchase this kind of bed; you can either rent it or get a paid session on this bed. Sometimes they have promotions where you can get a free spine massage on a Nuga Best table. Vladimir Golod says that it is possible to extend the spine by bending backwards in a horizontal position, but this is a less safe and less convenient approach in his opinion. Because of a bony protrusion in the back of each vertebra, when you bend your back backwards, the spinal column and intervertebral discs (cartilage) get extended. I will say that this kind of spine traction can be done e.g. by placing your back on one or two big pillows of average hardness (pillows from a couch not pillows for sleeping), which are fixed to one or two stools. Basically, you are doing a "bridge," but for spine traction, your hands and legs should be barely touching the floor. The contact of your back with the rounded support should be alternated between three points in your back: at the levels C7, T6, and L3 approximately. WARNING: Be very careful, this procedure is unsafe, especially for the elderly; consider using the special massage bed instead. You need to gradually and cautiously increase the curvature and pressure on your spine and don't do this procedure unsupervised, at least the first several sessions. My spinal traction session (bending backwards) consists of 3 sets of 3 reps each (30 seconds per rep, with 15-second intervals); each set corresponds to one of the three above-mentioned levels (C7, T6, and L3). There is a 5-min break between the sets. Some people have gotten good results using a wheel of a large truck. It is best to have a 2-4-week interval between these traction sessions to give the spine and its ligaments some time to recover. You should always do such procedures only on an empty stomach in the morning. All exercises for the spine and any loading on the spine are forbidden for 1 week after spinal traction; otherwise, you may develop a back pain that will persist for several days or longer. If you are hanging from a horizontal bar, then the force extending the spine is too weak for a therapeutic effect, to be precise, there is no extension. A fitball is better but not very effective. See details in these videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCL5FjWzDbw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnYcUFRwskI
Vladimir Holod also proposes effective treatments for getting rid of the following health problems independently (without surgery and chemical drugs):
varicose veins: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIQv7TQmLVI
clogging of arteries with cholesterol plaques (atherosclerosis): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7Kun8Hf-4w
gall stones: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXCULVFnfxc
pain in joints: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fj5_G5UhCKY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5tVlHVL8d0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxustB1Xrno
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7y0wR_F_vw
As for sedentary work, it is best to sit with a straight back, which is either vertical or slightly tilted forward. This posture will not cause back problems. You can use elbows or forearms for support, which will help you to relax back muscles in this position. If your back gets tired, you can work lying down, i.e., in the supine position (the speed of mental work slows down 1,5–2-fold), or in a standing position. I alternate siting, lying, and standing positions when working on my computer (I use a special notebook stand that allows to work in the supine position). When you do mental work in the standing position, you will achieve the highest speed, but your knees will get tired inevitably. Always sit with a straight back, even when riding a bus or subway; the reclining position is bad for the lower part of your spine. This advice is especially relevant if you have chronic lower-back pain. I do the following spine exercises once every 2 days (except for 1 week after spinal traction): standing forward bends alternating with backward bends (10 + 10 times, respectively), standing side bends (alternating left and right bends, 10 + 10 times, respectively), and standing torso twists (alternating 90° left and right, 10 + 10 times, respectively). Then I do similar exercises for the neck. As mentioned above, I do spine traction once every 2 weeks. I also sleep on my back once every 2 weeks (one week after spine traction) as described in footnote # 56 below.
39)Walking outdoors, preferably away from car traffic, has a calming effect if you are agitated but improves mood and activates if you feel down. It is best to walk for 1 hour in a park or forest almost everyday. On days when you do brief cardio exercise, you don't have to do the walking, but you still can (I do). Walking for 1 hour or more in a park or forest does wonders for both mental and physical health, you will feel 10 years younger. When walking up a steep incline, you need to slow down, otherwise you will be doing a cardio exercise, which is undesirable if you need to calm down. Don't do the walking when it's dark outside because it's not safe (you can make an exception in the winter between 6 and 8 PM). When walking off the beaten path in a park or forest (on a dirt path outside designated asphalt paths), you need to do it slowly in a relaxed manner; otherwise, you will be attacked by every dog that sees you because various idiots walk their dogs there without a leash. I walk for 1 hour in a forest nearby every day (if my legs are tired, I may skip this procedure once a week). In the summer, it is best to do the walking in the morning because it is not hot and there are few or no mosquitoes. If there is substantial geoengineering activity in your geographic area (the government covertly manipulates weather, and there are many planes flying over your area), then you may actually get sick after walking in a forest. Take good care of the soles of your feet if you are doing a lot of walking every day: always wear only soft footwear, in particular, wear slippers with a thick sole in your home. Remove dry skin from your heels in a timely manner to prevent cracks, and rub them with cold-pressed coconut oil on a regular basis to moisturize the skin there. Also consume small amounts (~10 grams) of raw cartilage and tendons daily (very good for the musculoskeletal system in general and feet in particular); see footnote # 7 above. Another type of easy exercise is to spend most of the day on your feet. You do not need to spend any extra time or apply any will power; all you have to do is to modify your habits. Watch TV, movies, and read news in a standing position instead of lying on a sofa. If you are working on your computer at home, then rearrange your workplace so that you can work while standing. You are allowed to sit down and do some stuff in a sitting position only if your legs get tired. You are allowed to lie down only if the muscles in your back are sore from the prolonged vertical position of your spine. This is the easiest way to lose weight too. During my first week of spending all day on my feet, I lost 4 pounds. Depending on your general state of health and your diet, this approach will be either easy or tiring. If you are working from home, you can combine this approach with air baths, i.e., spend most of your time barefoot in your underwear only, at a temperature of approximately 24°C. This mild cooling of legs and feet will help them to recover faster from inevitable fatigue. There is one caviat: the standing position and cooling are not best for self-control, whereas you will be able to force yourself to start working if you dress more warmly and sit down or lie down. Once you have started working, you can undress and assume the standing position some time later. This type of physical exercise carries zero risk of hypomania. All day on your feet is not for the elderly, who risk damaging their knee and hip joints. I use this approach once a week.
41)Ingestion of small doses of hydrogen peroxide corresponds to treatments involving small doses of toxic chemicals. Note that this is not homeopathy, which is supposed to “treat like with like.” Regarding the hydrogen peroxide method and treatment with baking soda, you can find more details if you do a search for doctor I.P. Neumyvakin (Russian spelling Иван Павлович Неумывакин). I add 10 drops of hydrogen peroxide into half a glass of water and drink this in the morning half an hour before breakfast, once every 8 days for prophylaxis. For treatment, the frequency should be greater.
42)I believe that winter swimming is a dangerous procedure because it is too stressful for your body and there is a risk of hypothermia and pulmonary edema. Ice-cold water causes pain in the skin and promotes inflammatory processes; therefore, it is best to avoid swimming in ice-cold water longer than 10 seconds, if you do decide to do this. Instead of winter swimming, I recommend an adapted cold shower at 20°C. I did winter swimming only twice or thrice in the 1990s. I can hypothesize that winter swimming is effective against catatonia.
44)To prepare a baking soda solution, place 1/4 or 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda into an empty glass, pour half a glass of boiling water, and let the solution cool down to room temperature. Drink it half an hour before a meal. I do this in the morning once every 8 days for prophylaxis and simultaneously rinse my mouth with this solution too.
45)This kind of honey can be purchased only at a farmers' market not in a supermarket [1289]. I consume only diluted honey: 1–2 level tablespoons per glass of water or fruit/vegetable juice. Raw honey is an antibiotic, and undiluted raw honey will disrupt your intestinal microbiota; I always get diarrhea from undiluted honey. I do not recommend combining honey and raw tail fat in one meal. You can consume honey 1 hour before a meal. I do not recommend other apiary products such as ambrosia (bee bread), royal jelly, and bee pollen. They are strong allergens, and you may develop such symptoms as sneezing, lesions or itching in the nasal cavity, headache, excessive secretion of tear fluid, etc. To make these symptoms go away, you will have to discontinue both these products AND honey for 2 weeks or more. Discontinuing honey means that you will be less calm, self-control will weaken, the risk of binging on junk food will go up, and you will have to consume more pulp-free fruit juices, which require time and effort to prepare. When you start eating raw honey, you may experience some unusual symptoms initially (e.g., eye stye), but they will disappear in a few weeks. If the problem persists, then stop eating honey for 1–2 weeks, and then try again. The symptoms should not recur. Raw honey is useful for weight loss (if you are overweight). If you can't consume honey daily, then eat it only when you need to calm down or strengthen your self-control. To prevent allergy symptoms, do not consume undiluted honey, do not smell honey, and choose hypoallergenic varieties of honey (such as acacia honey or some other variety of single-plant honey with the lightest color); make sure you consume enough calcium (see footnote # 37 above); don't make honey your only source of sugar. I drink raw or frozen-thawed pulp-free grape juice (home-made) every day. If you got symptoms of allergy, discontinued honey consumption, and there is no improvement for 3–4 days, then you need to stop all all supplements (i.e., vitamin-rich foods, such as seaweeds, turmeric, etc.) for 1–2 weeks. Any honey is not recommended for people with slow metabolism (melancholic or phlegmatic temperament). After dietary experiments of many years, I have come to the conclusion that honey causes musculoskeletal problems in the long run and therefore should be consumed only temporarily or as a tiny food supplement. At present, I consume 2 tablespoons of acacia honey once a week (diluted with water or grape juice). In my diets, honey is allowed only as a temporary sedative remedy, not for everyday consumption.
46)After I perfected my self-control techniques in 2023, I stopped consuming any nuts, except coconut in tiny amounts (in contrast to usual nuts, it is not cardiotoxic and does not promote anger; unfortunately, coconut causes a lot of gas). The text below describes my past practices. Nuts are a heavy food; accordingly, I consume them only when I need good attention control and self-control. When off work, I avoid nuts. The only exception: once every 4 days, I eat 4 pulverized apricot kernels. Don't chew raw whole nuts if you care about your teeth; it is best to pulverize nuts in a blender immediately before ingestion. The list above shows that nuts tend to slow the CNS, but paradoxically, they promote anger. The same is true for cooked meat. (Raw meat increases CNS activity and promotes anger: there is no paradox.) See also the section "Nuts" in Appendix I.
48)It is best to avoid factory-produced foods as much as possible and to buy food grown and produced by small farms (local if possible). This means that it is better to buy your food at a farmers' market or a health food store than at a supermarket, and if the food is certified organic, then it's even better. Regarding the testing of foods for pesticides and other industrial pollutants, I have to say that the most obvious point of view ("zero level of all pollutants is the best") is probably incorrect. The food that contains no traces of any pollutants is hard to find and expensive. Is it worth it? I would say no, because according to hormesis research, traces of a toxic chemical typically have a paradoxical opposite effect: they improve health and extend the lifespan of laboratory animals. An important question is what is the dose, is it toxic or several orders of magnitude below toxic? You should also take into account that simultaneous small doses of many pollutants can add up to a toxic dose. Our bodies can protect themselves from moderate brief doses of natural pollution such as smoke from forest fires and the fallout from volcano eruptions. In fact, the complete absence of any toxic chemicals in our food and environment is not the best scenario according to hormesis research because our natural detoxification systems atrophy. Therefore, I would recommend buying organic foods and foods from small farms that are far away from large cities, highways, and manufacturing hubs. Don't worry about traces of pollutants.
51)I should say that I have never done this.
52)If you live in an apartment building in a city, then you can try once a week going outside at 2 AM when nobody is around and standing barefoot on the bare ground or grass for a few minutes. There are various massage mats for feet that simulate walking on rocks. I recommend walking on Kuznetsov's applicator (blunted version with magnets): this procedure has a strong stimulatory effect on the CNS, almost like a cold shower. Conventional medicine does not recognize meridians and acupressure points on the human body, but this does not mean that these concepts are invalid. Doctor Holod has provided a rational explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAKZIs17yLc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjEizzddjF8
It turns out that you can diagnose problems in almost any organ of the human body by means of acupressure points on the soles of your feet. You can also stimulate the functioning of various organs using these points. It is best to walk barefoot as much as you can at home. I use special massage mats for feet once or twice a week, and I am barefoot at home most of the time. I walk barefoot on bare ground for several minutes every 4 days in a forest near my home.
53)You have electromagnetic waves all around you: electric wiring in your home, cell phones, Wi-Fi, radio and TV broadcasting, electrical appliances, etc. Your body and especially your brain is an electromagnetic entity that is sensitive to this sort of interference [1291]. Most people do not even notice the constant background noise in their head and in their ears. To get away from all this electromagnetic noise, you would have to travel to a remote rural area. There are some ways to reduce the electromagnetic interference under your current circumstances: turn off electric appliances when you are near them, do not stay near working electric appliances longer than a few seconds, minimize the number of electric devices that are turned on simultaneously in your home or workplace, avoid Wi-Fi, and use a wired connection instead. Examine the place where you sleep; your head should be nowhere near electronic devices and electric wires, including those in the wall. Unplug all devices in your bedroom when you go to sleep; better yet, turn off electricity in your bedroom at night (if you have a separate switch for each room). Do not walk or stay anywhere near large powerlines or cell towers. Unplug a smart TV from the outlet when you are not watching it. When I carry a cell phone on my person, I turn it off or switch it to the airplane mode usually and turn it back on when I come home and take it out of my pocket. Buy a regular EMF meter (with a range of ~40 Hz to 3500 MHz; this does not cover Wi-Fi and cellular signals) and evaluate your place of work and place of sleep. Use your smartphone or notebook computer to measure the strength of Wi-Fi signals from your neighbors, and consider moving to a place where there are no Wi-Fi signals or at least these signals are weak. A blender is probably the biggest source of electromagnetic radiation in your home; therefore, don't stand right next to a blender when it is on, go to another room. A blow-dryer, vacuum cleaner, juicer, and microwave oven are other big sources of electromagnetic radiation. Either learn how to get by without them or stay away from these devices when they are on. I constructed a whole-body Faraday cage from cardboard boxes and aluminum foil and meditate in it for half an hour everyday. It produces incredible silence and tranquility in my head (and I am proud to be a conspiracy realist!). Inside this foil "coffin," there is complete radio silence: no cellular signals, no radio broadcast waves, and no Wi-Fi signals from neighbors. Keep in mind that it is easy to break a rib when you crawl face down on a hard surface. Always keep a pillow under your rib cage and a pillow under your abdomen when you do this. I should say that a raw diet reduces tinnitus too (down to complete disappearance), and one of causes of tinnitus is calcium deficiency in your diet. You would have to be a wealthy person to afford comfortable housing that is completely devoid of Wi-Fi signals from neighbors. Cellular signals are unavoidable if you live anywhere near people. I find that weak Wi-Fi and cellular signals do not have adverse effects on the brain. Even though I am constantly surrounded with these weak signals where I live, I make zero errors (or extremely rare errors) in my work, and I am completely free of tinnitus. Nonetheless, it's not a good idea to keep a Wi-Fi router near your head and to live near a cell tower. Strong signals are most likely not good for health.
54)Dissolve 350 grams of sea salt or Himalayan salt in a bucket of tepid water (~10 liters), and slowly douse yourself with this water. Walk around wet for 1 minute and then take a shower and dry yourself off with a towel. Alternatively, you can swim in a real sea (not a river). Also, look into salt bandages, which have been reported to be effective against various diseases. I douse myself with sea water once or twice a year only during the time of the year with the highest air humidity (and walk around my home wet for 1-2 minutes after the dousing). If you have dry skin and/or do this procedure when air humidity is low, then there is a risk that your skin will become excessively dry and will be itching all over the body for several weeks. To alleviate this condition, you need to stop wetting your skin for at least a week (stop showering) and apply cold-pressed coconut oil to your skin (it acts as a moisturizer).
55)Katsuzo Nishi and other authors recommend air baths, and they advise caution and gradual training. In contrast to cold showers, this procedure does not carry a risk of hypomania and does not worsen self-control. An air bath offers almost the same benefits in terms of well-being, but the analgesic effect is much weaker, and there is a risk of a respiratory illness. I would say that if air temperature is 24°C or higher, then you can stay naked and barefoot (or in underpants only) in this environment as much as you want: this is not an air bath or only a weak airbath. On the other hand, if air temperature is 21°C or lower, then caution is advised, and you need gradual training otherwise you may catch a cold or the flu. If you dress lightly (light pants and a T-shirt) at 18–20°C, then this is not an air bath either, you are safe. You can try the procedure recommended by Katsuzo Nishi in his book or the technique described below. I take off my clothes at 18–20°C (leaving only underpants on) and stay naked for 30 seconds, then take a break (put the clothes back on) and stay clothed for 2 minutes; then I repeat this, followed by two cycles of 1 minute naked plus 5 minutes clothed. This is it for the first session. Next day, do the same. On the third day, you can add 2 minutes naked at the end of the session, and do the same on the fourth day. On the fifth day, you can add 10 minutes clothed plus 2 minutes naked to the end of your session. During your first sessions, I recommend putting on a scarf and keeping it on even during naked periods. Later, you can keep the scarf on only during clothed periods. If you feel developing pain in your throat, then put on a scarf and wear it at home until the pain goes away. When you are healthy, I do not recommend taking adapted cold showers more often than once every 3 days, otherwise you may lose self-control. By contrast, you can take air baths everyday when you are healthy. I noticed that everyday air baths help to get rid of varicose veins and "blue stars" (vascular aberrations) on the legs; an appreciable effect can be expected within half a year. Currently, I stay naked (underpants only) and barefoot at 24°C for several hours every day at home; when I feel agitated, I take these weak air baths every 12 days.
56)Vladimir Golod, Galina Shatalova, and Katsuzo Nishi (six golden rules for health) recommend sleeping on a straight hard horizontal surface to prevent problems with the spine and to get rid of many health problems that are seemingly unrelated to the spine. This regimen is not for everyone because it can disrupt sleep at least initially. I recommend to start with lying on the hard surface for a couple of hours during the day when you watch TV or read news, whereas at night, sleep on your regular bed. I lie on the floor on a yoga mat (made of a foamy material of average softness, ~1 cm thick) and a blanket with a sheet, with a small pillow under my head (I cover myself with another blanket). It is OK to place something softer under the knees and heels. The purpose of this procedure is to straighten out and extend a distorted and compressed spine; therefore, there should not be discomfort in your head or legs. I should say that initially, this position is rather uncomfortable and painful while your back is reshaped. If you have decided to sleep this way, but you wake up after several hours and cannot lie on your back any longer on this hard surface, then lie down (either on the back or on one side) on your regular soft mattress and sleep the rest of the night. The "gold fish exercise" and "exercise for capillaries" proposed by Katsuzo Nishi effectively relieve the discomfort in your back while you are lying on a hard surface. You can also try making the hard bed somewhat softer, but the soft layer should not exceed 3 cm. Start with one night per week on the hard bed, and sleep the rest of the week on your soft mattress. I should say that different people tolerate this procedure differently. It is easier for overweight people to sleep on a hard surface. One type of pain may disappear but another problem may emerge. For example, if I sleep on my back too often on a soft mattress, then I experience muscle spasms in my back during the day. For this reason, it is best to start with one night per week or even per month. During other nights of the week, sleep one night on one side of your body, and the next night on the other side. I recommend purchasing a small orthopedic pillow for newborns so that you can position your head and sleep comfortably on one side of your body. It's OK that you neck is not horizontal in this position. With this tiny orthopedic pillow, you can sleep either on your back or on one side on your regular bed most of the time. After the week (or month) is over, the discomfort, muscle spasms, or new pain in your back that were caused by the hard bed should disappear; now you can again sleep one night in the hard bed on your back. If the new pain or muscle spasms did not disappear fully, then stop all spine procedures (including spine traction and lying on a hard surface) and wait up to 3 months until your back fully recovers. See details in this video from Dr. Golod: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boRe-_edlYM At present, I sleep on a hard surface once a week with the small pillow under my head. When my back and/or internal organs start to ache from lying in the supine position (after 3-4 hours), I go to my regular bed to sleep on one side with this orthopedic pillow (for newborns) under my head. You should never lie on your back with your stomach full, this is bad for your digestive system; instead, lie down on your left side and place a pillow between your knees. I find that spine traction (I practice bending over backwards literally, see footnote # 38 above) does not cause any new pains in the back.
57)There are several similar techniques. I have never done this. There are techniques recommended by Galina Shatalova (from folk healer Burova N.A.) and by Neumyvakin I.P.:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3OC3AdWASY (at 21 min in the video)
It is worth mentioning that coffee enemas also promote liver cleansing.
58)If you eat ice-cold food once a week, then probably nothing bad will happen to you, but if you every day walk outdoors in cold weather with exposed neck, consume ice-cold food and drinks, and exercise in cold weather, then you are guaranteed to catch a respiratory disease because cooling of the respiratory tract suppresses its immune defenses [406]. Also avoid prolonged daily cooling of the body, for example, sun-bathing for 1 hour a day in the winter (whereas a 2–3-minute cold shower is OK). Take ice-cold food out of your refrigerator and either wait until it reaches room temperature on its own or heat it in a microwave oven for 20–25 seconds.
Finally, there is another type of hormesis that may be shocking to some readers, but it has been proven in many studies that low doses of radiation extend the lifespan of laboratory animals. If you have an incurable disease and there are no natural treatments (conventional medicine regards many curable diseases incurable), then you may consider this approach (with shielding of reproductive organs). Regarding radiation hormesis [1069], I have worked with a radioactive isotope (tritium) in a laboratory many times. I can attest that small doses of radiation cause a mild feeling of joy throughout your whole body.


APPENDIX VIII: The raw diet

Five reasons why people cannot stay on a diet for a long period are given at the beginning of Endnote C1. The rationale for a raw diet is that it is the ancestral diet of humans and the natural diet of animals living in the wild. Thermal cooking destroys many vitamins and other beneficial substances and inactivates enzymes in food. Addition of various artificial chemicals to human food cannot be beneficial for health either. Therefore, a raw diet free of any additives and typical seasonings should improve health and possibly cure serious diseases. The other benefit is that a raw diet will help to lose excess body weight and even to reach the lower limit of the norm. Your body will get rid of all unnecessary stuff. The question is what kind of raw diet should you choose? I propose testing two types of raw diet: a vegan (plant-based) raw diet and a raw diet including socially acceptable raw animal foods (hereafter: raw omnivorous diet). The raw vegan diet is rather difficult (but not impossible) and is incompatible with some types of work; the raw omnivorous diet is easier to comply with and is compatible with any type of work, including hard mental labor. Even if you believe (as I do) that humans are not vegetarians by nature, you can still go on a raw vegan diet for a few weeks or months for therapeutic purposes. Keep an open mind. Some people do not tolerate raw food well and need a gradual transition period of 2 or 3 months. The proposed diets contain plenty of calories, but most people lose weight on raw diets, slowly but surely, probably because of rejuvenation. Patients who are underweight are likely to gain weight as reported by some patients, probably because of normalization of metabolism.

Raw vegan diet. Eat raw fruits and vegetables, raw juices, raw vegetable puree (prepared in a blender), diluted raw honey (this is actually an animal product), seeds, and nuts. Avoid potatoes, legumes, and cereal grains. Some grains are edible raw but may cause a lot of flatulence. If you eat sprouted grains, then this problem is less pronounced. Some people cannot tolerate raw fruits and vegetables, for instance, these foods are contraindicated in some diseases of the pancreas. In such cases, Dr. Galina Shatalova recommended to eat sprouted grains or soaked and slightly boiled (1 minute) cereal grains. I would say that if you cannot tolerate fruits and vegetables, then you can try raw milk in small amounts daily (or see the other raw diet below). Nuts and seeds need to be pulverized in a blender, and they are heavy foods for most people. You will be able to eat only small amounts of nuts and seeds while on the raw vegan diet; otherwise, you will feel bad. I recommend making vegetable puree instead of juices, first, because it is faster to make a puree in a blender, and second, because it requires less raw material. Because this diet increases activity and reduces self-control, I recommend several sedative measures (see below). Usually, you will feel younger and lighter on this diet, but some people do not tolerate well an abrupt switch to this diet. If you have time, consider a transition period of 2 to 24 weeks, where you gradually increase the proportion of raw food in your diet. Complete colon cleansing will facilitate the transition too (see point #8 and its footnote in appendix VII "58 ways to change your lifestyle..."). If you live with people who consume a standard diet including junk food, then staying on the raw vegan diet for a long period will be very difficult. There is a high risk of binging on cooked food and junk food, and you feel bad after such episodes both physically and mentally. You can try staying on a raw vegan diet for 1 day a week and then eating healthy cooked and raw foods the rest of the time. If you live alone or with someone who stays on a similar diet, then compliance with the raw vegan diet will be much easier, and binging will be rare. I recommend renting a separate apartment for a month or two, where you will be able to easily follow any diet and will improve your health sufficiently. In any case, I recommend that you prepare for binging episodes by having healthy cooked food available (all ingredients in a freezer) or perhaps by planning cooked meals once a month, to prevent unplanned binging. The following raw and cooked foods (free of any additives and seasonings) will not increase body weight and will not damage your health if you eat them to satiety from time to time while staying on the raw vegan diet most of the time: raw eggs (washed with soap), boiled eggs, raw mutton fat (tail fat; finely chopped), tail fat boiled in water, raw scallops, small amounts of mild-cured fish (no more than 10 g/day), boiled beef liver, cod liver oil (no more than 2 tablespoons a day), canned cod liver (no more than 10 g/day), soup made of low-starch vegetables and mushrooms (avoid legumes), raw dairy (small amounts once every 1-2 weeks), and boiled whole chicken (bought frozen in a grocery store; eat broth, fat, skin, and some organs; crack the bones with a nut-cracker and eat bone marrow; cut off the cartilage and pulverize it in a blender with a small amount of the broth). To feel well while eating boiled meet and fish, you need to add plenty of animal fat to meat and fish, to lower air temperature in your home (to 18–20°C), to dress lightly (especially when you sleep), and to take cold air baths daily (see footnote # 55 in Appendix VII). The raw animal foods will be discussed in more detail below. I guarantee that you will still feel great and will keep losing excess body weight after binging on these healthy and tasty foods. Avoid lean types of chicken. Here is why I think the raw vegan diet is not natural for humans: according to Weston Price's research, uncivilized populations that consume a mostly vegan diet (some tribes in Africa) do not have ideal dental health, although they have much better teeth than civilized populations. The vegan tribes are dominated by neighboring omnivorous tribes. Most of people over 100 years old are not vegans. Our closest genetic relatives, chimps, eat raw meat in the wild. The human digestive tract has a structure intermediate between carnivores and vegetarian animals. The raw vegan diet can cure many diseases and is useful as a therapeutic method. The Russian physician Galina S. Shatalova has cured hundreds of people (perhaps tens of thousands through her books) of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes by means of a mostly raw vegan diet, breathing exercises, contrast hydrotherapy, and other lifestyle changes included in her method. Unfortunately, the raw vegan diet is not suitable for everyday life for most people. People have different types of metabolism and job requirements. If this type of diet is suitable for your lifestyle and profession, then I am glad for you. I believe that the vegan diet is not suitable for many types of mental tasks; for example, you will not be able to read and write scientific articles while living on a vegan diet, at least I can't. I believe that you will obtain similar benefits for health if you live on a socially acceptable raw omnivorous diet, which does not compromise work capacity in any way.

Raw omnivorous diet. In addition to the foods mentioned in the raw vegan diet, you can eat raw eggs (washed with soap) up to 10 per day, raw mutton fat (tail fat; finely chopped), cod liver oil (no more than 2 tablespoons a day; it is manufactured at 50°C), raw scallops, small amounts of mild-cured (i.e., slightly salted, not smoked) ocean or sea fish (no more than 10 g/day), raw dairy (small amounts once every 1-2 weeks), and some exotic seafoods that are OK to eat raw in a cultured society (oyster, surf clam, arkshell, and sea urchin). Avoid raw mussels, because the taste is awful and not everyone tolerates them well; I throw up after I eat them. I no longer buy animal foods at a supermarket (among other problems, they contain antibiotics and injected hormones); I buy only local animal products produced by small farms. The same is true for most of plant foods that I consume. For safety, you should buy tail fat only from kosher or halal vendors (minimal risk of pork parasites). Wash it thoroughly under cold water, cut off all meat and bones, and then chop it finely and freeze in ~0.5 kg (~1 lb.) pieces. It can be pulverized in a vegetable smoothie in a blender. I do not recommend combining honey and raw tail fat in one meal. You can consume honey 1 hour before a meal. All the above foods are socially acceptable or perhaps a little strange and will not make you an outcast. In any case, you can say that you are ill and need a therapeutic diet. Sally Fallon, who heads Weston A. Price Foundation, recommends for safety to freeze meat and fish for 14 days in a freezer before consuming them raw. Some studies (http://pubmed.gov/18694755, http://pubmed.gov/25566772, http://pubmed.gov/1419541) show that if meat is frozen for at least 4 days at a temperature below minus 20°C, then parasites die. In my opinion, it is even better to freeze-thaw raw foods twice. Avoid store-bought or restaurant sushi because it typically contains lots of bad ingredients (see healthy recipes in Appendix I). While on the raw omnivorous diet, you will be able to consume larger amounts of nuts and seeds, which will give you additional protein. The same principles apply to the raw omnivorous diet regarding gradual transition as described above for the raw vegan diet. Eating animal fat without meat is an unbalanced approach, and being unaccustomed, you may experience nausea. I recommend to initially consume more eggs and less tail fat and to gradually increase your intake of tail fat. Don't eat tail fat before going to bed and remember that when your stomach is full, you should lie down only on your left side.

The most effective and safest sedative measures that can be used daily is the ratio of muscle meat to animal fat (for example, tail fat or beef fat) 1:3, high consumption of eggs, elevated air temperature, warmer clothes, and a horizontal position of your body. All other sedative methods are not recommended for daily use, you can add them when necessary. And of course it is very important to avoid all foods/methods that stimulate the central nervous system. See the table in Appendix VII (you can ignore weak effects).

Don't worry about cholesterol in eggs and tail fat. U.S. healthcare authorities recently stopped recommending limiting your dietary cholesterol intake, because dietary cholesterol has no effect on blood cholesterol (the latter is synthesized in the liver). The notion that dietary cholesterol causes cardiovascular diseases is another example of a false theory that has dominated medicine for many decades. I should say that in a tiny percentage of population, dietary cholesterol does affect the blood cholesterol level, but this should not be cause for concern because there are many myths about blood cholesterol too. Search PubMed.gov for "Ravnskov U" (without quotes) to find scientific articles dealing with myths about animal fat and cholesterol. The dangers of raw animal foods are greatly exaggerated by conventional medicine. The risk of pathogenic bacteria exists, same as in raw fruits and vegetables. Should you stop eating raw fruits and vegetables? No. The Japanese eat raw oceanic fish and other raw seafoods almost daily and are among the longest-lived people. According to conventional medicine, the Japanese should die at a young age from pathogenic bacteria in raw fish. Eskimos and other northern ethnic groups eat raw meat and fish and can live to be 100 years old. Some species of crocodiles live well over 100 years; why don't they die from pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and viruses in raw meat and fish? Health risks posed by bacteria and viruses are clearly exaggerated by conventional medicine (see footnote # 13 in Appendix VII and links therein, especially link, link, link, link, and link). In particular, the existence of some viruses is not proven scientifically, and neither is pathogenicity of many bacteria that are currently considered pathogenic officially. Therefore, complete sterilization of raw foods may not be necessary. I find it sufficient to kill parasites by freezing raw animal foods for 1-4 days and don't worry about bacteria and viruses in foods (while adhering to simple rules of hygiene and cleanliness in the kitchen). Even if we assume that some bacterium or virus is a pathogen, most treatments of conventional medicine are not proven to be effective (see Appendix 1 in my other book "Fight Cancer"), and tests for microbes (such as PCR and antibodies) are notoriously unreliable and imprecise. Thus, you are taking unjustified risks by undertaking such unsafe therapies as antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines. Conventional medicine has also given us other pearls of wisdom: "dietary fat causes obesity," "distilled water is bad for health," "sunbathing causes skin cancer," "sunblock is good for health," "raw milk is bad for health," "lobotomy is beneficial for mental health," "psychiatric drugs are good for the brain," etc., etc. Many modern physicians are well brainwashed regarding raw animal foods; therefore, it makes little sense asking a doctor whether it is safe for you to eat raw eggs or raw mutton fat. Do your own research. I will describe below how to treat an infectious disease that may result from raw food. The raw omnivorous diet is relatively easy to adhere to and will give you excellent capacity for any kind of work, but there is still a low risk of binging on junk food if you live with people who eat a standard diet. I recommend renting a separate apartment for a month or two, where you will be able to easily follow any diet and will improve your health sufficiently. Keep the following foods (free of any additives and typical seasonings) quickly available (e.g., all ingredients in a freezer) to prevent binging on bad food: boiled eggs, boiled beef liver, canned cod liver (no more than 10 g/day), soup made of low-starch vegetables and mushrooms (avoid legumes), and boiled whole chicken bought frozen in a grocery store (eat the broth, fat, skin, and some organs; crack the bones with a nut-cracker and eat bone marrow; cut off cartilage and pulverize it in a blender with a small amount of the broth). To feel well while eating boiled meet and fish, you need to add plenty of animal fat to meat and fish, to lower air temperature in your home (to 18–20°C), to dress lightly (especially when you sleep), and to take cold air baths daily (see point # 55 in Appendix VII). If you eat cooked meat and fish every day, then you will feel fine if you consume an equal amount of raw meat and fish. These healthy cooked foods will help you to lose excess weight and will not interfere with your recovery from a disease.

I used to consume an 80% raw diet for a couple of years. During the past year I have been consuming a 100% raw diet except for ~3 days per month when I eat boiled chicken (I crave it). Aside from plant foods, my main animal foods are raw tail fat and raw eggs, and I eat 10 grams of raw beef liver daily (if you are shy about raw meat, you can buy capsules of freeze-dried liver). I also consume a tablespoon of special raw high-vitamin butter every 3 days (as per Weston Price's instructions). Actually, I eat 1 teaspoon of cod liver oil (prepared at 50°C) per day, so my diet is ~99% raw.

Since mid-December 2021, I stopped eating cooked chicken, and instead eat finely chopped raw chicken meat when I start craving cooked chicken (see the carpaccio recipe in Appendix I), meaning that currently my diet is 99% raw every day. Before December 2021, I could not transition to the full raw diet because I could not find a way to keep full self-control and full work capacity while on a raw diet. I solved these problems eventually (see the second section about procrastination in Chapter Five). Another pitfall for prospective raw-fooders is overconsumption of sweets, such as fruits and honey, which may lead to muscle cramps. If this happens, then stop eating fruit and honey for several days and then reintroduce them in small amounts; you also need to consume more calcium (see footnote # 37 in Appendix VII), turmeric, and black seed (footnotes # 6 and 7 there).

Here is my typical daily raw menu. Breakfast: a glass of a mixture of raw vegetable juices (tomato, cucumber, carrot, beet, and dill and/or parsley), teaspoon of black cumin seeds, (optional: a tablespoon of honey, a heaping tablespoon of a mixture of nuts), pulverize everything in a blender; to this, 60 milliliters of lemon juice with a glass of water (or raw fruit juice) are added every 4 days. Two raw eggs, 2 teaspoons of cod liver oil, 1 avocado, 1 tablespoon of cold-pressed coconut oil, and 1 tablespoon of cold-pressed unrefined sunflower oil. Lunch: Two raw eggs. A mixture of a glass of water, 1 tomato, (optional: one-inch pieces of raw meat added to the mixture), and 50-100 grams of raw tail fat (finely chopped) pulverized in a blender. Optional: a cucumber. Dinner: a glass of a mixture of raw vegetable juices, 1-2 grams of soaked turmeric root, 0.2 grams of dry laminaria soaked, ~10 grams of raw beef liver, 20-50 grams of raw tail fat, and 1 tomato all pulverized in a blender. Optional: a cucumber. Snacks between meals: ~10 grams per day of some kind of raw animal seafood (scallop, oyster, unsalted fish eggs, or Atlantic salmon) and natural chocolate (several times a week; see Appendix I). On days when I eat chocolate, I also ingest a tablespoon of castor oil or flaxseed oil (laxatives) together with a cucumber. When I have to work a lot, I drink the Zeus cocktail (Appendix I) several times a day in addition to the above. Supplements: I have a long list of vitamin-rich foods that I add to my nutrition according to a schedule in a KOrganizer calendar (it's impossible to keep track of them otherwise; some other calendar software will work too). See footnote # 7 in Appendix VII. As you can see, this diet is diverse, filling, and high-calorie and contains all necessary vitamins and minerals. Keep in mind that the blender is probably the biggest source of electromagnetic radiation in your home; therefore, don't stand right next to the blender when it is on, go to another room.

My raw diet has gradually evolved and here is my later version (the latest one is described farther below). Breakfast: two glasses of raw pulp-free fruit juice (when I have to work: a heaping teaspoon of black cumin seeds, a heaping tablespoon of a mixture of nuts, and a heaping tablespoon of sesame seeds), pulverize everything in a blender. Two raw eggs, 2 teaspoons of cod liver oil, 1 avocado, 50-100 grams of raw tail fat, and a small amount of raw muscle meat (fat/meat ratio: 3:1) finely chopped (when I have to work: the ratio of fat to muscle meat is 1:1). Brunch: ~10 grams per day of some kind of raw animal seafood (scallop, oyster, unsalted fish eggs, or Atlantic salmon), one avocado. Lunch: Two raw eggs mixed with a glass of water, 50-100 grams of raw tail fat (1 cm cubes), and a small amount of raw muscle meat (fat/meat ratio: 3:1) either pulverized in a blender or eaten finely chopped (when I have to work: a heaping tablespoon of a mixture of nuts is added to this smoothie and the ratio of fat to muscle meat is 1:1). Afternoon snack: a glass of pulp-free raw (or frozen-thawed) fruit juice; two raw eggs. Late dinner: a glass of water, 2-3 grams of soaked turmeric root, 0.2 grams of dry laminaria soaked, ~10 grams of raw beef liver, 50-100 grams of raw tail fat (1 cm cubes) and a small amount of raw muscle meat (fat/meat ratio: 3:1) all pulverized in a blender (when I have to work: a heaping tablespoon of a mixture of nuts and a heaping tablespoon of poppy seeds are added to this smoothie, and the ratio of fat to muscle meat is 1:1). When I have to work a lot, I drink the Zeus cocktail (Appendix I) several times a day. Supplements: I have a long list of vitamin-rich foods that I add to my nutrition according to a schedule in a KOrganizer calendar (it's impossible to keep track of them otherwise; some other calendar software will work too). See footnote # 7 in Appendix VII. I think that honey, cold-pressed unrefined plant oils (e.g. coconut oil and extra-virgin olive oil), and boiled meat are healthy foods for most people, but when you stay on a raw diet for at least several months, you start feeling their adverse effects. I can consume only hypoallergenic honey (acacia honey) daily, and I get tinnitus and bad breath when I eat cooked meat. Any plant oils, when consumed daily, give me a back pain in the area of kidneys and I feel awful in general. One of major inconveniences of my raw diet is the necessity of preparing the raw pulp-free fruit juice (whole fruits are incompatible with this diet because of big problems with flatulence). I stopped making vegetable juice because I have neither time nor desire for it.

Here is a later version of my raw diet (the latest one is described below). After I wake up, if I don't have pulp-free grape juice ready, I thaw and filter an amount of raw grape juice sufficient for the next 2-3 days and put it in a fridge (for details, see Appendix I, section "Fruits"). Breakfast: a glass of raw pulp-free grape juice (in which a tablespoon of acacia honey is dissolved) 30 minutes before the meal; 2-4 raw eggs, 2 teaspoons of cod liver oil; a cucumber, and a tomato; 50-100 grams of raw tail fat (1 cm cubes), and a small amount of raw muscle meat (fat/meat ratio: 3:1) finely chopped (when I have to work: the ratio of fat to muscle meat is 1:1, beef is preferable; see also Chapter 5 about anti-procrastination techniques). Lunch: a glass of raw pulp-free grape juice (in which a tablespoon of acacia honey is dissolved) 30 minutes before the meal; ~10 grams per day of some kind of raw animal seafood (scallop, oyster, unsalted fish eggs, or Atlantic salmon), 2-4 raw eggs; a cucumber, and a tomato; 50-100 grams of raw tail fat (1 cm cubes), and a small amount of raw muscle meat (fat/meat ratio: 3:1) finely chopped (when I have to work: the ratio of fat to muscle meat is 1:1). Dinner: 0.2 grams of dry laminaria soaked, ~20 grams of raw beef liver; a cucumber and a tomato; 50-100 grams of raw tail fat (1 cm cubes) and a small amount of raw muscle meat (fat/meat ratio: 3:1) finely chopped (when I have to work: the ratio of fat to muscle meat is 1:1). Supplements: I have a long list of vitamin-rich foods that I add to my nutrition according to a schedule in a KOrganizer calendar (it's impossible to keep track of them otherwise; some other calendar software will work too). See footnote # 7 in Appendix VII. As you can see, I almost stopped using the blender (except once every 2-4 weeks when I make a large amount of grape juice and freeze it).

Here is the latest version of my raw diet. Breakfast: a glass of pulp-free grape juice (see Appendix I) 30 minutes before the meal; 50-100 grams of tail fat (1 cm cubes) mixed with a chopped cucumber and tomato (the kindness salad); bell pepper; 15-30 grams of broccoli; one egg; ~20 grams of beef pancreas (the latter is finely chopped and I chew it thoroughly). Lunch: a glass of pulp-free grape juice 30 minutes before the meal; 15-30 grams of broccoli; the kindness salad; ~20 grams of beef pancreas; cauliflower. Dinner: kale; 15-30 grams of broccoli; ~20 grams of beef brain; ~20 grams of beef pancreas; the kindness salad. It is important to cut off skin from tail fat because the skin contains considerable amounts of protein. I also consume ~20 grams of finely chopped coconut meat and half an avocado per week (on different days). If I become hyperactive for any reason, then I exclude protein foods (i.e., beef brain, pancreas, eggs, and coconut) from the diet and stop cold showers for several days. When I become too sedated, I increase the amount of the pancreas and reduce the amount of tail fat. One of inconveniences of my raw diet is the necessity of preparing the raw pulp-free grape juice (whole fruits are incompatible with this diet because of big problems with flatulence). Juice from 2 kilograms of grapes is enough for me for ~5 days. Honey is allowed only as a temporary sedative remedy, not for everyday consumption. Supplements: I have a long list of vitamin-rich foods that I add to my nutrition according to a schedule in a KOrganizer calendar (it's impossible to keep track of them otherwise; some other calendar software will work too). See footnote # 7 in Appendix VII. As you can see, this is a low-protein diet (high-magnesium, no-starch, and low-oxalate too). The most powerful rejuvenation procedures [adapted cold showers, brief cardio, and lemon juice (footnote # 20 in Appendix VII)] activate the central nervous system and—when used daily—shift metabolism toward predominance of the sympathetic nervous system (also known as too rapid metabolism, catabolic imbalance, rapid oxidizers, carbohydrate type, or choleric temperament). This change can probably be detected by measurement of resting metabolic rate. The low-protein diet free of all muscle meats and containing abundant leafy greens and animal fat helps me to stay calm and mellow while under this regimen (diets for other types of metabolism are described below). Self-control and mental productivity are excellent. If I eat protein foods such as muscle meats and usual nuts, I become hyperactive and angry. After I switched my metabolism to the fast mode, my needs for calcium diminished, and my need for magnesium increased substantially. My exercise regimen is pretty simple: brief cardio every day and 1 hour of walking in a forest or park once a day (and often twice a day). There are no symptoms of hypomania, except for a low need for sleep. Time has slowed down appreciably (previously, each week flew by, now each week is an eternity). The low-protein diet described above will not work for most people (they will feel sedated and unable to focus) because their metabolism is not so fast. Approximately once every 1-2 months, I start craving cooked chicken meat. In such cases, I take a frozen and thawed chicken leg (organic), cut off all the meat, cartilage, skin, and tendons and finely chop them all. Then I eat them and break the bones and suck out all the bone marrow, trying not to ingest any bone fragments (I don't need extra calcium). The whole meal takes about half an hour, but this dish is as tasty as cooked chicken. Each time I eat this meat, I stop all three stimulatory procedures for 3 days. An alternative to chicken meat is the raw pancreas in substantial amounts, up to 0.3 kg a day. It has a pleasant taste, and in my opinion, it is the only type of meat that a sympathetic dominant can eat in abundance without becoming a maniac. A possible reason is that the raw pancreas contains all the enzymes necessary for full digestion of protein and is the only type of meat that is used widely as an officially approved therapeutic agent (e.g., pancreatin and various formulations containing lyophilized pancreas). At this point, I have been on a raw diet for almost 3.5 years (with 100% compliance).

Key requirements for a raw diet are as follows: it should be sufficiently filling and diverse, should contain all vitamins and microelements, should not cause flatulence, should not make the dieter irritable and hyperactive, and must be compatible with heavy manual or mental labor. The above diet satisfies these criteria.

I believe that it would be a mistake to consume large amounts of raw dairy and honey as part of a raw diet. Raw or not, dairy is unnatural for adult humans and animals; it's OK to consume raw dairy as a nutritional supplement. When I consume lots of raw dairy, I experience heaviness and discomfort in my legs. Large amounts of honey are likely to cause musculoskeletal problems. One prominent raw-fooder by the name of Aajonus Vonderplanitz consumed about 2 liters of raw milk and large amounts of honey daily and avoided cold water treatments and physical exercise. He also regularly drank celery juice (contains lots of oxalates: a disaster for your musculoskeletal system). I guess that these mistakes were his undoing, he broke his spine and died after a relatively harmless fall at the age of 68.

You can adapt a raw diet to different metabolic types (details about metabolic types can be found in my other book: "Fight Cancer", chapter "The Gonzalez protocol"). People with rapid metabolism (i.e., sympathetic dominants, catabolic imbalance, or the carbohydrate type) can eat a low-protein diet that contains plenty of tail fat, fruits, and vegetables (especially leafy greens), and small amounts of eggs and beef brain. This diet is described above. People with slow metabolism (i.e., parasympathetic dominants, anabolic imbalance, or the protein type; phlegmatic or melancholic temperament) can eat plenty of meat, fish, eggs, and vegetables (except for leafy greens) as well as small amounts of fruits, nuts, and tail fat. People with average metabolism can eat all of the above in moderate amounts. All three types of diets can contain small-to-moderate amounts of raw pancreas (or dried pancreas in capsules), whereas people with slow and average metabolism can also consume cooked pancreas (if they don't want a 100% raw diet). Here are differences from the diets recommended by Kelley/Gonzalez: in my diets, there are no cereal grains (they cause tooth decay), there is no carrot juice (contains lots of oxalates), and all vitamins and microelements come from foods (not from pills); besides, I recommend tail fat and do not recommend nuts to people with rapid metabolism. Going back to metabolic types, a subcategory of people with average metabolism does not tolerate raw food well, has rather poor health, and needs a prolonged transition period to a raw diet, starting with plenty of healthy boiled or steamed foods (cooking temperature not higher than the boiling point of water). My guess is that these people need to improve their health using techniques other than the diet. See Appendix VII, points No. 2, 3, 7, 8, and 20 in the list and the associated footnotes (these are the most powerful healing methods; other points in the list are also recommended, especially No. 1, 6, 19, 25, 33, 38, 53, and 56). If you are trying to heal a specific organ or part of your body (e.g., heart failure), it makes sense to consume the corresponding raw organ from cattle or other animals.

A raw diet may increase the amount of gas in the digestive tract. To solve this problem, see appendix VII (footnote 8).

The above raw foods are safe, but if a food-born illness does happen, in my personal experience, the following treatments are effective, making all symptoms disappear within a day or two. Adapted cold showers at 20°C (68°F), 2 or 3 times a day, eliminate fever, reduce pain (headache, stomach ache or muscle ache), and reduce fatigue, nausea, and general weakness. There is some scientific evidence that this procedure also stimulates the immune system. Drink lemon juice (Appendix VII, footnote #20) several times a day because it also reduces inflammation and invigorates (reduces general weakness). Eat black seed and do brief cardio exercises once a day. For more details, see the influenza protocol in Chapter 2. In the case of diarrhea, enemas are effective (Appendix VII, footnote #8). You can use warm tap water or warm saline for colon cleansing; a total of 4 to 5 liters of intermittent inflow/outflow per session are usually enough. Oral antibiotics (antidiarrheal) are not recommended. Incidentally, there are antibiotic foods [raw garlic and undiluted raw honey] and herbs, which may be considered. While you are sick, don't consume any raw animal foods; instead, eat boiled eggs and tail fat boiled in water.

If you live alone, then you are not bound by rules of propriety and can try eating raw meat and fish, in addition to the above-mentioned raw animal foods. I believe that to achieve the highest productivity, one needs to eat substantial amounts of raw meat and raw nuts daily (see the Zeus cocktail in Appendix I). This is for workaholics only. If you are still interested then read on; otherwise, skip to the next chapter.

The current state of science and technology allows us to make raw meat safe for human consumption. Namely, it is now possible to kill virtually all parasites and bacteria in meat without introducing chemical changes into meat, such as those caused by thermal cooking. This kind of safe raw meat has many health benefits and advantages over cooked meat (the new methods of sterilization will be described below). In contrast to cooked meat, raw meat does not promote constipation, does not lower mood, does not increase fatigue, and does not overload kidneys. Both cooked and raw meat increase the level of hemoglobin in blood (i.e., help to rebuild red blood cells), but safe raw meat does not have the above-mentioned adverse effects. Most importantly, raw meat does not contain carcinogens, which are known to form in cooked meat. These carcinogens (approximately 17 known heterocyclic amines) form when meat is heated, and the amount produced depends on the temperature and duration of cooking. Even boiled and steamed meat contain carcinogens but much less than meat cooked at high temperatures, e.g., fried or barbecued meat.

In 2012, the FDA approved pascalization as a method of pasteurization of food products. Pascalized foods are widely available in Japan and Spain and now can be found in the United States too. The FDA has not stated publicly that pascalized raw meat is safe for human consumption, but scientific studies show that pascalized meat is as safe as boiled meat (both boiling and pascalization kill parasites and active bacteria but fail to kill the spores of some bacteria and some viruses). I invented my own sterilization method, which may be cheaper and more effective than pascalization: repeated freezing and thawing with simultaneous ultrasonication. For more details on new sterilization technologies, see endnote B.

Besides, you can try a regimen of gradual vaccination. Choose a source of raw meat that you consider the safest, for example, a supermarket where workers strictly follow sanitation rules. Start consuming micro amounts of raw ground meat (beef, turkey, or chicken, select only one type of meat for "vaccination"): on the first day, eat a piece the size of a water drop. Then wait one week. If nothing happened, then double the dose of raw meat and wait another week. Thus, continue doubling the amount of meat once a week. If you get sick from pathogens in the raw meat (diarrhea, fever, nausea), then treat this illness as described above. As a result of this vaccination, you will be able to safely consume one type of raw ground meat from one brand of supermarkets. To eat a different type of ground meat from the same or different supermarket, you need to start the whole procedure from scratch. Because there is a very small risk of infection with pork tapeworm (if the meat you bought in the store was in contact with a meat-grinder that was used to mince contaminated pork), my advice is to always wash your hands thoroughly with soap after going number two. It is advisable to buy raw meat from a halal or kosher seller. Only in this case, can you be sure that the raw meat has not been in contact with equipment containing raw pork. Ingestion of pork tapeworm cysts with meat may cause intestinal attachment of the tapeworm and shedding of larvae with stool. If you don't wash your hands with soap, then ingestion of these larvae can have serious consequences because larvae enter the bloodstream and can settle in muscles and in the brain. Unfortunately, pork tapeworm larvae may already be present in contaminated pork if it comes from a low-quality farm. Either thermal cooking or pascalization will kill both cysts and larvae of the pork tapeworm. Freezing and thawing the meat two times (two cycles) will do the same. Even one-time freezing at minus 20 degrees Celsius for four days will kill this parasite.

Note that I am not saying that you should avoid all cooked meat and eat only raw meat. In my view, boiled or steamed meat does not pose a cancer risk because the level of carcinogens is too low.

Uncooked meat has some drawbacks: for example, because of the long-standing ban by medical authorities, consumption of raw meat is not socially acceptable in most countries. Given that raw meat can be made safe at present, this food may become socially acceptable in the near future. In addition, raw meat is too tough and difficult to chew. For this reason, I recommend passing it through a meat grinder. You can add raw ground meat to a salad or another dish. In contrast to cooked meat, raw ground meat is an easy food: you can scarf down a pound (~0.5 kg) in one sitting and feel hungry an hour later. For therapeutic purposes, I would recommend 0.3–1.0 kg of raw ground meat per day. Better yet, you can try a 100% raw diet, consisting of safe raw meat and vegetables (plus a small amount of fruit). You can stay on this diet for several weeks. Then add some boiled foods to your diet and try the raw diet again. The raw diet will normalize your metabolism and thereby help to recover from a disease. You will also feel younger and less fatigued. An argument can be made that the raw diet is a human ancestral diet because humans used this type of nutrition 200 to 300 thousand years ago before the mastery of fire for cooking.

If you cannot stay on a raw diet for some reason, then you can try eating a raw diet one day a weak and then stay on a balanced healthy diet that is supplemented with all vitamins and other micronutrients from natural sources, not from artificial chemicals: 10 grams of canned cod liver (every 1-2 days; vitamin D), 10 grams of beef liver or pork liver, canned or boiled (every 1-2 days, vitamin B12), small amounts of seaweeds daily (iodine and many other rare elements), half a cup of multivegetable juice daily (various vitamins), half a cup of multifruit juice daily (various vitamins), and a teaspoon of raw honey 1-2 times a week (can be gradually increased up to several tablespoons a day). Note that high-fat meat (>50%) is much better tolerated than lean meat (which I consider a poison) and barely has such adverse effects as low mood and fatigue. Add beef or mutton fat (not fried fat) to your meat. If you want to eat boiled meat in unlimited amounts, then you need to consume fiber supplements such as psyllium husks or Cyamopsis tetragonoloba to prevent constipation.

The third type of depressant diet. Please see the latest raw diet (low-protein diet) above.

A long-term raw diet is very difficult or even impossible for an average person, but if you can make all the necessary arrangements described at the beginning of Endnote C1, then the omnivorous raw diet will be easy to adhere to and you can obtain the following benefits: a very low number of errors at work; a cure for many diseases (with some exceptions such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and probably some other congenital defects: my opinion) if you combine this diet with several other healthy lifestyle changes; no need to brush and floss your teeth (for more details see Endnote D1); good heat tolerance; normalization of body weight; rejuvenation; positive changes in your character (if you implement all self-control measures); a lower need for physical exercise, in fact, you will need to lie in bed a lot to stay calm; and excellent productivity of mental work because your brain is in excellent shape. I believe that matter (brain) rules the mind, not the other way around, because placebo does not work in reality and because I used to be a stupid and bad person when I lived on the standard "normal" food and became a completely different person when I radically changed my nutrition (i.e., "came down with orthorexia" as brain-washed people would say). What kind of soul and intellect you have depends on brain health, which depends on nutrition; psychosomatics is nonsense not worth your time and money and based on logical fallacies and false knowledge. Psychosomatics is based on the belief in the placebo effect, which in actuality does not exist and is fully explained by random changes in the state of health and natural course of a disease, as demonstrated by brilliant researchers Asbjørn Hróbjartsson and Peter C. Gøtzsche from Denmark. There are no differences between a group of patients receiving a placebo and a group receiving no treatment (negligible differences in some cases are statistically insignificant and can be explained by biases and imperfections of measurement). The idea that "stress causes diseases" is true only in very rare cases, such as solitary confinement, and is not applicable to most people. Both emotional stress and physical diseases are caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. Because the person's brain does not work well owing to the unhealthy (standard) lifestyle recommended by authorities, this person easily gets into stressful situations and cannot get out; physical diseases develop concurrently.

Suppose you got rid of all diseases and problems by means of raw-foodism, as I did: now what? Wild animals are all raw-fooders, but they die nevertheless; is it worthwhile rearranging your whole life to fit raw-foodism if you will die anyway sooner or later? My response: we still do not know everything about Homo sapiens, and our heads are filled with false knowledge about all the important topics (thanks to the powers that be). Consequently, it is possible that humans can be immortal physically; the longer you live, the better are your chances to live to the time point where you will get access to knowledge on how to become immortal. I do not rule out that the human soul can separate from the body, but strongly doubt it. I am convinced that while the soul is connected to the body, the quality of the soul strongly depends on physical health. Even if immortality is impossible and death is merely eternal sleep, it still makes sense to stay hell bent on nutrition in order to achieve the best mental clarity and to minimize various problems while you are alive. Note that your career will be advancing on two conditions: i) you apply all the self-control techniques described in this book and ii) you don't tell your clients, bosses, and coworkers that you are a raw-fooder. Here I would like to say that I have always wanted to be free (i.e., self-employed) but never really cared about material wealth. Once you become free, making this world a better place seems to be a more interesting goal than material gain, and your income will be growing by itself. If and when you deprogram yourself, i.e., reverse the decades of brainwashing, you will realize that you are happy and have everything you need, but we live in a nightmarish absurd world. For an average person, it's the other way around: he or she is unfree, unhealthy, and unhappy but is programmed to believe that we live in a wonderful just world full of opportunities and based on truth and democracy. I am convinced that you will be able to change the world successfully only if you do it anonymously (or keep a low profile) and for free (or spend your own resources). Currently, at the level of the ruling elite, evil always wins and good guys always lose because the latter cannot accumulate as much money and power as quickly as the evil guys can. Official logos of Disney, NIH, Google Chrome, and CERN contain three sixes, a coincidence? Evil has more methods at its disposal and is not bound by any principles: mass murder, large-scale fraud, mass deception, blackmail, massive theft, criminal conspiracy, treason, etc., anything goes because the ruling elite is above the law and instead lives by its secret rules, which are highly immoral, that's why they are secret. The ruling elite deceives the population about who the actual ruling elite is. Thus, the average citizen has no clue about the real government and how it works. Because humans tend to lie and pretend for selfish purposes, most institutions of society are doing the opposite of their declared mission. Of course, only the leadership of these institutions knows this, whereas their ordinary workers are usually not aware of what's going on, carry out instructions from their higher-ups, and are convinced that they are providing a beneficial service to society. Regardless of which country you reside in, you are living under a ruthless authoritarian system pretending to be a benign democracy. Cornerstone instutions of the modern nation state are authoritarian, not democratic: law enforcement, intelligence agencies, and the armed forces. A central bank is a blatantly authoritarian institution, but you are led to believe that the unwashed masses will cause inflation if they can affect monetary policy. Your place of employment is not a democratic organization. The supreme court is an authoritarian institution, and the constitution of your country was not adopted democratically and honestly. Science is controlled from top to bottom, and the government decides which scientific topics are studied because the government issues research grants. "Scientific truths" are declared by high-ranking government officials, and those who disagree can forget about a career in science. Influential scientific journals are under full control of the ruling elite, secret control of course. Voting by the population on political issues is influenced by mass media, and mass media are controlled by the powers that be. For example, in Switzerland, which is regarded by many as the most democratic country in the world (because of direct democracy), mass media are not free and independent (officially they are, of course). Therefore, most of the population is brainwashed and cannot make their own decisions, even though the voting system is democratic. Although it seems that the modern nation state is based on democratic voting and consent of the governed, in actuality, the state cannot exist without a conspiracy, blackmail, and mass deception, while democratic voting does not affect anything except visible laws (only to some extent), which are ignored by the elite anyway. The ugly authoritarian face of the nation state comes into focus especially clearly during a war, and all pretense of "democracy" is dropped. To a thinking person, it becomes obvious that in reality, the population serves the elite, not the other way around, and that the nation state exists not because it is useful for and needed by the populace, but because the ruling elite coerces ordinary citizens by brute force and deceives them in a big way. Most people believe the war propaganda, and therefore you will do well to disregard the majority opinion on important topics. Most people believe that conventional medicine is extremely useful and saves lives; in actuality, only trauma medicine is somewhat useful, while the rest of conventional medicine kills people and destroys their health because the elite wants to keep the population size under control, especially the number of retirees. (The reader may raise an objection here: "But it is proven that the miracles of modern medicine have extended the average life expectancy!" No, it is not proven.) Modern clinical trials do not prove anything and actually do the opposite of what they are supposed to do (see Appendix I in my other ebook "Fight Cancer").

APPENDIX IX: Self-management of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

I should say up front that I would categorize myself as a proponent of the reform psychiatry movement, not the antipsychiatry movement. In particular, the notion that mental disorders do not exist is based on several fallacies, as explained in endnote F1. After many years of researching this field, I can conclude that psychosis cannot be cured by a single miracle drug or treatment, but is likely to be cured or reduced substantially by a multifaceted overhaul of the lifestyle (including psychotherapy and discontinuation of all psychiatric drugs as explained in Endnote G1 and below). Many or perhaps most cases of bipolar disorder are an adverse effect an antidepressant drug [1318]; therefore, you need to gradually discontinue antidepressants and other psychiatric drugs to cure bipolar disorder (see endnote G1). Other cases of bipolar disorder are likely a consequence of a metabolic imbalance (see the table in Appendix VII). For example, a person who enjoys eating sushi, taking cold showers, and doing cardio exercise everyday overstimulates the sympathetic nervous system and may become hypomanic or manic, resulting in poor self-control, unwise decisions, and their bad consequences, leading to depression.

Question: What is a cause of a severe mental illness such as schizophrenia?
Answer: An unhealthy lifestyle, including unnatural nutrition, combined with some genetic predisposition.

Question: Is there a way to treat and cure schizophrenia without drugs?
Answer: Yes. There are nonpharmacological treatments that have strong sedative effects and/or clear up the mind. These treatments are freely available to anyone and are effective against schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Scientific evidence from professor Yuriy S. Nikolayev is strong (because he demonstrated a cure many times; you should disregard modern clinical trials [randomized controlled trials] as explained in my other ebook, "Fight Cancer," appendix I). His method won't be incorporated into clinical practice guidelines because it is not promoted as fiercely as the profitable pharmacological treatments. Expensive lobbying is needed to change clinical practice guidelines.

Question: Can I try these treatments myself to see if they work?
Answer: Yes. Most of them are safe for the vast majority of people, but you need to talk to your doctor if you are on some kind of medication or have a chronic physical illness. I will list interventions that should be effective against schizophrenia first, and then I will list treatments of bipolar disorder. It should be mentioned that I have never had a diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and therefore I cannot cite personal experience as supporting evidence here.

If you hear voices or experience other hallucinations or have delusions, i.e., beliefs that people around you consider highly unusual or bizarre, then try some of the methods below:

1. A ketogenic diet, several days to several weeks. Repeat periodically. First, I would like to say that the diagnostic definition of "psychosis" needs to be updated, and the current one should be taken with a grain of salt. The term "bizarre delusion" is illogical itself and is difficult to prove; calling something "bizarre" because it deviates from the mainstream or because you find it funny constitutes at least two logical errors. Considering that the mainstream mostly consists of lies imposed as "truth" by the establishment, and that the vast majority of people, including psychiatrists, have been successfully brainwashed by the ruling elite, it will take much time and effort to prove that some idea is indeed incorrect ("bizarre"). Filling out a psychiatric questionnaire won't be enough. The scientific truth is absolute and universal, it does not depend on a cultural context. The current definition of psychosis depends on a cultural context and therefore is illogical and unscientific. The current definition of paranoia is hypocritical and unscientific too: it’s OK for the government to be extremely paranoid without any evidence (e.g., counterintelligence agencies and prosecutors accusing people of a conspiracy), but a little bit of paranoia exercised by an ordinary citizen toward the government is a serious offense punishable by placement in a mental institution and forced medication. In other words, there are many false diagnoses of mental disorders. I am convinced that the government intentionally promotes an unhealthy lifestyle (that appears to be healthy) to keep the population dumb and easy to control. On the other hand, auditory hallucinations are a real symptom for the person having it, and it is desirable to find ways to get rid of this symptom if the affected person wants to do so. Returning to the ketogenic diet, it is a low-carbohydrate diet that causes a metabolic state known as ketosis. Several research articles support the effectiveness of this approach against schizophrenia and bipolar disorder [870, 1041 – 1043, 1362 – 1364]. This diet is scientifically proven to be effective against epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease [1077]. (In addition, an antiepileptic drug, valproate, is currently approved for treatment of mania; therefore, there are some shared biological mechanisms between mania and epilepsy.) To minimize the risk of constipation, I recommend the following composition of the ketogenic diet: normal-fat or fatty meat and fish (boiled or steamed or pascalized), raw tail fat (see Appendix VIII), the ratio of muscle meat to fat should be 1:2 or 1:3, raw or boiled eggs, avocadoes, a small amount of raw vegetables, for example, one small tomato per meal, and some nuts. You can add 2 tablespoons of raw cream or one tablespoon of raw butter (try a farmers' market) every 3 days; I believe that any dairy is not good for you in large amounts. Goat dairy is less conducive to constipation and allergies, but do not eat amounts larger than mentioned above. Consume no more than a teaspoon of plant oils per day (I don't eat them at all). You also need various vitamin-rich foods as supplements daily (see footnote # 7 in Appendix VII). That’s it. Exclude any pungent vegetables such as horseradish, garlic, onions, hot peppers, and spices. Aside from tail fat, the type of fat that causes the least problems is beef or pork fat that is boiled in water or steamed, not fried, salted, or smoked. I find that self-control is insufficient during a ketogenic diet; for example, I have problems with procrastination. In my opinion, for the strongest self-control, you need good amounts of healthy sugars such as pulp-free raw (or frozen-thawed) fruit juice (it helps to lose weight, by the way). In my experience, simply adding liberal amounts of animal fat to each meal has a substantial beneficial effect on mental health: normalization of mood, improvement of self-control, elimination of anger, and a reduction in agitation. Besides, various studies show an association of schizophrenia with an unhealthy diet [282, 945, 990, 998, 1125]. Russian professor of psychiatry Yuriy S. Nikolayev (1905–1998) cured many patients of schizophrenia by means of long fasting and diet, what he called "fasting-dietary therapy." This regimen also included physical exercise, sun-bathing, and psychotherapy. See details and clinical cases in his book "Голодание ради здоровья" (Fasting for the Sake of Health). Fasting is discussed in more detail in my other ebook "Fight Cancer". Most patients who hear voices do not need sedation, but those who do can take advantage of a strongly sedative low-protein diet that I invented (see the latest version of the raw diet in Appendix VIII; you can convert it into a fully cooked diet if you wish).

2. A fruit-and-vegetable diet, several days. Repeat periodically. Only boiled and raw fruits and vegetables are allowed without any additives or seasonings. Exclude any pungent vegetables such as horseradish, garlic, onions, hot peppers, and spices. Don’t overeat fruits, they should constitute less than 20% of your diet. This is a low-protein diet and it strongly affects the dopamine system in the brain, the system that is targeted by neuroleptic drugs (Endnote F). This diet is not sedative and causes symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Chapter Three). It is not recommended if you feel agitated. While on this diet, you will not be able to do most kinds of work.

3. You can try a 100% raw diet for a few days or weeks. According to the natural nutrition theory of intelligence, mental clarity will increase, meaning that hallucinations and delusions should disappear. Most of raw diets have an activating effect, but I designed and tested a raw sedative diet. The staple foods in this diet are finely chopped raw mutton fat (tail fat), vegetables, and raw honey diluted in water. Raw tail fat is tasty, that's why I recommend it. Start with small doses and gradually increase them. Being unaccustomed, you may get somewhat sick or lose appetite for a few days if you eat a lot of mutton fat for the first time. For safety, raw tail fat should be either kosher or halal (minimal risk of pork parasites). Wash it well under cold tap water and cut off all meat and bones and then chop the fat finely. For more information on safety and for more details about this diet, see Appendix VII (my latest version of balanced raw diet). When this diet is free of starchy vegetables, it causes a weight loss (~0.5 kg/week) if you are overweight, despite being a high-calorie diet. The weight loss will be slow and incomplete if mutton fat is cooked and honey is not raw. It's a low-protein diet, but there is no loss of work capacity or self-control. Remember that the key sedative foods are animal fat and honey. Following this diet is easy if you live alone or with someone who follows a similar diet. Even though you will never feel hungry on this diet, you may succumb to temptations if you are constantly surrounded by disallowed foods. I find it fascinating that this weight loss diet eliminates anger and does not reduce self-control and work capacity. I believe that this high-calorie diet normalizes body weight because of rejuvenation.

3b. According to the research from the website Greenmedinfo, the following nontoxic treatments of schizophrenia are supported by scientific evidence: vitamin D (abundant in cod liver), vitamin B12 (abundant in beef liver and pork liver), omega-3 fatty acids (also abundant in cod liver), music therapy, yoga, and physical exercise.

The next set of methods has a strong sedative effect and should be helpful when you become agitated or unstable. These methods are also applicable to bipolar disorder:

4. Take a mixture of sedative herbs two or three times a day. You can try increasing the dose in two-fold steps every two days until you start feeling adverse effects. For details, see footnote # 21 in Appendix VII.

5. A hot environment, several days or longer. Increase the temperature in your room or home using a heater and a fan or central heating, if you can, and put on extra clothes: thermals, a warm sweater, etc. Oppressive heat causes fatigue and will bring you back down to earth (Chapter Two and Endnote N). It is a scientific fact that patients with schizophrenia have better outcomes in third-world countries (most of which are in the tropical zone).

6. A hot bath or a hot shower (excluding the head). These have a relaxing effect but only a temporary one (Chapter Two). Can be combined with a hot environment.

7. The simplest calming diet consists of boiled whole cereal grains and sedative herbs, but I recommend the depressant diet instead because it is more balanced and effective (Chapter Four). If you have problems with anger, then my advice is to also exclude any pungent vegetables such as horseradish, garlic, onions, hot peppers, and spices. This diet can make you apathetic and depressed within a few days or weeks and will bring you back down to earth.

8a. Breath-holding exercise. Two to three breath-holds (30–60 seconds) with an interval of about 5 minutes. These sessions can be repeated once a day, when sedation is needed (once a week otherwise). This is an exercise for the brain and is known to have strong effects on the brain, for example, this method can cause a panic attack in patients with a diagnosis of anxiety. This treatment seems to have a sedative effect and if I do it everyday, then I start feeling depressed.

8b. Excessive amounts of physical exercise: they will keep you fatigued and sedated. (Small or moderate amounts of exercise will have the opposite effect.) A stationary bicycle in your home is the easiest form of exercise. You can do a 30- to 60-minute workout 6 days a week as follows: Turn on a TV or a radio or put on some music. Do 10 minutes of normal-intensity cycling followed by (optional) 15 seconds of maximal-speed cycling. Next, do 20–30 sit-ups. Then do 10 minutes of normal-intensity cycling and another 20–30 sit-ups. Add another one or two repetitions if necessary. Take a shower. All done.

It’s a good idea to lead a healthy lifestyle in general; see "58 ways to change your lifestyle for health improvement" (Appendix VII).

The following interventions should help when you feel depressed (except for #10 and #14, they are all forbidden during a manic episode or a psychotic episode that involves agitation):

9. An adapted cold shower, once or twice a day (Chapter Two). Note that sudden cold showers cause confusion and in my opinion will aggravate psychosis. Even a warm or thermoneutral shower will make you feel better when you are depressed. Any cold showers are forbidden when you are agitated or having a fit of anger.

10. A hot bath or hot shower (excluding the head).

11. Small amounts of physical exercise that does not require will power or time. This means about 10 minutes daily or every other day without sweating. I use the following regimen: spin at average speed, as if riding a regular bike for 5 minutes, then maximal speed for 15 seconds. After that, I do 30 sit-ups.

12. The antidepressant diet (Chapter Four) or a raw diet (Appendix VIII).

13. Hyperventilation exercise. It has a stimulant and euphoriant effect. For more details, see footnotes in the healthy lifestyle checklist (Appendix VII).

14. A free online version of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: https://moodgym.anu.edu.au/welcome

 and some free online self-help resources including cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and some other mental disorders: http://nimhr.anu.edu.au/community-resources/online-self-help-programs

 15. Sun-bathing or a tanning bed. See footnote 19 in Appendix VII.

16. If none of the above helps—even after you have successfully discontinued all medications—most likely you will cure psychotic symptoms by means of a raw diet (Appendix VIII), it cures many diseases and health problems, give it one or two years. You can find testimonials of former patients at rawpaleodietforum.com

If the reader takes a neuroleptic drug or other psychiatric drugs regularly, then my advice is to gradually discontinue such drugs by slow tapering of the dose (see Endnote G1). These drugs damage the brain and actually worsen psychosis contrary to the claims of drug companies. Furthermore, psychiatric drugs destroy physical health. I recommend articles and videos by psychiatrist Peter Breggin regarding the horrible effects of neuroleptics. You cannot trust the research published or sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry as explained in Chapter One (section “Interpreting evidence from studies on human subjects”). Because they are currently easily influenced by funding, science and medicine are badly broken at present. Numerous unbiased studies suggest that neuroleptics in particular and psychiatric drugs in general cause more harm than good [35, 457, 1055, 1057, 1058, 1060, 1068, 1080 – 1082, 1088, 1098, 1101, 1109, 1111 – 1118, 1129, 1130].


Endnotes

Endnote A

Endnote B: Novel food sterilization and food-testing technologies

Endnote C

Endnote D

Endnote E

Endnote F: Theoretical evidence of neuroleptic effects of a temporary protein-free diet

Endnote G

Endnote H

Endnote I

Endnote J

Endnote K

Endnote L: A possible clinical study protocol

Endnote M: Existing evidence of antianxiety effects of moderate heating of the body

Endnote N: Theoretical evidence of neuroleptic effects of hyperthermia

Endnote O

Endnote P: Mechanisms underlying the wakefulness-promoting effect of cooling

Endnote Q: On free will

Endnote R: Mechanisms underlying the antifatigue effect of cooling

Endnote S: Existing evidence of antidepressant effects of brief moderate cooling

Endnote T: Rationale for the adapted cold shower procedure

Endnote U: Pain-reducing effects of cooling

Endnote V: Antinausea effect of cooling

Endnote W: Fever-reducing and anti-inflammatory effects of cold hydrotherapy

Endnote X: Theoretical evidence of antianxiety effects of high-fat diets and safe raw high-protein diets

Endnote Y

Endnote Z: Mind versus brain

Endnote B1

Endnote C1: The starchless diet

Endnote D1: How to preserve your teeth long-term

Endnote E1: Hair care

Endnote F1: Fallacies of the antipsychiatry position

Endnote G1: How to safely discontinue psychiatric drugs


Endnote A

Humans, who consume a mostly cooked diet, have the longest life expectancy among modern primates [537], most of whom subsist on an exclusively raw diet if they live in the wild. The closest genetic relatives of humans among primates, chimpanzees [138], are omnivores; that is, they eat both plant and animal food, including meat [39 – 41].


Endnote B

(for engineers or scientists)

Novel food sterilization and food-testing technologies (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): Uncooked animal products, such as meat and fish, will be safe for human consumption if they are {a} sterilized by high-pressure processing (pascalization), which kills bacteria and parasites without heating; {b} sterilized using some combination of two or more of the following methods: mild heating, high pressure, multiple freeze–thaw cycles, treatment with ultrasound, an oscillating magnetic field, digestion by means of hydrochloric acid, drying in vacuum, and homogenization/pulverization in liquid nitrogen; or {c} thoroughly tested for the presence of DNA of various pathogens. In addition, this endnote presents a table summarizing officially recommended treatments of the relevant infectious diseases.


An ideal method for sterilization/pasteurization of food should satisfy these two criteria simultaneously: 1) minimal or no chemical modification of food; 2) a substantial log reduction of the number of microbes to a level that makes uncooked meat and fish safe to eat. There are sterilization/pasteurization methods that do not involve high temperatures, such as curing, drying, irradiation, pasteurization, and smoking [203, 538]. None of these approaches is satisfactory for a raw high-protein diet (that contains fish and meat) either because of substantial chemical changes introduced into food [539] (which may cause adverse metabolic effects as described in Chapter One) or because of insufficient disinfection of meat and fish [203, 538]. Therefore, scientists need to test and to secure regulatory approval of new methods, as described below.

The development of new sterilization/pasteurization methods that satisfy the two criteria above may require a collaborative effort of researchers from such disciplines as microbiology, materials science, and molecular biology. Below are some ideas that may lead to satisfactory methods:


a) Pascalization is sterilization of food by high pressure (0.5–1.0 gigapascals). During this process, food is sealed in plastic packaging and is placed in a steel tank with water. After that, the tank is subjected to high pressure for 20 minutes or longer. Because high pressure causes heat, the apparatus and the food are cooled. Pascalization is currently approved for general use in Japan (and is in limited use in the United States); you can buy such foods in almost any grocery store in Japan. U.S. FDA approved pascalization as a method for sterilization of food in 2012 (but it did not specifically approve pascalized raw meat as safe for human consumption). Pascalization kills virtually all live bacteria but fails to kill the spores of some bacterial species and most viruses. This means that pascalized raw meat is safer than pasteurized milk and is almost as safe as boiled meat. (Boiling also fails to kill certain bacterial spores and many viruses.)


b) There are some untested ideas that may lead to more thorough killing of microbes (without heat) than what pascalization offers. I did some experimentation with ultrasonication in liquid nitrogen. Ultrasound sheers genomic DNA of viruses and bacteria, thereby killing them. Aside from that, ultrasound can crack open the bacterial cells. Ultrasonication in a water solution causes heating and does not kill microbes completely; for this reason, I tried liquid nitrogen. Nitrogen is chemically inert and is not expected to cause any chemical changes in food. I tried homogenizing meat in a manual glass homogenizer and then placing it in liquid nitrogen, which was then subjected to ultrasonication. On the ultrasonicator that was available to me (has a titan alloy tip that is dipped into the liquid to be sonicated), I used power output of 100–200 watts per 5 cm2 at 22 kHz. Under these conditions, the homogenized meat remains as frozen blocks, which are slowly pulverized by the ultrasound and get converted into a colloid solution in liquid nitrogen. This process is slow: ~5% of meat is pulverized in one hour. Apparently, to speed this process up, greater power output (amplitude) is necessary, up to 1000 watts per cm2. The metallic tip of the ultrasonicator has to be made of a titan-based alloy or austenitic steel (these materials do not become brittle at ultralow temperatures). The vessel with liquid nitrogen can be made from the same material or from PTFE. It is possible that liquid nitrogen in the state of a supercritical liquid will be more effective at pulverization of meat by means of ultrasound. Nitrogen becomes a supercritical liquid at a temperature and pressure above –147°C and 3.4 MPa, respectively. This method may be combined with repeated depressurization. When the supercritical liquid nitrogen that has intercalated and diffused into frozen meat turns into gas after depressurization, it explodes, thereby facilitating the pulverization process. It is possible that complete pulverization is not necessary to kill all microbes by ultrasound in the blocks of frozen homogenized meat: practical testing is necessary. Another idea involves pascalization in liquid nitrogen instead of water. Because this treatment is harsher than regular pascalization (and may destroy the pascalization apparatus at 0.5 GPa), it may kill microbes more effectively. Pascalization in liquid nitrogen may work at lower pressure (perhaps at 0.1 GPa instead of 0.5 GPa). In this case, the foods do not need to be sealed in plastic packaging and instead can be pascalized directly in liquid nitrogen (because it will evaporate later). Finally, maybe, the ultrasonication in water can be improved in some way, and liquid nitrogen may be unnecessary.


c) Some combination of two or more of the following treatments may yield the desired results: 1) mild heating up to 43°C, 2) vacuum (causes lysis of cells and drying of biological material), 3) high pressure, 4) multiple freeze–thaw cycles (damage DNA), 5) ultrasound, i.e., ultrasonication (damages DNA), 6) an oscillating magnetic field, 7) treatment with hydrochloric acid (it can be considered “natural” because the same happens in the stomach) with subsequent evaporation of the acid in vacuum, and 8) homogenization/pulverization (expected to increase effectiveness of the above methods). Some possible combinations are listed below with an explanation.


d) The fourth approach is not really a sterilization method, but can be a feasible method for ensuring the safety of uncooked meat and fish. It includes improvements in the sterility of food-processing equipment combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for all expected pathogens (Table 7 below). The proposed screening procedure can be the following: food samples are lysed and the DNA isolated and analyzed by several multiplex PCR reactions using primers specific to genomic DNA of the expected pathogens (Table 1) [540, 541]. To reduce the number of simultaneous tests in a multiplex PCR reaction, it may be possible to use universal primers for some groups of pathogens. For example, one pair of universal primers for bacteria [542] can replace twelve tests for bacterial pathogens listed in Table 7 below. The screening may also include testing for prions [543]. In order to obtain the most representative samples for testing, fine grinding and thorough mixing may be necessary prior to the sampling [541]. In addition, a single freeze–thaw cycle can be incorporated into this approach because it can kill some multicellular and single-celled parasites [563 – 565] (but not others [566, 567]). Doctors use a similar method for ensuring the safety of donor blood: they screen it thoroughly for all expected pathogens, instead of active sterilization by autoclaving or addition of antibiotics [568].


If any of these approaches (or other relevant ideas) are implemented and receive regulatory approval, the resulting food products may turn out to be expensive. The cost should come down with further technological improvements, provided that there is a demand in the marketplace. It should be mentioned that health risks posed by bacteria and viruses are exaggerated by conventional medicine (see footnote # 13 in Appendix VII and links therein, especially link, link, link, link, and link). In particular, the existence of some viruses is not proven scientifically, and neither is pathogenicity of many bacteria that are currently considered pathogenic officially. Therefore, complete sterilization of raw foods may not be necessary. I find it sufficient to kill parasites by freezing raw animal foods for 1-4 days and don't worry about bacteria and viruses in foods (while adhering to simple rules of hygiene and cleanliness in the kitchen). Even if we assume that some bacterium or virus is a pathogen, most treatments of conventional medicine are not proven to be effective (see Appendix 1 in my other book "Fight Cancer"), and tests for microbes (such as PCR and antibodies) are notoriously unreliable and imprecise; thus, you are taking unjustified risks by undertaking such unsafe therapies as antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines.

Current treatment guidelines for relevant infectious diseases. Currently available clinical evidence suggests that most of the infections that can result from consumption of uncooked animal products can be treated effectively by antibiotics or antiparasitic agents combined with supportive therapy, i.e., alleviation of symptoms of an infectious illness. For example, analgesics and antipyretics can reduce pain and fever, while rehydration can help to compensate for water loss with diarrhea. For some infections, the use of antibiotics is not effective. Some parasites, such as pork tapeworm, may cause damage to the central nervous system (neurocysticercosis) that can result in seizures or a fatal outcome. Infection with some pathogens may be asymptomatic or may result in a mild illness in healthy people but can cause a serious illness in immunocompromised patients. Table 7 below summarizes treatments currently used in clinical practice. You can read about other interventions that may also be useful in food-borne infections in the section that follows the table.


Table 7. Current treatment guidelines for common infectious diseases that may result from consumption of raw animal products [544]. This table was compiled in 2009, and some parts of it may be out of date. Symptoms of infection and source foods are listed in Table 1.


Infection: Angiostrongylus cantonensis (parasitic worm)

Treatment: Albendazole, corticosteroids, supportive care.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [545]


Infection: Campylobacter jejuni (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care; in severe cases, antibiotics erythromycin and quinolones may be indicated at the early stages of the diarrheal disease.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [546, 547]


Infection: Clostridium botulinum (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care; botulinum antitoxin is helpful if given early in the course of the illness; antibotulism immunoglobulin instead of botulinum antitoxin is recommended for infants.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [548]


Infection: Clostridium perfringens (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care; do not use antibiotics.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [549]


Infection: Cryptosporidium parvum (single-celled parasite)

Treatment: Supportive care; in severe cases, paromomycin for 7 days may be considered. For children under 11, nitazoxanide for 3 days may be considered.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [550]


Infection: Escherichia coli, strain O157:H7 (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care with close monitoring of renal function, hemoglobin, and platelets; antibiotics may be harmful. E. coli 0157:H7 infection is associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome; studies suggest that antibiotics may promote the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [547, 551]


Infection: Giardia duodenalis (single-celled parasite)

Treatment: Metronidazole

References for PCR primers for food testing: [552, 553]


Infection: Listeria monocytogenes (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care and antibiotics; intravenous ampicillin, penicillin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are recommended if the disease is invasive (bacteremia or meningitis).

References for PCR primers for food testing: [551]


Infection: Norwalk virus and norovirus (Norwalklike virus)

Treatment: Supportive care, including rehydration; good hygiene.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [554, 555]


Infection: Opisthorchis felineus and Opisthorchis viverrini (flatworms)

Treatment: Praziquantel

References for PCR primers for food testing: [556, 557]


Infection: Salmonella (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care; except for Salmonella typhi, do not use antibiotics unless there is extraintestinal spread of infection or the risk thereof. When applicable, ampicillin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, or quinolones can be indicated. A vaccine for Salmonella typhi is available.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [547, 551]


Infection: Shigella (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care; trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is indicated in the United States if the bacterium is susceptible; nalidixic acid or other quinolones are recommended if the bacterial species is resistant, which may be the case in developing countries.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [547]


Infection: Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care

References for PCR primers for food testing: [551]


Infection: Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

Treatment: Niclosamide or praziquantel

References for PCR primers for food testing: [558, 559]


Infection: Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

Treatment: Niclosamide or praziquantel; infection of the central nervous system (brain) may require a surgical intervention.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [559]


Infection: Toxoplasma gondii (single-celled parasite)

Treatment: Asymptomatic people do not need treatment. Spiramycin or pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine may be used for immunocompromised persons. Pyrimethamine combined with sulfadiazine (with or without steroids) may be indicated for ocular disease. Folinic acid is recommended with sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine to counteract suppression of bone marrow.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [560]


Infection: Trichinella spiralis (intestinal roundworm, larvae can form cysts in various muscles of the body)

Treatment: Supportive care combined with albendazole or mebendazole.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [541]


Infection: Vibrio cholerae (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care with copious oral and intravenous rehydration; if cholera is confirmed, tetracycline or doxycycline is indicated for adults and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for children under 8.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [547, 561]


Infection: Vibrio parahaemolyticus (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care; in case of severe illness, antibiotic therapy is indicated: tetracycline, gentamicin, doxycycline, or cefotaxime.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [561, 562]


Infection: Vibrio vulnificus (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care and antibiotics: tetracycline, doxycycline, or ceftazidime.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [561]


Infection: Yersinia enterocolitica (bacterium)

Treatment: Supportive care; if disease is invasive (e.g., septicemia), antibiotics are indicated: gentamicin, cefotaxime, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin.

References for PCR primers for food testing: [547]

Other relevant treatments. This section describes treatments not listed in the current practice guidelines, but this author found them effective in his self-experimentation. These treatments also appear to have a good rationale for their use. A clinician may consider using these methods in addition to the treatments recommended by the practice guidelines.

In my experience, one can reduce the symptoms of a bacterial or viral infection that may result from consumption of raw animal foods, such as nausea, weakness/fatigue, fever, headache, muscle pain or abdominal pain, by means of cold hydrotherapy [357, 399, 411 – 414, 571], as described in more detail in Chapter Two. The frequency of adapted cold showers is discretionary and can vary from once to thrice a day. A patient can use head showers (for headache) more frequently (see the section “Can a cold shower cause a cold or the flu?” in Chapter Two). The combination of cold hydrotherapy with analgesic/antipyretic drugs is more effective than either treatment alone. Possible adverse effects of cold showers are reviewed in the last section of Chapter Two. Cold hydrotherapy can be useful as supportive care, in addition to, not instead of antimicrobial drugs.

Diarrhea, in my personal experience, can be treated effectively by means of complete colon cleansing with tap water enemas. There are some relevant published reports as well [572 – 574]. This procedure is not comfortable but is effective and may stop diarrhea after a single session. A person can achieve complete colon cleanliness after a total of 4 to 6 liters of intermittent inflow/outflow. Careful torso bending exercise and abdominal massage during colonics may facilitate effective cleansing. Use of warm water and application of vaseline to the speculum may reduce discomfort. Caution should be exercised with enemas, especially if entry of water causes pain or discomfort. It is best to seek assistance of a qualified healthcare professional with this procedure if this is the first time a person attempts to have a colonic. Complete emptying and thorough washing of the large intestine with water will dramatically reduce the amount of bacteria and bacterial toxins in the lumen of the colon and thus will bring about a relief of diarrhea. Possible adverse effects of colon hydrotherapy include temporary discomfort or abdominal pain during the procedure, a temporary electrolyte imbalance in the large intestine, and extremely rare cases of intestinal wall perforation. Electrolyte imbalances can be prevented by the use of saline instead of water. Colon hydrotherapy may not be effective if diarrhea originates in the small intestine. It’s a good idea to take probiotics after this procedure to prevent changes in intestinal microflora.


Endnote C

It is impossible to diagnose most mental disorders (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others) by a laboratory test [340]. Therefore, you could say that these disorders represent only a “minor pathological change” in the brain, even though the suffering can be tremendous. These disorders can have biological manifestations, such as slightly increased blood levels of stress hormones. But these changes are within the normal range, and thus psychiatrists cannot use them reliably for diagnosis. (Some blood tests for depression appeared on the market recently, but it is doubtful that depression can be diagnosed reliably with a blood test alone.) These observations suggest that the “minor physical change” in the brain that causes a mental disorder can be reversible and therefore lifestyle changes and other noninvasive treatments can be effective in psychiatry. To date, there are no proven “natural remedies” for most mental disorders, with rare exceptions such as St. John’s Wort and sleep deprivation for depression (there are also a few successful trials of exercise for depression). Sleep deprivation can produce a significant clinical improvement within 24 hours in about 60% of patients (unfortunately, the relapse is also quick). Most other therapies, including SSRIs, require several weeks for clinical benefits to materialize.

If somebody conducts clinical trials and shows that certain dietary changes, for example, the antidepressant diet from Chapter Four, are clinically effective in depressed patients, then this approach can become an additional treatment option. In this case, it will be possible to use that option alone or in combination with existing treatments, such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. If a treatment has a scientific rationale and there is scientific evidence that it is effective, then it falls into the category of “medicine” and such attributes as “natural,” “complementary,” “alternative,” or “integrative,” are not necessary. People use these labels when there is no scientific rationale or when there is no scientific evidence that a treatment is effective, or both. At present, the antidepressant diet appears to have scientific rationale, but has no scientific evidence.

Some conventional treatments do not have a good explanation for their mode of action. In some cases, researchers found the explanation many decades after widespread use of these treatments began in clinical practice. The examples include lithium carbonate for bipolar disorder and electroconvulsive therapy for depression. A more recent example is SSRIs for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Clinical trials "have shown" that these drugs are effective, and physicians prescribe them routinely (I am using quote signs because these clinical trials are not trustworthy, too many tricks; see the second section in Chapter One). Nevertheless, at the time of this writing, there is no theory that can explain the use of SSRIs in anxiety. In other words, this treatment is not a theory-driven approach and looks like “complementary medicine.”


Endnote D

Warning: This section of the book is for information purposes only and readers should avoid consuming raw animal products because they carry a significant risk of infectious disease, possibly a risk of a life-threatening illness (Table 1). Raw pork and meat processed with the same equipment as raw pork are especially dangerous because they carry a risk of infection with the pork tapeworm. The main text describes several safe diets that are as effective or even more effective than the diets that include raw animal foods. With certain precautions, raw animal foods can be relatively safe for people with a good immune system, as described in Appendix VIII.

Because the diet of early hominids and the diet of our closest relatives living in the wild (chimpanzees) consists mostly of raw fruits and vegetables and raw meat and excludes all artificial ingredients [43, 46], it would be interesting to see the effects of this kind of diet on modern humans. For convenience, I call this diet the “ancestral diet” throughout this book. I experimented (as a single participant) with diets that include raw animal products in 1998, 2002–2003, and in 2008. Within each of those years, the total duration of experiments was several months (most recently, there was a one-week experiment in 2011, as described below).

The most typical raw diet had the following composition (percentages represent proportion by weight): fish and ground meat (beef, turkey, or chicken): 35–40%; either no grains or aqueous extract of whole-grain wheat flour (Appendix I) 0–40%; fruits and vegetables (or juices that are free of additives): 20–40%; pulverized nuts (for example, walnut, pecan, filbert) 2–5%. Ground meat had a fat content of 10% or higher. Uncooked meat is too tough to chew without grinding, whereas uncooked fish is easy to chew. All food additives and spices are forbidden. Pasteurization of fruit or vegetable juices and cooking of up to 90% of fruits and vegetables by boiling or steaming make no difference: this partially cooked diet has the same effects as a 100% raw diet. Addition of pasteurized low-fat milk (free of dietary supplements) to this diet, up to 10–20% of the content by weight, also makes no difference in effects on mental state.

If a person lives on a standard diet recommended by food pyramids and switches to the ancestral diet, the subjective changes that this person can observe within one to three days are the following: increased capacity for work, improved internal mood, increased self-esteem, and reduced fatigue. The ancestral diet quickly improves depressed mood (within several days) and it can also brighten up normal mood. Reading of complex texts and writing become much easier. The ability to understand and concentrate on complex reading material is excellent. Attention control and impulse control are excellent. There is noticeable clarification of the mind and many (but not all) problems that seemed difficult or insurmountable previously now appear easy and trivial. This high-protein diet can reduce procrastination, but it is less effective than the depressant diet (Chapter Five). The ancestral diet can be effective against such symptoms as bad breath and dry mouth. If the ancestral diet contains sufficient amounts of fish and ground meat, then it can facilitate complete sleep deprivation for 2–3 days. This effect of the raw high-protein diet on alertness is consistent with a previous report [575]. Finally, the ancestral diet activates the digestive tract and is effective against constipation.

Judging by the mental clarity questionnaire (Appendix IV), fluid intelligence will increase as a result of the ancestral diet. As for objective proof, scores on general aptitude tests or on tests of intelligence should increase. I was able to achieve huge GRE General Test scores after following the ancestral diet for about 4 days (see the end of Appendix VI). My score (2320 total) corresponds to an IQ score above 149, according to some calculations [20 – 22]. Preparation for the test (while on a cooked high-protein diet) took about 4 months. Note that my poor to mediocre academic performance during my teenage years suggests that my intelligence is about average when I am on a regular modern diet (see the end of Appendix VI).

The major problem with diets that include raw animal foods is that occasionally (every several weeks to every several months) one is likely to go through episodes of infectious disease. This frequency of problems corresponds to raw animal products that come from a relatively safe source: when I lived in the United States, I bought ground meat only at supermarkets and only meat that was labeled with the seal “Inspected by USDA.” The frequency of episodes of infectious illness can increase several-fold if animal products come from an unsafe source. I also bought only sea or oceanic fish as it is believed by raw fooders to carry fewer human pathogens compared to fresh-water fish. Going back to the episodes of infectious disease, the following symptoms may present: fever, general weakness, muscle pain or headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain. On one or two occasions, I also had skin dryness and lesions. Some of these episodes may be mild and short, but others can be severe and protracted (several weeks) and people with a weakened immune system may not survive.

Another major problem is that consumption of raw meat and fish is socially unacceptable in most cultures. Particularly, if you reside in the U.S. or in Russia, you risk becoming a social outcast if you start to openly consume raw meat and fish. Nonetheless, in some cultures, raw animal foods are more socially acceptable. For example, in Belgium and Italy, consumption of raw ground beef is not unusual [202] and ethnic groups inhabiting the far North eat raw meat and fish on a daily basis [55 – 58]. My guess is that raw animal products may become more socially acceptable if and when new technological developments make them safe for human consumption.B

Other undesirable effects of the ancestral diet: if I use it longer than 2–3 weeks, it can lead to sleep disturbances (insomnia) with a tendency toward a low need for sleep. If I continue the diet despite changes in sleep, there is a risk of developing symptoms of hypomania. Internal mood may become persistently elevated, which may pose a problem for some intellectual tasks such as writing. This diet may also increase sweating.

If 20–30% of animal products are cooked (by boiling or steaming), then sleep and mood can become normal, but most of the aforementioned beneficial effects are preserved. This type of partially cooked ancestral diet is more sustainable than a 100% raw diet, suggesting that humans have adapted to cooked food genetically and require a certain percentage of cooked food in the diet for normal functioning. Even this type of diet may become unsustainable after several months, and such symptoms as hyperactivity, restlessness, and insomnia may present. Addition of large amounts of cooked whole grains (e.g., boiled shredded wheat) and cooking of all animal products can help to calm down and return to normalcy.

Based on my experience with different types of raw food, I can draw the following conclusions. Judging by mental state or mental performance, there is no discernible difference between raw fruits/vegetables and cooked fruits/vegetables, if they are cooked at moderate temperature. There is no discernible difference between raw milk and pasteurized milk.

There is a significant difference between raw meat and fish and cooked meat and fish. Taking beef as an example, raw ground beef (15% fat or higher) typically has the following effects. These effects can manifest themselves within 30–60 minutes after a meal that consists of 300–500 grams (0.7 to 1.1 lbs.) of beef only: improved mood, reduced fatigue, increased self-esteem, increased capacity for work and improved attention control and impulse control. In contrast, an identical meal that consists of cooked beef will have the following effects: apathy and lowered mood, slightly increased fatigue, increased self-esteem, increased capacity for work and improved attention control and impulse control. Cooked animal products tend to lower mood and increase fatigue, whereas raw animal products have the opposite effects. Nonetheless, an ancestral diet that contains large amounts of uncooked red meat (1–2 pounds a day) may slightly increase physical fatigue after several months. Both cooked and raw meat increase capacity for work and improve attention and impulse control, although cooked meat seems to be more beneficial for self-control than raw meat (we are talking about forcing oneself to do necessary things and preventing oneself from doing unwise things). Cooked meat can cause constipation or hard stool if a person eats a large amount in one sitting; this is not the case with raw ground meat. Nevertheless, the combination of large amounts of raw ground meat (1–2 pounds a day) and large amounts of milk (2–3 liters per day) may cause constipation.

There is also a noticeable difference between raw grains and cooked grains with respect to effects on mental state, as you saw in the main text.

After a long and healthy hiatus, I tested the ancestral diet recently, when I became severely depressed in late April–early May 2011 (according to the diagnostic criteria in DSM-IV-TR [340], except the duration was less than two weeks), and the antidepressant diet was somewhat helpful, but not effective. This prompted me to try the ancestral diet. (Warning: Before you read any further, please review the cautionary information in Tables 1 and 7.) The ancestral diet consisted of raw ground beef, raw ground chicken (about a pound (0.5 kg) of meat per day total), raw eggs (washed with soap, 3–5 per day), raw and boiled fruits and vegetables and one to two glasses of pasteurized milk per day. The diet excluded cooked grains, legumes, artificial chemicals, seasonings, and so on. At the end of the first day of this diet, May 6, I came down with some sort of food poisoning, probably from the pathogenic bacteria in the frozen raw ground beef that I bought at a small local grocery store. This meat tasted funny and I threw it out right away and instead bought freshly ground raw beef and chicken at a nearby supermarket. As a precautionary measure, I did not eat any raw animal products on May 7 and 8, when I was ill with the food-borne disease (did not follow any special diets during this time). I presented with nausea, stomachache, general weakness, fever, and diarrhea. I treated these symptoms with adapted cold showers (three times a day), acetaminophen, phthalylsulfathiazol, and complete colon cleansing (one session) as described at the end of endnote B. All symptoms of the infectious disease were gone on May 9, when I decided to resume the ancestral diet using raw meat that I thought was from the safest source. My depressive symptoms improved somewhat on May 6, in spite of the infectious disease. I felt a relief of symptoms of depression on the second consecutive day of the ancestral diet (May 10), and I was completely cured of depression on the fourth day of the diet (May 12). I discontinued the ancestral diet on May 13. There were no food-borne infections during the second trial of the ancestral diet (May 9 through May 13); the diet was interrupted briefly on May 11 with a large meal (all kinds of food) and alcohol at a social event at work. I also used hydrotherapy during this depressive episode: an adapted cold shower in the morning and a head-out hot shower at night (I did not use hot showers during a fever).


Endnote E

(for biomedical researchers)

(LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): The liver contains a great number of enzymes responsible for neutralizing various unusual compounds such as toxins and mutagens. This collection of enzymes is called the “liver detoxification system,” or “P450 system.” It is possible that when the diet changes, some of these enzymes become more active, while others become less active because now they have to deal with a changed set of chemicals. This change in the pattern of activity of the liver detoxification system can cause changes in how mutagens from cooked meat are neutralized by this system.


This is because under the changed conditions, each liver enzyme has to deal with a different load of chemicals compared to the normal metabolic state (or compared to the regular diet), and occupancy of each type of enzyme changes. This change in the pattern of activity of the liver detoxification system can cause changes in how this system neutralizes mutagens from cooked meat. Therefore, it is possible that during the normal metabolic state (carbohydrates serve as the main fuel), the liver does not neutralize cooking mutagens completely, and they have negative effects on mood. It is possible that during ketosis the liver neutralizes the mutagens from cooked meat more effectively, and the dieter does not feel any negative changes in mood. Similarly, changes in the activity of the liver detoxification system may occur when the diet includes large amounts of low-fat milk.


Endnote F

(for biomedical researchers)

Theoretical evidence of neuroleptic effects of a temporary protein-free diet (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): The use of radical dietary changes for the treatment of brain disorders is not a new idea; for example, a ketogenic (high-fat, low-carbohydrate) diet is beneficial for treatment-resistant epilepsy [451, 578] and a restrictive elimination diet can be effective in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [67]. It is possible that a temporary very low-protein, low-fat diet may have antipsychotic properties because this diet will cause some changes in the brain that are similar to those of antipsychotic (a.k.a. neuroleptic) drugs. These changes include a reduction in the level of a chemical called dopamine in the relevant brain regions and the changes in certain receptors for dopamine. Low-protein diets also produce some changes in the behavior of laboratory rats that are similar to those caused by antipsychotic drugs.


It is possible that a temporary very low-protein, low-fat diet may have an antipsychotic effect because this diet will have some neurobiological effects that are similar to those of neuroleptic drugs.


  1. One study on experimental animals has shown that a low-protein diet reduces the density of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum [579] and also reduces the total level of dopamine (extracellular and intracellular) in this brain region and in the ventral tegmental area [329]. The reduced density of D2 receptors was not accompanied by a change in receptor sensitivity. Reduction of dietary protein can reduce the level of a major metabolite of dopamine, homovanillic acid, in cerebrospinal fluid of humans, which is suggestive of reduced dopaminergic activity in the brain [580]. A low-protein diet worsens coping behavior in the Porsolt swim test, which is an animal model of depression [466]. These changes are consistent with reduced dopaminergic activity in the brain and are similar to the effects of neuroleptic drugs. Neuroleptics typically inhibit activity of most dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, and D4) but their antipsychotic effect is attributed to their antagonism of dopamine D2 receptor in the brain. Neuroleptics also worsen coping behavior (promote behavioral despair) in the animal models of depression [448]. In humans, neuroleptics lower mood within hours [460, 461]. There is one caveat with the above argument, in that neuroleptics cause a compensatory increase in the density of dopamine D2 receptors [581, 582], and they cause an increase of extracellular dopamine in the brain because of inhibition of presynaptic D2 receptors [583, 584]. Nonetheless, overall, neuroleptics tend to downregulate dopamine activity in the brain because of inhibition of postsynaptic dopamine receptors [585].

  2. Dietary fat manipulations in laboratory animals affect the density of D2 receptors as well as the density of the dopamine transporter in the striatum [586, 587]. This suggests that a low-fat diet may change the activity of the dopamine system in the brain.

  3. Additionally, reduction of dietary protein reduces the synthesis and turnover of serotonin in the brain of primates [588] (the opposite is true in rodents [589]). The attenuation of cerebral dopaminergic and serotonergic transmission by a low-protein diet may mimic some effects of clozapine, which has an inhibitory effect on several serotonin receptors (5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and possibly 5-HT3 and 5-HT6 [590 – 595]) and dopamine receptors (D1, D3, and D4) in addition to its relatively weak D2 receptor blockade [594, 596 – 599].

  4. Some authors have reported that low-protein diets increase the plasma and brain level of glycine without affecting those of glutamate [305, 600 – 602]. This change may enhance the function of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and have a beneficial effect on negative symptoms of schizophrenia according to the NMDA hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia [603].

  5. High-carbohydrate diets (low in fat and protein) are not uncommon among mammals, as there are a number of species that are frugivores, although the closest genetic relatives of humans among primates are omnivores [44, 45].

  6. The fruit-and-vegetable diet (fifth section of Chapter Three and Appendix II) can be considered an ancestral diet of primates [44, 45] and it contains tiny amounts of protein and fat. The quality of protein is also low in this diet because of its plant origin [120, 318, 319]. For this reason, the fruit-and-vegetable diet is basically a “protein-free diet.” As explained in Chapter Three, this diet may serve as an experimental model of ADHD and my personal experience suggests that it increases distractibility within one day and can cause a loss of interest in many activities if a person stays on the diet for 4 days or longer. These effects are consistent with hypofunction of the dopaminergic system in the brain [580, 604], and therefore, the fruit-and-vegetable diet may have a neuroleptic effect. Initially, this diet seems to increase the activity level, but it returns to the normal level after about 4 days. In other words, this diet does not have sedative properties.


Readers can find a more detailed discussion of this topic elsewhere [577]. I have tested the fruit-and-vegetable diet extensively on myself, but because I have never had a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, it is unknown if this approach can be effective as a neuroleptic treatment. In principle, the dietary and pharmacological approaches are not mutually exclusive and can be combined if necessary. The grains-only diet (Appendix II) contains low amounts of protein and the quality of protein is low too [120, 318, 319, 835, 836, 853, 912]; it may serve as a sedating neuroleptic treatment. Endnote N describes another approach to nonpharmacological inhibition of cerebral dopaminergic activity. Generally speaking, any radical dietary changes are a slow, noninvasive form of shock therapy for the brain and may benefit schizophrenic patients. There is a case report of a complete cure of schizophrenia after switching to a ketogenic diet [870].


Endnote G

(for biomedical researchers)

(LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): The precise mechanism of action of artificial dietary ingredients on the central nervous system is not known at present. It would be safe to say that biological systems are complex and minor chemical modifications, such as introduction of a novel chemical into the diet of a species, may have numerous unpredictable effects on the functioning of some organs or systems of organs. The intricately interconnected system of neurons in the brain may be affected by these unusual chemicals, such that the level of “noise” in this system increases, which in turn will contribute to errors.


People who have dealt with cell culture in a laboratory know that mammalian cells are extremely sensitive to the composition of the cell culture medium. Minor changes to the medium, such as adding or removing a single chemical can have profound effects on biological properties of the cells, such as proliferation rate, viability, cell morphology, responsiveness to growth factors, etc. Similarly, the brain cells (neurons) may also be sensitive to the chemical modifications of the diet. It can be theorized that a minor malfunction of interrelated components of a neural network can be translated into a more pronounced disorganization of the whole network. For example, administration of low doses of some pharmacological agents, such as NMDA receptor antagonists, can disrupt organized burst activity of neurons projecting to the frontal cortex and increase disorganized spiking activity of these cells [605]. These changes may reduce the signal-to-noise ratio in the neural networks of the brain [606]. The resulting problems may manifest themselves as a low processing speed, increased error rate, or reduced mental clarity (the symptom of “brain fog”). Conversely, elimination of all “unusual” chemicals from the diet may increase the signal-to-noise ratio within the neural network and thereby improve cognitive performance.


Endnote H

(for biomedical researchers)

(LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): see the main text.


The weight of available evidence from animal models of ADHD and from clinical studies suggests that this disorder may be associated with a dysfunction of the dopaminergic system in the striatum and prefrontal cortex [294, 296, 297].

A dysfunction of the norepinephrine system in the prefrontal cortex may also play a role in the pathophysiology of ADHD because noradrenergic agents such as the reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine and alpha2A-adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine can also be beneficial for ADHD patients (although less effective than stimulants) [294, 298, 607].

As explained in the main text, ADHD patients exhibit some signs of insufficient protein consumption or impaired protein assimilation. Insufficient consumption/assimilation of protein will reduce the level of dopamine in the striatum and frontal cortex [329], which is consistent with hypofunctioning dopaminergic pathways in ADHD, according to the influential Dynamic Developmental Theory of ADHD [604]. A diet containing elevated amounts of protein-rich foods should be beneficial for ADHD patients according to the arguments presented in the main text.

In addition to the research we discussed in the main text, there are other studies showing that dietary protein manipulations can affect cerebral dopaminergic pathways [579, 608]. These effects may in part be due to dietary tyrosine and essential amino acids phenylalanine and tryptophan (all present in protein-rich foods) because the first two are metabolic precursors of dopamine [329, 609 – 612], and the latter can increase the level of brain dopamine and norepinephrine via yet unknown mechanisms [613] (see also endnote J). Limited psychoactive properties of dietary tyrosine are known [614, 615], but dietary supplementation with tyrosine and phenylalanine (separately) results in only a temporary improvement of symptoms in ADHD patients with a return to baseline within 3–12 weeks [616, 617]. On the other hand, dietary protein has different effects on the metabolism and turnover of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain compared to supplementation with individual amino acids [608, 618]. Therefore, increased consumption of dietary protein should have a more sustained effect on attention function. For example, the effect on striatal and frontal dopamine and on behavior was sustained for at least 36 weeks in an experiment by Farooqui et al. [329]. In view of the above arguments, high-protein foods that are rich in tyrosine and essential amino acids, such as fish and meat [120, 319], should have a stronger effect on striatal and frontal dopamine compared to other protein-rich foods (such as dairy and some plant products). The total level of catecholamines in the brain is not affected by high-protein diets [619].

High-protein diets can cause overactive behavior (not to be confused with impulsivity [297]) in healthy laboratory animals [329, 333, 575], which is also similar to the effects of psychostimulant drugs on healthy subjects (at moderate-to-high doses) [615, 620, 621]. Overactive behavior can also result temporarily from dietary supplementation with tyrosine in normal mice [612]. Paradoxically, stimulants at therapeutic (low) doses tend to reduce rather than enhance hyperactivity in ADHD patients and in animal models of ADHD [298, 326]. These opposing effects of stimulants in patients and in normals may be related to dosage of psychostimulants as well as the different state of dopaminergic pathways in normals compared to ADHD patients [604]. The related ADHD symptom of impulsiveness (reduced self-control [622]) is thought to derive from dysfunction of dopaminergic circuits in the nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), and drugs that can elevate extracellular accumbal level of dopamine tend to improve impulse control [296, 326, 623]. It is not clear, however, if the increased extracellular level of dopamine overall inhibits or facilitates dopaminergic transmission [294, 331, 606, 624, 625].


Endnote I

(for biomedical researchers)

High-fat diets may affect cognitive performance by changing the activity of the cholinergic system in the brain [626]. Cholinesterase inhibitors improve cognitive performance in patients with head trauma and neurodegenerative diseases, but not in healthy people [627]. The authors of the Swiss study of cognitive effects of a single high-fat meal attribute the beneficial effects of this kind of meals to high stability of the blood glucose level after the high-fat meal, which was not the case with high-protein and high-carbohydrate meals [117].


Endnote J

(for biomedical researchers)

(LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): Diets containing increased amounts of high-quality protein are likely to improve attention, whereas low-carb diets may or may not have this beneficial effect. Drugs that improve attention in most people and especially people with deficient attention function tend to worsen this mental ability in people with excellent attention function.


Many neural processes underlying attention function take place in the prefrontal cortex (the anterior part of the frontal cortex [628]). In particular, stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors, which have a high density in the prefrontal cortex compared to other brain regions, can improve attentional performance in both healthy subjects and patients with ADHD [294]. The magnitude and direction of this effect depend on the baseline function of attention and working memory, and there is an inverted U-shaped curve that characterizes the relationship of the dose of dopamine agonists and cognitive performance [294]. People with high levels of baseline attentional performance can experience deterioration of the performance after administration of dopamine agonists. People with lower levels of baseline attentional performance can experience improvement at low to moderate doses of dopamine agonists. They experience no improvement or deterioration of cognitive performance at high doses of dopamine agonists. In line with these observations, diets that contain excessive amounts of dietary protein may not necessarily improve attentional performance because of the inverted U-shape of the above relationship. In addition, ketogenic diets, which contain tiny amounts of carbohydrates and large amounts of fat, may worsen some cognitive abilities. This is because the supply of blood glucose, the main energy source of the brain, decreases. Ketone bodies provide the main source of energy for the brain during ketosis, and they may not be the most optimal source. Ketosis typically reduces the activity level of laboratory animals and humans [629, 630]. On the other hand, a balanced high-protein diet, which contains sufficient amounts of dietary carbohydrates and elevated amounts of high-quality protein, may improve attentional performance at least in part because of the effects on the cerebral dopamine system.


Endnote K

The author is a healthy subject who does not satisfy diagnostic criteria for ADHD [340]. He received a clean bill of health (both physical and mental) on April 25, 2008, after a comprehensive medical examination by the Military Registration and Enlistment Office of the Sovetskiy District, Kutateladze Street, 16b, Novosibirsk, 630128, Russia. The author underwent psychiatric evaluation, which was a part of the above examination, at the Municipal Healthcare Institution, Consulting–Diagnostic Polyclinic #2 (MUZ KDP #2, Russkaya Street, 37, Novosibirsk, 630058, Russia).


Endnote L

(for biomedical researchers)

A possible clinical study protocol (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): The proposed clinical trial of high-protein diets in ADHD patients consists of two groups, each serving as a control and an experimental group for approximately one half of the duration of the trial, in a cross-over manner. This section also describes the calculations for the necessary number of patients for the trial. In addition, an experiment is outlined that can test the productivity benefits of high-protein diets for knowledge workers.


In principle, the modified protein supplement or the modified high-protein diet (Appendix II and Chapter Three) will be safe to test in a clinical trial with ADHD patients for a period of four weeks. The modified high-protein diet must include boiled grains if a person follows this diet longer than a week (otherwise impulsivity may become a problem). The only exclusion criteria will be kidney disease and constipation. Test subjects with milk allergy or lactose intolerance can use goat milk, cultured milk or lactose-free milk. The patients who are opposed to consumption of meat can test either the protein supplement consisting of unprocessed unsalted cheese plus pulverized nuts or the antidepressant diet plus pulverized nuts (vegetarian high-protein diets). The proposed study design is AB/BA crossover with wait list controls [631, 632] or, alternatively, with a specially designed control diet that contains a normal amount of protein (0.8 g/kg). The trial can be double blind if it uses a control diet that is as difficult to comply with as the experimental diet. Researchers can avoid most of the complexities associated with a control diet if they use an open trial and compare the experimental diet to a drug known to be more effective than a placebo. Approximately forty ADHD patients can be distributed randomly into two groups: AB and BA. We will discuss the sample size in more detail below. Group AB will use the modified high-protein diet for four weeks followed by two weeks of washout and four weeks of control diet (or no treatment). The protocol uses the reverse order for group BA. The total duration of the trial is ten weeks.

The symptoms of groups AB and BA will be evaluated every two weeks starting on the day immediately before the 10-week study. Depending on the available data regarding the standard deviation and the coefficient of reliability of the ADHD rating instrument in question, the required sample size for the clinical trial may be smaller or greater than forty patients. An example of sample size calculation is given below using hypothetical characteristics of a nonexistent ADHD rating instrument. For instance, if the mean is assumed to be 12, standard deviation as 3.6 (30%), and the reliability coefficient of the instrument as 0.7, then the required sample size to detect an effect size equal to one half of standard deviation will be 78 participants total, or 39 patients in each group according to the PASS software [633]. The settings in the PASS program are as follows: menu “Means,” “Two means,” “2x2 cross-over designs,” “Inequality tests using differences.” The following parameters should be set: Find (solve for) = sample size; Alpha = 0.05; Power(1 – beta) = 0.8; Diff0 = 0; Diff1 = 1.8; Sd = Std Dev of Differences = 2.79; Alternative hypothesis = two-tailed T test.

According to the paper by Jacobson and Truax [634], standard deviation of the expected mean (treatment group) can be estimated as approximately equal to standard deviation of the variable prior to treatment, while standard deviation of the differences Sdd (used in sample size calculations for crossover trials) can be estimated as

where standard error of the mean Sem is estimated as

where Sd is standard deviation of the variable in the group of patients before treatment and r is a reliability coefficient of the ADHD rating instrument [634].

In addition, groups AB and BA can be tested for sustained attention once a week starting on the day immediately before the 10-week study. For this purpose, it is possible to use a continuous performance test such as the Test of Variables of Attention [635 – 638].

The PASS software [633] can also calculate the sample size for a different type of study: a crossover equivalency study, where the controls will receive psychostimulant medication. This study can compare the effectiveness of the modified high-protein diet to that of psychostimulant medication. In principle, the dietary and pharmacological approaches are not mutually exclusive and can be combined if necessary.

Finally, the modified protein supplement or the modified high-protein diet can also be tested for their potential benefits for knowledge workers. It would be safe to test this approach for four weeks, with the same exclusion criteria and study design as described above for the ADHD trial. The main expected benefit is the ability to concentrate on reading or writing for several hours at a time. Tests of sustained attention usually take 10 to 20 minutes and will not be useful for this purpose. A test of “attentional stamina” will need to be devised that assesses the ability to maintain the focus of one’s attention on an object (e.g., a simple text) for 3 hours. This task should require neither advanced knowledge nor fluid intelligence. A moving band of text on a computer screen is a good candidate. A distraction will cause irreversible loss of information. An additional method of testing is the self-rating questionnaire (Reading/Writing Productivity Questionnaire) provided in Appendix V.


Endnote M

(for biomedical researchers)

Existing evidence of antianxiety effects of moderate heating of the body (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): see the main text.


Several studies support this idea [353, 817, 818, 894, 1149]. Exposure to moderate heat can increase the level of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) [639, 640] and serotonin in the brain [641, 642], chemicals that have sedative properties. Intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin and GABA (separately) reduces activity of laboratory rodents, which is suggestive of sedative effects [643, 644]. Consumption of tryptophan, the metabolic precursor of serotonin, by human subjects causes sleepiness [645]. SSRIs, which increase the extracellular level of serotonin in the brain, typically reduce activity of laboratory rodents and improve symptoms of anxiety in patients after 2 or 3 weeks of daily administration [450]. The effects on cerebral GABA and serotonin may explain the sedative effects of heat, such as slowing of mental processes [352]. The increased level of serotonin in the brain may explain heat-induced fatigue according to the serotonin hypothesis of central fatigue [646]. Another possible explanation for the sedative effect of warming involves hypothalamus. Skin warming activates neurons in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamus, the brain regions participating in the control of the circadian clock [348].

The increased level of GABA in the brain and the depressant effect of moderate heating, suggest that this treatment may have an anxiolytic effect. Known anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates enhance activity of GABA receptors and a recent study showed that valproate (a drug that increases the extracellular level of GABA in the brain [647]) is beneficial in anxiety [648]. It may seem self-contradictory that this book is also trying to prove that moderate cooling of the body has anxiolytic effects too.S This statement is not necessarily a contradiction because treatments with the opposite mode of action are effective in depression (SSRIs and tianeptine), and these same treatments also have anxiolytic properties [450, 649], even though SSRIs usually have a sedative effect, whereas tianeptine has a mild activating effect [391, 650]. Additionally, both heating and cooling can relieve physical pain, despite the opposite mode of action [412]. It is possible that one these treatments (cooling or heating of the body) or both can trigger panic attacks in some patients with anxiety disorders; further research is needed.

As for practical application of heat, there are two possible types of treatment: a continuously hot environment, 29–30°C, and brief sessions of hot hydrotherapy (baths or head-out showers at 38–40°C, 5–10 minutes). Neither treatment should raise the core body temperature by more than 0.5°C. My self-experimentation suggests that the second approach (hydrotherapy) causes fluctuations of the activity level; namely, slight fatigue and relaxation after the procedure are followed by overactivity several hours later. The hot environment does not cause significant fluctuations of the activity level, although it reduces activity while the treatment is ongoing. Another difference between these two treatments is that the hot environment tends to lower normal mood and has little or no effect on low mood, whereas hot hydrotherapy (without hyperthermia) improves low mood and causes a slight elevation of normal mood. Based on these unpublished observations, it is possible that brief sessions of moderately hot hydrotherapy are more effective at reducing anxiety compared to a hot environment.

There are reports in literature which show that body heating can lower normal mood [352, 651], but can improve depressed mood [356]. This is suggestive of a mood stabilizing effect, which may have to do with the heat-induced increase of the level of GABA in the brain. Valproate is a drug that can increase extracellular GABA concentration in the brain, and the FDA has approved it as a mood-stabilizing medication for bipolar disorder [647]. My own unpublished observations suggest that hot showers or hot baths (without hyperthermia) are beneficial if mood is mildly depressed; however, these treatments are extremely uncomfortable if mood is significantly depressed. In the latter case, a thermoneutral or tepid shower (5–10 minutes) followed by an adapted cold shower are beneficial. If elevated mood has to be lowered, a constantly hot environment is effective, but hot hydrotherapy is not helpful: it has a brief beneficial effect (2–3 hours, if core body temperature rises above 38°C) followed by a swing in the opposite direction.


Endnote N

(for biomedical researchers)

Theoretical evidence of neuroleptic effects of hyperthermia (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): Heat can suppress dopamine activity in the brain, lower mood, and promote lethargy and a loss of interest. These effects are similar to those of antipsychotic drugs. In addition, increased body temperature causes disabling fatigue, which can be helpful in the treatment of severe agitation. The section describes a possible procedure that involves daily immersion in hot water. Possible side effects include skin irritation and suppression of some components of the immune system.


Patients who are reading these lines should not experiment with hyperthermia because it carries a risk of serious side effects, especially when combined with neuroleptic medication. Clinical effectiveness of hyperthermic treatments in psychosis is currently unknown.


  1. Hyperthermia (increased core body temperature) increases the level of serotonin and serotonergic activity in the brain as evidenced by an elevated plasma prolactin in humans [354] and direct measurements in the brain of laboratory animals [641, 642]. The plasma level of prolactin is positively regulated by serotonergic neurons and negatively regulated by dopaminergic neurons [355, 652]. Serotonergic neurons mostly have inhibitory projections to dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic system [653]. Inhibition of dopaminergic activity in the brain may be beneficial in psychosis because it is thought that psychosis is associated with hyperfunction of the dopaminergic system (according to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia).

  2. Dopaminergic neurons serve many functions and some of them directly control mood (dopamine reuptake inhibitors typically elevate mood within 30 minutes [458, 459], whereas dopamine antagonists depress mood within hours [460, 461]). These observations can explain the immediate dysphoric effect of exposure to heat reported in several studies [352, 651] because this treatment inhibits dopamine activity in the brain. The mood recovers quickly after exposure to heat is discontinued (within 30 to 60 minutes) [352, 651].

  3. Similarly, neuroleptic drugs lower mood [460, 461] and inhibit dopaminergic activity in the brain; they can also cause hyperprolactinemia [355, 652]. Incidentally, neuroleptic drugs can affect thermoregulation, and the rare side effect is neuroleptic malignant syndrome, which often manifests itself as hyperthermia.

  4. Neuroleptic drugs used to be known as “major tranquilizers,” which implies that they can tranquilize the most violent and agitated patients. Similarly, hyperthermia may also be effective as a “major tranquilizer” because sufficiently high core body temperature (39°C or higher) can depress electrical activity of the cortex [819, 820] and cause disabling fatigue [654, 655].


Readers can find a more detailed discussion of this topic elsewhere [577]. Practical aspects of applying hyperthermia as a tranquilizing treatment warrant some elaboration. Hyperthermia does not have to be maintained constantly and a temporary hyperthermia that is repeated daily (let’s say, 30 minutes per day) may be effective. A convenient way to increase core body temperature is a hot bath or immersion in hot water up to the neck. I am a healthy subject and have never had a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder; therefore, I cannot say if repeated hyperthermia is an effective neuroleptic treatment. It does however induce disabling fatigue if core body temperature reaches 39°C. This treatment helps to calm down in the context of the experimental model of hypomania from Chapter Four, although the sedation lasts only several hours and subsequently there is a swing in the opposite direction. If sedation is necessary, a continuously hot environment (29–30°C) is more effective. In this case, the core body temperature needs to be monitored at certain intervals to prevent heat-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke [654]. Hyperthermia is not effective as a sleeping aid, whereas moderate heating, such as a hot shower or hot environment that will not affect core body temperature, is beneficial as a sleeping aid, an observation that is consistent with some studies [349, 350].

One possible problem with hot baths is that if the temperature is relatively high (42–43°C), then this treatment can inhibit the function of T lymphocytes [656, 657]; that is, it may negatively affect the immune system (blood carrying T lymphocytes passes through the overheated epidermis). I used this sort of hot baths on a daily basis in two separate experiments in the early 2009. I took the hot baths in the evening, daily. The bath lasted for 20–30 minutes until core body temperature reached 39°C. In both cases, I developed a respiratory infection after 10 to 14 days of this protocol and had to abort the experiment. Other undesirable effects that I observed after hyperthermic treatments are dry mouth and bad breath.

Another potential problem is skin irritation and itching, especially feet and shins. To sum up, the high temperature of water can induce hyperthermia relatively quickly (within 30 minutes), but may cause immunosuppression and skin irritation if a person uses this procedure on a daily basis. Thus, a slower protocol may be safer. For example, one can set water temperature to 39.5°C and vigorous (automatic) stirring of water may accelerate body heating. I have not tested this approach. Endnote F describes another approach to nonpharmacological inhibition of cerebral dopaminergic activity.


Endnote O

(for biomedical researchers)

(LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): Body cooling and psychostimulant drugs have somewhat different effects on the brain. For instance, cooling increases the synthesis of dopamine by neurons, whereas stimulants merely shift existing dopamine from the inside to the outside of neurons. Amphetamine increases dopamine activity in the frontal part of the brain, which is crucial for attention control. This is not the case for cooling.


In the main text, we talked about an experiment on rats which showed that exposure to cold can increase the synthesis of dopamine in the striatum by about 50%, but has no effect on dopamine metabolism in the frontal cortex [472]. Cooling and dopaminergic drugs have different effects on the striatum because dopamine reuptake inhibitors shift intracellular dopamine to the extracellular space, which can cause subsequent depletion of intracellular dopamine stores (at high doses of the drugs) [658]. On the other hand, exposure to cold increases the synthesis of dopamine [472], which will not result in dopamine depletion. One can usually interpret increased synthesis of dopamine as an elevated discharge rate of the dopaminergic neurons projecting to the brain region in question [329]. Another difference is that exposure to cold is unlikely to cause a several-fold increase of extracellular dopamine in the striatum (the increase in dopamine synthesis is about 50%), whereas sufficiently high doses of cocaine or amphetamine can increase the concentration of extracellular dopamine by 5-fold or greater [331]. Finally, because cooling does not affect dopamine metabolism in the frontal cortex [472], this treatment is unlikely to be beneficial in ADHD because the prefrontal cortex is the main regulator of attention function [294, 628].


Endnote P

(for biomedical researchers)

Mechanisms underlying the wakefulness-promoting effect of cooling (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): Similar to psychostimulants, moderate cooling of the body enhances the activity of the brain region responsible for wakefulness. Some types of cooling are less effective than others. This section also contains a table comparing various biological effects of cooling and heating.


Literature suggests that moderate surface cooling has several physiological effects that resemble those of psychostimulant agents. For example, both types of treatment can increase locomotor activity of laboratory animals [368 – 370]; can stimulate components of the reticular activating system, such as locus ceruleus [332, 370, 659 – 664]; can enhance dopaminergic activity in the striatum [472, 658], can reduce the plasma level of prolactin [665 – 670], and can stimulate thermogenesis [332, 343, 378]. Because psychostimulants tend to promote wakefulness and disrupt sleep, moderate cooling should have a similar wakefulness-promoting effect. There are a number of different ways of cooling the body and each of them will have different physiological effects. For example, a research team in the Netherlands showed that cooling of the hands and feet can promote wakefulness [379], whereas lowering of core body temperature (by ingestion of cold food and drinks) has the opposite effect, namely, it promotes sleep [351]. Cooling procedures that do not lead to hypothermia tend to have an alerting effect [332, 343, 361, 362], whereas moderate and severe hypothermia can cause mental confusion and psychomotor retardation [419, 420]. Put another way, methodological details are important for obtaining the desired wakefulness-promoting effect of cooling. The known effects of cooling and heating of the body are summarized in Table 8 below. For some effects (labeled with an asterisk in the table), the level of evidence is weak.


Table 8. Comparison of short-term physiological effects (0.5 to 3 hours) of cold and hot hydrotherapy.


Immediate effects on mood

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): depresses normal mood, but may improve depressed mood*

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): can lift depressed* and normal mood

Fatigue

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): reduces

Cognitive performance

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): worsens

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): may improve slightly*

Psychomotor agitation*

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): reduces

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): may enhance

Sleep

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): disrupts or no effect (moderate heating without hyperthermia promotes sleep)

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): disrupts

Plasma epinephrine

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): no change

Plasma norepinephrine

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases slightly

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): increases over 4-fold

Plasma serotonin

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): no change

Total brain serotonin

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): reduces

Plasma prolactin

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): reduces

Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): increases

Plasma cortisol

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): reports are inconsistent

Plasma beta-endorphin

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): increases

Physical pain

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): reduces (but may provoke headache in some patients)

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): reduces

Effect on inflammatory conditions

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): may aggravate

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): improves

Effect on peripheral vasculature

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): vasodilatation

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): vasoconstriction

Blood pressure

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): reduces elevated blood pressure, no change in normal blood pressure

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): cold shower increases whereas immersion in cold water at 20°C reduces blood pressure (due to diving reflex)

Heart rate (effects are due to baroreflex)

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): reduces

Metabolic rate

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): increases

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): increases

Appetite

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): reduces

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): improves or no effect (continuous exposure to cold increases food intake, but causes a weight loss)

Sweating

Heating (that causes hyperthermia): promotes

Cold hydrotherapy (without hypothermia): reduces


Endnote Q

On free will. Free will is closely linked with the concept of determinism in that determinists believe that the future is predetermined and authentic free will does not exist. In their view, what most people consider to be free will is merely an illusion. Determinism is most likely incorrect because at the quantum mechanical level (the world of electrons, atoms, and molecules, i.e., the microworld) the events are unpredictable and uncertain as postulated in the Uncertainty Principle. The latest developments in quantum physics suggest that, in the world of elementary particles, identical sets of circumstances can produce different outcomes (it all depends on probabilities of various outcomes) [1061]. Therefore, the future most likely is not predetermined in the microworld. The macroworld, i.e., the world of people, consumer goods, and houses, is the extension of the microworld. Therefore, in the macroworld (our world) the future is not predetermined either. Some things are more predictable than others; for example, changes of day and night are predictable (you can predict them with high probability). Other things, such as weather, are less predictable.

Nonetheless, although it is difficult to predict what will happen in the life of any given person, it is easy to predict what will not happen, with high probability. With respect to financial future of a person, it is easy to predict that a person with average net worth and income will not get into the top 0.1% of wealth in the population. The probability that this prediction will hold true is roughly 99.9%.

Returning to the subject of free will, human free will is limited because thoughts, desires, needs, emotions, and personality traits are the products of activity of the brain, and unfortunately, the vast majority of people has no control over their brains and cannot select their brains from a catalog before they are born. A person is stuck with the brain she was born with for life. (See endnote Z regarding the hegemony of the brain over the mind.) The government strictly regulates the substances that can allow a person to control some brain functions: depressants, strong stimulants, euphoriants, opioid painkillers, hallucinogens, and others. The law forbids healthy people from using these substances, with rare exceptions. Science has yet to explain the vast majority of brain functions, and it is unclear how a person can change these functions. Some of the examples are character traits and criminal behavior. Existing cognitive enhancement techniques (such as Ritalin®) can improve some mental functions but these techniques have their limitations. It is likely that individual differences in behavior and intelligence will continue to be substantial, even if proven methods of cognitive enhancement become widely available.

The arguments presented above suggest that most people have little free will and little control over their actions. This, however, does not mean that the criminal justice system should be abolished. Without going into a long discussion about ethics and moral responsibility, it makes sense for society to isolate dangerous people, regardless of whether they intentionally chose to be evil or are merely victims of their abnormal brain.


Endnote R

(for biomedical researchers)

Mechanisms underlying the antifatigue effect of cooling (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): We reviewed existing evidence of this effect in the main text. Possible mechanisms of the reduction of fatigue by body cooling can be the following: i) a reduction of the total level of serotonin in the brain, which is in agreement with a widely known theory of fatigue; ii) activation of the brain region responsible for wakefulness (the reticular activating system); iii) stimulation of the thyroid gland and the resulting enhancement of metabolism; and iv) increased dopamine activity in some areas of the brain.


  1. Animal models of exercise-related fatigue have shown that prolonged exercise results in an elevated extracellular level of serotonin in certain areas of the brain, particularly, in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, which led some investigators to formulate the “serotonin hypothesis of central fatigue” [646, 672 – 677]. Because serotonin plays a role in sleep, lethargy, and loss of motivation, some investigators hypothesized that accumulation of serotonin in certain areas of the brain may cause fatigue [646]. The serotonin hypothesis of central fatigue was modified sometime later to include the important role of dopamine in the development of fatigue [678], as discussed in more detail below. Animal studies suggest that exposure to cold reduces the level of serotonin in most regions of the brain [679, 680] except rostral brainstem [660], which is consistent with diminished fatigue according to the above theory [646, 676]. In addition, studies on human subjects have shown that body cooling results in a drop of plasma concentration of prolactin [665 – 667], which is also consistent with reduced serotonin activity (or level) in the brain because plasma prolactin is an indicator of cerebral serotonergic activity [677]. Some reports have shown that exposure to cold activates serotonergic neurons in some raphe nuclei [659, 681 – 683] and increases the level of serotonin in this brain region [660]. The decline, however, of the total serotonin level in the brain that was demonstrated on experimental animals [679, 680] suggests that firing activity of the majority of serotonergic neurons is likely to be inhibited by systemic cooling of the body.

  2. Exposure to cold can activate some components of the reticular activating system also known as the diffuse modulatory system or brainstem arousal system [659 – 661]. This system is a group of nuclei located in or near the brainstem and mainly responsible for control of the sleep/wake cycle [684, 685]. Body cooling can activate serotonergic neurons of raphe nuclei [659, 681 – 683] and noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus [659, 686, 687], the changes that can lead to enhanced somatomotor function of the brain and increased capacity of the CNS to recruit motoneurons [684, 688 – 692]. Specifically, exposure to cold indeed can increase locomotor activity of laboratory animals [368]. Conversely, reduced electrical activity in the diffuse modulatory system correlates with fatigue in laboratory animals [693 – 695]. In polio survivors and in patients with multiple sclerosis, the presence of minor lesions in the reticular activating system correlates with severe chronic fatigue [696, 697]. In laboratory animals, this type of lesions can cause lethargy [685, 690, 698]. It should be pointed out that similar to cooling, psychostimulant drugs are also known to activate components of the reticular activating system, which is the likely mechanism of their fatigue-reducing and wakefulness-promoting effects [332, 370, 662 – 664].

  3. Hypofunction of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) is usually associated with fatigue [699], whereas hyperthyroidism is associated with increased risk of hypomania and mania (but may also cause fatigue) [700]. Exposure to cold activates the thyroid as evidenced by increased plasma levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine (the latter drives metabolism and thermogenesis) [701 – 704]. High resting metabolic rate should accelerate recovery of fatigued muscle [705, 706]. This is another possible mechanism of cold-induced reduction of fatigue. It is unclear whether repeated stimulation of the thyroid by body cooling can restore normal functioning of this gland. Patients with hypothyroidism usually have abnormal sensitivity to cold, which will make this treatment uncomfortable.

  4. The fatigue-reducing properties of amphetamine (dopamine–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and a dopamine-releasing agent) have prompted the studies on the role of dopamine in central fatigue [707 – 710]. Administration of amphetamine elevates the extracellular level of dopamine in many brain regions within 30 minutes [658]. Several studies on laboratory animals indeed showed that dopamine may play a role in the development of fatigue. Particularly, the cerebral level of extracellular dopamine is decreasing during prolonged exercise [678, 711]. These studies prompted some investigators to modify the serotonin hypothesis of central fatigue. The latest version states that the cause of fatigue is an increased ratio of cerebral serotonin to dopamine [646, 678]. Surface cooling of the body can increase dopaminergic activity in some brain regions [472]. Exposure to cold reduces the plasma level of prolactin [665 – 667], which can be the result of reduced serotonergic activity or enhanced dopaminergic activity in the brain, or both [652]. In all three scenarios, the decline of the prolactin level in blood plasma is consistent with reduced fatigue according to the serotonin hypothesis of central fatigue (reduced ratio of central serotonin to dopamine) [646, 678]. As mentioned above, psychostimulant drugs reduce fatigue [332] and reduce the plasma level of prolactin [668 – 670].


Readers can find a more detailed discussion of this topic elsewhere [671].


Endnote S

(for biomedical researchers)

Existing evidence of antidepressant effects of brief moderate cooling (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): Moderate cooling of the body affects the activity of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, which is similar to the effects of some antidepressant drugs. There is also a resemblance with shock therapy.


In the main text we discussed several studies showing that cooling of the body has antidepressant properties [376, 385, 387]. There may be several mechanisms of the antidepressant effect of body cooling. Brief cooling of the body may produce physiological effects that are similar to the effects of some antidepressant drugs. In particular, animal studies suggest that exposure to cold can affect dopaminergic [472], noradrenergic [659, 686, 687], and serotonergic [659, 681 – 683] pathways in the brain. These monoaminergic systems are targeted by various classes of antidepressant drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants (mostly affect noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways [712]), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (target all three monoamine systems [713]), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), dopamine–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.

Serotonin plays a role in the regulation of mood, and pharmacological agents that increase the extracellular level of cerebral serotonin (SSRIs) are a standard of care for clinical depression in English-speaking countries [714]. Although SSRIs elevate the extracellular level of serotonin in the brain within 30 minutes, their therapeutic effect on mood usually manifests itself only after 2–3 weeks of daily administration; that is, SSRIs are long-acting pharmacological agents [463]. A legitimate question may arise whether exposure to cold can worsen mood or exacerbate symptoms of depression because cooling can temporarily reduce serotonin content of the brain [679, 680]. The answer is “no” because the role of serotonin in depression is complicated [463] and, paradoxically, a pharmacological agent that has the opposite effect to that of SSRIs, the selective serotonin reuptake enhancer tianeptine (brand names Coaxil® and Stablon®) also works as an effective antidepressant [456]. Tianeptine reduces the extracellular level of serotonin in the brain by promoting its absorption by neurons; SSRIs do the opposite. Both SSRIs and tianeptine are more effective than a placebo in clinical trials with depressed patients [456]. The FDA has not yet approved tianeptine in the United States, but government regulators in France, Spain, Germany, Brazil, India, and Eastern Europe have given it a green light many years ago [456, 715]. It is possible that the effects of body cooling on mood are similar to the effects of tianeptine because both treatments reduce the level of serotonin in the brain.

There is a subtle difference between the effects of these treatments: systemic exposure to cold reduces the total level of serotonin in the brain (the sum of extracellular and intracellular serotonin [679, 680]), whereas tianeptine reduces the extracellular level of serotonin [716] and its effect on total cerebral serotonin is unknown.

Body cooling can also affect dopamine circuits in some regions of the brain [472]. One experiment on rats has shown that exposure to cold increases the synthesis of dopamine in the striatum by about 50% [472]. Although it is not known precisely which parts of the striatum are affected by exposure to cold [472], an increased level of dopamine in the ventral part of the striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle) underlies the immediate euphoric effect (within 30 minutes) of dopamine reuptake inhibitors such as cocaine and amphetamine (the latter is also a dopamine-releasing agent and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) [458, 459]. But these treatments have different effects on the striatum. On the one hand, the dopaminergic drugs shift intracellular dopamine to the extracellular space, which can cause subsequent depletion of intracellular dopamine stores (at high doses of the drugs) [658]. On the other hand, exposure to cold increases the synthesis of dopamine [472], which will not result in dopamine depletion. One can usually interpret increased synthesis of dopamine as an elevated discharge rate of the dopaminergic neurons projecting to the brain region in question [329].

Several other experiments have shown that exposure to cold can increase activity of noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus [659, 686, 687], a brain region whose main function is control of the sleep/wake cycle and regulation of the level of arousal [717], although it may also participate in the regulation of mood [718, 719]. The activation of the locus ceruleus neurons may explain increased alertness during exposure to cold [343, 361, 362] because electrical stimulation of this brain region disrupts sleep [720].

The physiological effect of systemic cooling on the brain norepinephrine system is in some ways different and in some ways similar to the effect of noradrenergic antidepressant drugs (such as tricyclics and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, such as reboxetine [721]). Although cooling increases firing activity of noradrenergic neurons [659, 686, 687] (most of which originate in the locus ceruleus [721]), the above drugs typically reduce the discharge rate of these neurons. This is because these pharmacological agents increase extracellular concentration of norepinephrine and this suppresses the activity of noradrenergic neurons via inhibitory presynaptic receptors (feedback inhibition mechanism) [721]. The similarity of cooling and noradrenergic drugs may be that both treatments will enhance postsynaptic currents at the site of projection of a noradrenergic neuron: the former will do so by increasing the firing rate of this neuron whereas the latter by increasing the extracellular (synaptic) concentration of norepinephrine, which will increase stimulation of postsynaptic adrenergic receptors [721].

Modulation of the dopamine and norepinephrine systems by exposure to moderate cold in some ways resembles the effects of dopamine–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as the atypical antidepressant bupropion (brand name Wellbutrin®) and some psychostimulants: amphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil [722, 723]. Psychostimulants are short-acting agents, i.e., they have a rapid mood-lifting effect (within 30–60 minutes) [332, 458] and amphetamine, in particular, used to be a widely prescribed antidepressant in the United States 40 years ago [17]. Clinical evidence does not support the effectiveness of most other psychostimulants for the treatment of depression [390]. It is worth mentioning that some psychostimulants exhibit euphoriant effects; that is, they can lift normal mood. This effect is not the same as the antidepressant effect (improvement of depressed mood) and a recent review showed that clinical trials of amphetamine and similar stimulants in patients with depression yielded mixed results regarding their effectiveness as antidepressants [390].

Another possible explanation for why cold-water treatments may improve mood is because there is a high density of cold receptors in the skin (3–10 times greater than that of thermoreceptors that register warmth [724]). A whole-body cold shower may serve as a mild electroshock for the brain because the sensory cortex will be flooded by numerous electrical impulses coming in from the peripheral cold receptors [372]. Sudden immersion in cold water is highly stressful [357]. Electrical stimulation of the brain forms the basis of several treatments for depression [725]. This mechanistic similarity of electric stimulation on the one hand and simultaneous stimulation of numerous thermoreceptors by cold water on the other, is another possible mechanism of the mood-altering effect of systemic cooling [372].

In summary, the similarity of the physiological effects of exposure to cold with those of some antidepressant treatments suggests that moderately cold hydrotherapy may be beneficial for depressed patients and further research in this area is needed [372]. Because many classes of antidepressant drugs are also beneficial in anxiety disorders (tricyclics, MAOIs, SSRIs, SNRIs) [448, 450], cold hydrotherapy is likely to have antianxiety properties as well. The mechanism of the beneficial effects of antidepressant drugs in anxiety disorders is unknown at the time of this writing. A recent study out of Poland showed that cryotherapy (brief cooling in a chamber with extremely cold air) can benefit patients with some anxiety disorders [376]. Several studies have reported that the antidepressant tianeptine (which can lift normal mood [392] and has mild stimulant effects [391], similar to cooling) can reduce anxiety [649, 650]. On the other hand, placebo rates are unusually high (up to 50%) in clinical trials with patients with anxiety [470, 471], which may be responsible for the reported anxiolytic effects of some antidepressant drugs.


Endnote T

Rationale for the adapted cold shower procedure. It may be more practical to use cold water instead of cold air for body cooling because thermal conductance of water is some 30 times greater than that of air [420]. For example, water of 20°C feels cold to the skin and has a significant cooling effect [727], whereas the air of the same temperature feels thermoneutral and has little or no cooling effect. Because water cools much more rapidly, cold-water treatments are much more stressful than cold air treatments [357, 388], and therefore a gradual adaptation phase is necessary to make cold hydrotherapy less shocking.

A recent theoretical paper [728] proposed a possible unstressful procedure that can cool the skin rapidly, the adapted cold shower, and the text below outlines the procedure briefly. It is not the only possible cooling method, and this procedure was designed to be minimally stressful and to carry little or no risk of hypothermia [728]. One can use the adapted cold shower as follows: water temperature is 20°C, at a constant flow rate selected from the range 16 to 24 L/min, lasting 3 minutes; the whole-body shower follows a 5-minute gradual adaptation phase (expansion of the area of contact with cold water from the feet up, to make the cold shower less shocking). Addition of a thermoneutral (tepid) shower, 3–5 minutes, before the adapted cold shower can make the procedure even less stressful. A person can do the whole procedure twice a day (morning and afternoon, no later than 7 p.m.). Water of colder temperature is also an option (water at 16°C will not normally cause hypothermia [378]) and should have a stronger analgesic effect due to stronger stimulation of cutaneous thermoreceptors [729]. But this change may also make the procedure less comfortable.

An alternative approach can be gradual immersion in cold water at 20°C up to the neck [394]. The gradual lowering of a participant into the water can last 3 to 5 minutes to make the procedure less stressful and then the participant can stay immersed (up to the neck) in cold water for 3 minutes. The difference with adapted cold showers is that the cold-water immersion protocol may be more expensive to implement. Another difference is that cold-water immersion at 20°C will lower both blood pressure and heart rate (due to the diving reflex [730]), whereas cold showers at 20°C will increase blood pressure slightly and lower heart rate (due to vasoconstriction and baroreflex [377, 731]) temporarily. Immersion in colder water (14°C) will increase both blood pressure and heart rate and will also cause mild hypothermia [386, 730]. Water will start to cause pain in the skin at 14°C and lower because this is the pain threshold of cold water [417, 418]. All these effects are transient and will normally disappear as soon as the body cooling procedure is stopped [386, 397, 730].

Finally, immersion in 16–23°C water cannot cause hypothermia in normal test subjects even if it lasts for several hours [378] and therefore a brief hydrotherapy session at this temperature will be safe for most people.


Endnote U

(for biomedical researchers)

Pain-reducing effects of cooling (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): Local application of cooling (for example, to a bruise) is a well-known pain-reducing treatment. Whole-body cooling is a less obvious approach and may be more effective because it recruits different biological mechanisms. An increased level of beta-endorphin (a natural painkiller) in blood is one such mechanism. Whole-body cooling also activates other proteins with pain-reducing properties in the spinal cord and in the brain. Both local and whole-body cooling reduce pain according to the “gate control theory of pain.” This theory states that if certain senses are stimulated in the same body part that produces pain (for example, you stick your hand in cold water), then the pain signals are “crowded out” by the sensory signals in the spinal cord (which serves as a bottle neck), and thus the sense of pain does not reach the brain. For instance, a person can reduce pain in the leg by applying heat, cold, or vibration to this leg. Whole-body cooling also provides psychological distraction from pain. Finally, cooling can slow down the transmission of signals by certain nerves that conduct pain.


Local application of cold is a fairly well known analgesic modality [411, 413, 414, 732], and we will not discuss it at length. There is an excellent review of this topic in an article by Nadler et al. [412]. A less obvious approach is systemic cooling, which has an analgesic effect according to numerous animal studies [733 – 738] as well as several studies with human subjects [365, 388, 739]. Systemic cooling most likely causes antinociception through mechanisms different from those of local cooling, although there are some shared mechanisms too, as discussed later. Several clinical trials have tested whole-body cryotherapy (by means of cold air) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia. Whole-body cryotherapy reduced pain for 1.5–2.0 hours and also reduced inflammation (if it was present) in a more sustained manner [388, 739, 740]. The winter swimming studies, which we discussed in the main text, reported that patients with asthma and rheumatoid arthritis experienced reduction of pain as a result of immersion in ice-cold water four times a week [365]. Additionally, numerous experiments on laboratory animals in the last 3 decades have shown that a brief cold-water swim causes substantial antinociception [733, 734, 736 – 738]. This analgesia lasts for 5–15 minutes in experiments with phasic pain [742 – 744] and for 1.0–1.5 hours after the procedure in experiments involving tonic pain [388, 738, 745].

Animal studies suggest that there are several possible mechanisms of cold swim-induced analgesia. This effect may have something to do with a sharp increase in the plasma level of beta-endorphin after exposure to cold [746 – 751]. Beta-endorphin is an opioid peptide with analgesic properties [747] and it is secreted by the pituitary gland. Its secretion correlates with activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, in particular, this peptide is produced from the same precursor protein as adrenocorticotropic hormone [746]. Exposure to cold activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis [752, 753], and this effect may explain the transient increase of the plasma beta-endorphin level after systemic cooling. Opioid peptides such as beta-endorphin can bind to opioid receptors located on nerve terminals both presynaptically and postsynaptically and thereby affect excitability of neurons participating in nociception [754]. Plasma beta-endorphin exerts its action peripherally [734, 743, 755]. In addition, there are central opioid-mediated mechanisms of cold swim–induced analgesia [737, 742, 756, 757]. Research shows that these mechanisms involve enkephalins (another group of opioid peptides) and delta1- and delta2-opioid receptors located in the brain and descending pathways in the spinal cord [737, 742, 757]. Another mechanism of cold swim–induced antinociception is nonopioid in nature and is mediated by locus ceruleus in the brain and noradrenergic pathways in the spinal cord [758 – 760]. Although the nonopioid component of cold-swim analgesia diminishes with repeated cold swims [733, 736], the central opioid component is enhanced in laboratory animals [736, 756].

An additional mechanism of antinociception that may apply to both local and systemic cooling is the gate control effect of sensory stimulation [412]. The gate control theory of pain appeared in the 1960s and it suggests that a person can relieve local pain by stimulating sensory receptors in the same body part through immersion in hot water, vibration, and so on [729]. Laminae in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord transmit both pain-related and tactile signals [412, 729]. Activation of local tactile receptors can “close the gate for pain,” i.e., it can suppress transmission of impulses from local pain fibers [412, 729]. Some studies suggest that a similar gate control effect may also take place in a brain region called periaqueductal grey matter [761]. Using the example of the head shower from the seventh section of Chapter Two, application of cold water to the head will provide sensory stimulation to the trigeminovascular system and thereby may desensitize this system and increase the threshold of pain. The trigeminal nerve, which innervates the face and most of the scalp, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many headache disorders. Nociceptors of the trigeminovascular system in the meninges are primarily responsible for the painful sensation of headache [762]. Several studies have shown that head cooling is indeed effective against headache [411 – 414].

A related mechanism of cooling-induced analgesia may be the psychological distraction from pain that the systemic cooling provides [761]. It is noteworthy that distraction from pain is among the main objectives of psychosocial interventions for patients with pain [763]. Finally, cooling of tissue also reduces conductivity of nociceptors, the phenomenon known as cold-induced neuropraxia [412], which can contribute to the analgesia associated with exposure to cold.


Endnote V

(for biomedical researchers)

Antinausea effect of cooling (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): Brief exposure to cold can improve bad appetite and continuous exposure to cold increases normal appetite and causes a weight loss in laboratory animals. This effect on appetite may be the result of the reduced activity of serotonin in the brain and the changes in the blood level of some hormones (leptin, thyroid hormones, and adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]).


Both chronic and intermittent exposure to cold increase food intake in homeothermic animals, which is related to increased energy expenditure (upregulation of heat production in order to maintain normal body temperature) [368, 395, 764, 765]. For example, food consumption increases in dairy and beef cattle when they stay in unheated housing during the cold time of the year [764]. In an experiment by Bing et al. [765], the researchers placed rats in a cold environment (4°C) for three weeks and this resulted in a 10% increase of food intake in cold-exposed rats compared to controls. Chambers et al. [368] reported similar results in rats after one week of chronic cold exposure. Food intake quickly returned to baseline after the rats returned to a thermoneutral environment [368, 765]. In another study, Holloszy and Smith [395] kept rats immersed in cold water (23°C) for 4 hours 5 days per week, and this regimen resulted in a 44% increase of food intake and also increased average metabolic rate. Paradoxically, body weight of cold-exposed animals always declined in the above experiments, despite increased food consumption [368, 395, 765]. For example, Bing and colleagues observed a 14% weight loss in the cold-exposed rats after 3 weeks [765]. The weight loss is due to the increased energy expenditure and less efficient nutrient assimilation during exposure to cold [764, 766]. The effects of brief repeated exposure to cold on weight may be different. Two studies in Czech Republic have shown that relatively brief immersion in cold water several times a week for 4 to 6 weeks results in a slight (statistically insignificant) increase of body fat in human subjects, although these authors did not measure changes in food intake [386, 767]. It is possible that the slight weight gain rather than weight loss happens with brief repeated exposure to cold because this approach does not increase metabolic rate but produces neurohormonal changes that will stimulate appetite. A study out of Italy indicates that ice lollies reduce nausea and vomiting in patients receiving DMSO, and the authors concluded that the effect is due to cooling 1134. Possible mechanisms behind the increased food intake during exposure to cold may be the following:


  1. Exposure to cold inhibits production of leptin (a peptide hormone) by adipose tissue and this causes a drop of plasma concentration of leptin [765, 768]. This in turn leads to diminished inhibitory action of leptin on the “appetite center” in the hypothalamus [769]. Because leptin is a known negative regulator of appetite [770], the lowered plasma level of leptin can explain stimulation of appetite during exposure to cold.

  2. Exposure to cold causes transient activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axes and the resultant increase in the plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) [771 – 773], triiodothyronine [702 – 704], and thyroxine [702, 704]. The cold-induced improvement of appetite may have to do with these hormones because injections of the thyroid hormones increase food intake in laboratory animals [704, 774 – 776] and intravenous ACTH injections reduce nausea in human subjects [777 – 781]. On the other hand, some reports have shown no change in thyroid hormones in human subjects after one-hour exposure to cold, despite increased metabolic rate [731]. It is possible that the effect of cooling on thyroid hormones in humans is small and transient and the plasma concentrations return to baseline within 1 hour [701].

  3. Exposure to cold reduces the level of serotonin in most regions of the brain [679, 680], which, theoretically, may increase appetite (or attenuate reduction of appetite) because cerebral serotonergic circuits participate in the induction of nausea [782, 783] and negative regulation of appetite [784]. For example, the serotonin-releasing agent d-fenfluramine quickly elevates the extracellular level of serotonin in the brain and suppresses appetite [784].


The use of prolonged exposure to cold to improve appetite in anorexic patients would be impractical and inconvenient. On the other hand, brief repeated exposure to cold is more feasible but may or may not produce a sufficient improvement of appetite. This is because the neurohormonal effects are transient (they usually return to baseline within 1 hour [785]) and consequently the effect on appetite is also expected to be transient and brief. My weight and appetite (a healthy subject) did not change when I used adapted cold showers twice a day for many months. On the other hand, this treatment may improve low appetite in some groups of patients because of the above physiological changes.


Endnote W

(for biomedical researchers)

Fever-reducing and anti-inflammatory effects of cold hydrotherapy (LAY LANGUAGE SUMMARY): Moderate cooling reduces all signs of inflammation (redness, heat, pain, and swelling). Experiments on laboratory animals show that whole-body cooling produces biochemical changes in the body that prevent fever (in addition to reducing it physically).


There is evidence that exposure to cold can abolish febrile responses to endogenous pyrogens [786], suggesting that the antipyretic effect of cold exposure is mediated not only by physical cooling but also by neuroendocrine changes. Exposure to cold inhibits all cardinal signs of inflammation [412, 787, 788]. In addition to reducing heat and pain, exposure to moderate cold reduces redness (erythema) [789 – 791] and swelling (edema) [792, 793]. Although most of the available evidence relates to the effects of cooling on local inflammation, moderate exposure to cold inhibits physiological manifestations of systemic inflammation as well by reducing fever and causing systemic analgesia as described in endnote U and in [357].

The relationship between cooling and inflammation is not a simple one, as exposure to extreme cold induces inflammation [794]. Cooling of the skin to near-freezing temperatures causes pain [417, 418] and redness [795], and cryotherapy for warts with liquid nitrogen induces local inflammation [796]. Although repeated systemic exposure to moderate cold reduces physiological manifestations of inflammation [655, 786], it also causes a modest proinflammatory shift in serological factors. Namely, it slightly increases the plasma levels of interleukin 6 [396, 797, 798], tumor necrosis factor alpha [396], haptoglobin [396], hemopexin [396], and slightly decreases the plasma level of alpha1-antitrypsin [396] and testosterone [798]. As explained in [393, 396, 799], repeated exposure to moderate cold is not immunosuppressive, in contrast to some other anti-inflammatory treatments such as corticosteroids [800, 801].


Endnote X

Theoretical evidence of antianxiety effects of high-fat diets and safe raw high-protein diets. The evolutionary predecessors of humans (more than 300,000 years ago) most likely lived on a raw diet that was free of artificial ingredients [43, 46, 1022], what is called the “ancestral diet” in this book (Chapter One). Because hominids evolved on this type of diet for over 15 million years, it is possible that the human brain will function at its best on the ancestral diet. This optimal functioning includes both cognitive performance and psychological well-being. Conversely, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the modern Western diet (the diet recommended by food pyramids) may cause the brain to function poorly, at least in some percentage of the population, because the modern Western diet is so different in its composition from the ancestral diet. In other words, the abandonment of the ancestral diet may have led to mental disorders such as depression and anxiety [802, 934, 984] in some percentage of the population (those who are genetically susceptible).

This is, of course, an oversimplification, but the argument presented above is the gist of the theory that one can sum up as the “cooked diet theory of disease.” Guy-Claude Burger was one of the first people who proposed this theory, in the 1960s [803] (his theory did not have that title; the title was “instinctive eating”). Burger’s theory did not single out depression and anxiety, but it encompassed almost all human diseases, including cancer. The logical implication of this theory was that a return to the ancestral diet, that is, the diet that consists of raw foods such as fish, meat, fruits, vegetables, and nuts and excludes everything else, should produce a clinical improvement or a cure in almost any disease.

It would be fair to say that the same limitations listed for the natural intelligence theory (Chapter One) are applicable to the cooked diet theory of disease. Particularly, the ancestral diet carries a significant risk of infectious disease and can cause more problems than it will solve. Another major limitation is that even if the modern diet did cause some diseases, the ancestral diet will not produce a clinical improvement if the pathological physical changes are severe and irreversible, as in cancer or Alzheimer’s disease. (Incidentally, Burger died of cancer [803].) Another limitation of the above theory, which we did not discuss in Chapter One, is that a variety of factors unrelated to nutrition—microbes, trauma, genetic mutations, stressful life events, and environmental pollutants—can cause human diseases. Nevertheless, in my view, the cooked diet theory of disease is applicable to some mental disorders, and therefore, safe diets that are similar in composition to the ancestral diet will produce a clinical improvement. We saw in endnote C that psychiatrists cannot diagnose mental disorders such as anxiety and depression by a laboratory test [340], suggesting that these disorders involve only a minor pathological change in the biochemistry or structure of the brain. These disorders can have biological manifestations, such as slightly increased blood levels of stress hormones, but these changes are within the normal range and therefore are not helpful as diagnostic tools. Therefore, this “minor physical change” may be reversible by relatively noninvasive treatments such as dietary interventions.

The antidepressant diet (Chapter Four and Appendix II) is in many ways similar to the ancestral diet: it contains raw animal protein (the fifth section of Chapter Four explained why pasteurized milk is a source of raw protein) and it excludes all artificial ingredients. My self-experimentation suggests that this diet has similar beneficial effects on mood and cognition compared to the ancestral diet. The quality of protein is somewhat worse in the antidepressant diet and, consequently, the attention control is slightly worse. On the positive side, the antidepressant diet does not carry a risk of infectious disease. In this diet, you can cook up to 90% of fruits and vegetables: this does not make any difference in the effects on mental state and mental abilities.

According to the theoretical argumentation in Chapter Four, the antidepressant diet, as a raw high-protein diet, may be beneficial in depression. Because many classes of antidepressant drugs have antianxiety properties [448, 450], it is reasonable to assume that the antidepressant diet can be beneficial in some anxiety disorders, if somebody proves it to be effective in depression. Another reason why this diet may be beneficial in anxiety is that it closely resembles the ancestral diet and thereby may reverse the pathological state of the brain [802], in accordance with the “cooked diet theory of disease.” Finally, the proposed dietary intervention is most likely compatible with other treatments for anxiety.

There is another diet that is likely to have antianxiety properties. It is the ketogenic diet (low-carbohydrate, protein-normal, high-fat diet), which is sometimes prescribed to patients with treatment-refractory epilepsy. There are several lines of evidence pointing to the beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet in anxiety disorders. First, this diet reduces the level of activity in laboratory animals [629, 630], which is similar to the effects of CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines or barbiturates. Second, this diet has anticonvulsant (antiseizure) properties, and the most effective antianxiety drugs (e.g., benzodiazepines) are also effective anticonvulsants. The anticonvulsant properties of this diet are probably due to its effects on the adenosine signaling in the brain [937]. Third, this diet contains a lot of fat and high-fat diets reduce anxiety both in humans and in laboratory animals [280, 281]. In order to be an effective antianxiety treatment, the ketogenic diet should contain little if any cooked meat because high-protein (meat-rich) diets tend to increase emotional tension and may provoke symptoms of anxiety in susceptible people, as we saw in the main text. The antianxiety diet would have to contain significant amounts of melted beef fat or pork fat (added to boiled grains or soups) and only small amounts of dairy fat because the latter may contribute to constipation.

Going back to the physical changes in the brain of psychiatric patients, some physical illnesses also involve minor or undetectable pathological changes, for instance, some headache disorders such as migraine. Therefore, the ancestral diet or similar safe diets (the antidepressant diet, fruit-and-vegetable diet, and modified high-protein diet) are likely to produce a clinical improvement in this case. Diets are unlikely to provide instantaneous relief of headache, although they can reduce recurrence of chronic headaches; therefore, pain-reducing treatments such as pharmacotherapy and head coolingU (seventh section of Chapter Two) will still be beneficial. As to why the modern diet may cause headache in genetically susceptible people, it is possible that some components of the modern diet may have weak vasodilatory properties (dilate blood vessels) or may provoke aseptic meningitis (inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain) similar to the effects of some pharmacological agents [804]. Possible candidates include novel chemicals that form during cooking of food (cooking mutagens, Maillard reaction products) and some food additives (such as nitrates [81] and others). There are hundreds of chemicals known to be absent in the ancestral diet and present in the modern diet. The possible headache-provoking effects of these compounds are unknown and further research is needed in this area. Some investigators are actively studying possible provoking foods in the diet of patients with headache disorders [805] and there are some reports of successful treatment of migraine by elimination diets [806, 807]. The list of things that can cause headache in me is the following: smoked food eaten on a daily basis; roasted nuts consumed on a daily basis; large amounts of lean meat, 5% fat or lower (this effect is highly reliable; reintroduction of animal fat into the diet will quickly reverse the problem); honey in relatively large amounts (6 tablespoons per day) but only in the context of a vegan diet (see section “A diet that can worsen mental abilities quickly” in Chapter One); fasting longer than 24 hours; and the depressant diet (sometimes).


Endnote Y

Strictly speaking, hypomania can also be characterized by increased irritability instead of elevated mood [340]. The experimental model proposed in this book deals with the euphoric version of hypomania. Raw high-protein diets and exposure to cold do not cause depletion of dopamine stores within neurons and it is not known how much they increase the level of dopamine outside neurons. Therefore, the effect of these treatments on mood and behavior may be somewhat different from that of dopamine reuptake inhibitors, such as cocaine and amphetamine. In particular, because there is no depletion of dopamine, the state of euphoria that may result from the “creativity regimen” proposed in Chapter Four may be more sustainable compared to the euphoria induced by dopamine reuptake inhibitors. The magnitude, however, of the euphoriant effect may be smaller with the nonpharmacological approach.


Endnote Z

Mind versus brain. Research shows that personality traits are stable throughout the lifespan of a person [808, 809], and therefore the person cannot change them easily by a mental effort. There are consistent gender differences as well as small age-related changes in personality traits [810], suggesting that both biological and environmental factors influence personality traits. The small changes of personality with age follow a well-defined trajectory within each gender, i.e., the changes are not chaotic [810]. These data suggest that personality traits are not subject to change by a mental effort. If people could change character traits at will, there would be (a) big changes throughout the adult life of a person; and (b) chaotic and unpredictable changes. Both “a” and “b” are false. In addition, the Big Five personality traits show significant heritability and the contribution of genes is about 50% [811]. The scientific consensus is that personality traits are the result of both genetic and environmental factors and reflect biological properties of the brain [811]. The mind develops only after the brain develops, not before. The mind did not exist before the brain came into being in a child. Note that I am not a proponent of the official deficient materialism, I would call myself an enlightened materialist who recognizes that the human body has proven properties (e.g., remote viewing, aura, etc.) that are ignored by official science, which is distorted by propaganda.

A person can modify some brain functions by physical treatments such as pharmacotherapy, dietary changes, environmental temperature, and surgical methods, as we saw in studies cited throughout this book. Based on the above observations, we can conclude that when someone advises you to change your character traits (“you should be more responsible with your money,” or “you should ignore what other people think about you”), this advice is not helpful unless the advisor tells you how to change your brain function.

An attempt to change brain function by a purely mental effort can be likened to that story about Baron von Munchhausen where he grabbed himself by the hair and lifted himself out of a bog. Although an independent mental effort cannot change brain function, psychotherapy can change biological functioning of the brain to some extent. Psychotherapy is an external intervention (for example, the patient is talking to a therapist or to a group of patients) and it is beneficial in many mental disorders. Particularly, cognitive–behavioral therapy can help a patient to identify and get rid of dysfunctional beliefs and maladaptive patterns of behavior. This change reduces the amount of negative life experiences and thereby reduces mental suffering [812]. Although psychological interventions do not directly change biological properties of the brain, they nevertheless can change sensory and informational input into the central nervous system and thereby exert significant effects on brain activity. For example, forced social isolation produces numerous negative physical changes in the brain, such as disruption of the blood brain barrier [429].

Nevertheless, psychotherapy (often useful) can be contrasted with an independent mental effort (usually useless in the matters of mental health). The latter does not involve an external intervention, either biological or psychological, and therefore, it is unlikely to change the brain function. The purely mental effort can be likened to a placebo in clinical trials in psychiatric disorders. Incidentally, studies suggest that the placebo effect is much smaller than what many people assume; most of this effect represents the natural progression of a disease [32, 33, 904, 931]. For example, in a clinical trial of an anticold medicine, a researcher can easily mistake spontaneous recovery from a common cold for a strong placebo effect.

Thoughts and emotions are the result of activity of the brain. Therefore, it is incorrect to assume that the effects (thoughts and emotions) can influence the cause (biological activity of the brain). This raises a philosophical question: does matter control mind or is it the mind that controls the matter? The weight of scientific evidence suggests that brain (the matter) has complete and absolute control over consciousness (the mind). In other words, the mind is just an attribute or a property of a functioning brain. Conversely, the mind is powerless against the brain and has no control whatsoever over the workings of the brain. The mind can be likened to a movie on the screen, while the brain is the movie projector. Administration of a strong sedative–hypnotic drug (tampering with the brain) will put a person to sleep and will “turn off” the mind. There is not a damn thing that the mind will be able to do to resist the effects of medication (if the person uses purely mental efforts). On the other hand, people who suffer from insomnia cannot fall asleep, in other words, they cannot “turn off” their brains as it were, by a mental effort. Various thoughts, desires, emotions, physiological needs, and the consciousness itself are the brain’s doing, not the mind’s. You could say that the brain controls a person’s life, whereas the mind is just a helpless and submissive witness.

Then what about the situations when the mind seemingly has some degree of control over the brain, for example, when you decide to have several cups of strong coffee to stay awake all night or you take an analgesic drug to reduce pain? Unfortunately, these are examples of the brain doing things to itself because the brain controls all your movements and senses. The “pure mind” (if you do not use any physical action and any senses) is pretty much helpless and powerless. For example, you will not be able to stop a feeling of hunger or physical pain by a purely mental effort, but you can easily do so by tampering with the workings of the brain (drugs, hypnosis, cold water, and so on). To sum up, it is the brain that controls the mind, not the other way around. Put another way, free will is severely limited by the workings of the brain (for more on free will, see endnote Q).

A related question is whether talents really exist or they are some sort of complex skills that anyone can learn. If we define a talent as a unique property of the brain that puts a person into the top 1% in a competitive field all else being equal, then there is no doubt that talents do exist [21, 22, 987] and it’s impossible to learn a talent [530, 531]. For example, if 300 random people, who never played chess before, are coached to play chess exactly 14 hours per day for one month and then a tournament is held, then some people will end up among the top 1% of winners, while many others will be in the bottom 50%. Although people who are currently in the bottom 50% can improve their chess-playing skills with further practice, in a competitive field (there is a reward for winning) these people will never reach the top 1% because the current winners (including those in the top 10%) will always be ten steps ahead of them, thus demonstrating that a talent can be neither learned nor “earned” through hard work. Further evidence that talents are a unique biological property of the brain comes from the observation that a dog will not be able to learn how to play chess because its brain is not “talented” that way.


Endnote B1

Based on my experience, sour fruits such as apples and oranges tend to worsen the “chapped lips” problem during the winter. This is probably because acid irritates the skin of the lips. I find it helpful to use regular butter as a chapstick and to exclude sour fruits during the cold season of the year. You can still drink fruit juices using a straw; this approach will also be safer for your teeth because acid slowly erodes enamel when you chew acid-rich fruits.


Endnote C1

The starchless diet. Most people will never lose weight and keep it off for a long period no matter how hard they try, for five reasons. 1) They are constantly surrounded by fattening foods and cannot live in an environment free of such foods for either family-related or financial reasons (cannot rent or own separate housing). If a person has to constantly struggle against temptations and to apply will power in order to stay on a diet, then nothing will work in the long run. 2) Most people are fixated on calories and do not eat high-calorie filling foods that cause weight loss (while keeping you mellow and calm) such as raw eggs, raw tail fat, raw beef brain, and raw pancreas. As Arnold Ehret put it, "Life is a tragedy of nutrition." 3) The dieters do not change their whole lifestyle and are focused on a diet alone. 4) Any diets have both desirable and undesirable effects on mental health, depending on circumstances. For example, if a dieter becomes constantly angry or agitated while on a diet—and does not take appropriate measures—then this person will go back to eating everything in order to solve the mental health problem, that is, the diet will fail. For instance, nuts, fish, meat, and pungent vegetables as well as fasting and severe caloric restrictions tend to make people irritable or angry because of overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. It is best to lose weight without overexciting the sympathetic nervous system [a detailed discussion of the autonomic nervous system and metabolic types can be found in my other book: "Fight Cancer", chapter "The Gonzalez protocol"]. 5) The list of foods allowed by the diet is too short and/or the diet leads to some vitamin or micronutrient deficiencies. The dieter may get tired of the same foods day in and day out.

(A raw starchless diet is more effective for weight loss; see my latest version of the raw diet in Appendix VIII.) The proposed diet reduces body weight by approximately one pound (0.5 kg) per week and does not reduce work capacity. The basic idea behind this diet is that some foods are fattening, and others are not, regardless of calories. The glycemic index doesn't matter either. For example, boiled cereal grains have a low glycemic index, but they do not help to lose weight. Raw nonstarchy fruits have a high glycemic index and contain tons of calories, but they reduce body weight during this diet. The starchless diet is a high-calorie regimen, containing normal amounts of carbs and protein and elevated amounts of fat. There is no hunger or cravings on this diet, but there are many restrictions on the types of foods that you can consume. For this reason, if you are constantly surrounded by forbidden foods such as bread and pastry, then you won't be able to stay on this diet. You will be able to adhere to this diet easily if you live alone or with a person who follows a similar regimen. I am the only person who tested this diet. Lately, I lost 34 pounds (>15 kilograms) and counting. It is possible to stay on this diet for many months.

To reduce impulsivity and irritability, I recommend the following sedative measures: raw honey twice a day, plenty of raw tail fat (eat it at least twice a day; see appendix VIII), and breath-holding exercise once a day (two breath-holds); when especially strong self-control is needed, add pulverized nuts, a brief nap, and raise air temperature. Optional: a mixture of sedative herbs once or twice a day. On rare days when the strongest self-control is necessary, don't take a cold shower, the same for the day before. You must limit stimulant procedures: don't drink tea and coffee and avoid other stimulant herbs. Limit hyperventilation exercise to once a week. Brief cardio exercise, adapted cold showers, and sun-bathing once every 8 days are allowed (cut back on these stimulant procedures if you get agitated). The above-mentioned sedative measures ensure strong self-control; your work capacity will not diminish in any way, especially if you add pulverized nuts to your food when your work requires strong attention control.

The most effective and safest sedative measures that can be used daily is the ratio of muscle meat to animal fat (for example, tail fat or beef fat) 1:3, high consumption of eggs (boiled or raw), elevated air temperature, warmer clothes, and a horizontal position of your body. All other sedative methods are not recommended for daily use, you can add them when necessary. And of course it is very important to avoid all foods/methods that stimulate the central nervous system. See the table in Appendix VII (you can ignore weak effects).

Keep in mind that meat, fish, nuts, and pungent vegetables promote anger and irritability, whereas raw honey and raw tail fat reduce anger. Furthermore, to ensure mental health during this diet, you need to consume small amounts of vitamin-rich foods and special metabolism normalizers: 10 grams of cod liver (canned is OK) or two teaspoons of fish oil every day, 10 grams of boiled beef liver every day, small amounts of seaweeds (with soup), 1/3 glass of raw pomegranate juice or a glass of raw orange juice per day, and a level teaspoon of turmeric powder OR a teaspoon of black seed oil (or a heaping teaspoon of powder) everyday: you can alternate turmeric and black seed. An even tablespoon of raw butter or raw cream every 3 days is recommended too, but no other dairy products are allowed. If I consume greater amounts (more than a teaspoon per day), my self-experimentation suggests that dairy fat (even raw one) causes weight gain in the context of the starchless diet. By contrast, raw tail fat causes weight loss, the more the faster (down to normal weight).

The starchless diet excludes all starchy foods, such as grains (bread, cereals), pastry, junk food, potatoes, peas, corn, bananas, dates, mangoes, pumpkin, squash, and any foods containing flour. Boiled meat and fish are allowed only once a month, the main source of protein is raw eggs, up to 10 a day. The starchless diet consists of a limited number of food products: raw nonstarchy fruits and vegetables (raw and boiled; raw juices are also recommended), pulverized nuts (only when your work requires), raw eggs, raw honey (well diluted with water), and raw tail fat (see appendix VIII). Avocadoes are allowed, as is coconut. The staple fruits and vegetables are the following: carrots, beets, dill, lettuce, cucumbers, tomatoes, apples, apricots, plums, grapes, peaches, and raw citrus juices (free of additives). Note that nonstarchy vegetables such as carrots also contain some starch but much less than starchy veggies do.

Any foods not mentioned above are not allowed, in particular: avoid junk food, such as candy, cookies, supermarket chocolate, pastries, anything containing white flour and refined sugar because they are unhealthy calories that will prevent weight loss; pasteurized (any store-bought) fruit juices are forbidden because they increase body weight, but raw fruit juices are allowed; avoid legumes (beans, kidney beans, peas, peanuts, and so on); avoid salted and processed cheeses (contain too many artificial chemicals); avoid lean meat (it’s unhealthy) and fried, smoked, grilled, broiled, baked or barbequed meat and fish (contain carcinogens). Small amounts of mushrooms with vegetable soup do not impede weight loss in the context of this diet; therefore, they are allowed.

This diet should not cause problems with flatulence, but if it does, then see the footnote to point # 8 in Appendix VII.

Don’t expect quick results: consistency and patience are key. You can expect to lose approximately one pound per week or per two weeks, based on my experience. The correct way to weigh yourself is to measure your weight in the morning after you wake up, on an empty stomach, after you went to the toilet. Don't do this every day, twice a month is good frequency. If you have to violate the diet at a social event, then don't go there on an empty stomach and use the food restriction techniques described in Chapter One. Actually, this diet will decrease body weight below the normal weight (BMI ~25), but then your weight will slowly and slightly increase back up to normal weight (BMI ~25), even though you are staying on the same diet. Two other benefits of the starchless diet: it will prevent baldness (it did for me) and is good for dental health.

Regarding why this high-calorie diet causes a weight loss, my theory is that there are fattening calories and slimming calories. Fattening calories come from starchy foods, heated honey, heated fruits, cereal grains, junk food, and foods cooked at high temperatures (fried or baked food). Slimming calories come from raw animal fat, raw nonstarchy fruits, raw honey, boiled and raw vegetables, and raw eggs. Raw pulverized nuts do not increase body weight but are a heavy food; for this reason, it is best to avoid them when you are off work. Some of the fattening food products (boiled grains, boiled potatoes) are “healthy calories.” If you gain weight on these foods, your health will not deteriorate in any way.


Some pitfalls to avoid:

Don’t count calories and don’t starve yourself during the starchless diet: eat to satiety; in particular, you can consume unlimited amounts of boiled veggies (nonstarchy ones); don’t overeat fruits, they won’t increase body weight, but flooding your system with sugar can’t be healthy.

Take care of your teeth: do not chew acid-rich fruits such as apples and berries because they will slowly erode the enamel. Use a blender to make puree or use a juicer.

Avoid pungent vegetables and spices: My two decades of dietary experiments lead me to believe that pungent vegetables (garlic, onion, radish, and the like, both raw and cooked) provoke feelings of anger and hostility. Because bland food is unacceptable to most people, you can use half the amount of sea salt or Himalayan salt instead of your typical amount of table salt.

The starchless diet as described above is very similar to the third type of depressant diet (Appendix IX, point # 3) and is actually starchless diet 2.0. The first starchless diet that I tested in 2011-2012 had a horrible effect on mental health: impulsivity and problems with anger. The current (second) version of the starchless diet is based on raw tail fat and does not cause anger; on the contrary, it eliminates anger; self-control and work capacity are fully preserved even though meat and fish are excluded. I believe that this high-calorie diet reduces weight because of rejuvenation.

In conclusion, weight loss diets usually have some effects on mental health, and you need to be aware of these effects when trying to lose weight. Below is a summary of negative psychiatric effects of some weight loss diets, based on my personal experience. These effects may not always become manifested right away.



Keep in mind that you have gained your weight during several years, and therefore it is only logical that it will take a similar length of time to lose the weight. If you are healthy and overweight (BMI < 30), there is no reason to bend over backwards trying to lose weight. If you are obese (BMI > 30), then losing weight makes sense, but keep in mind that mental health, work capacity, financial security, and sufficient leisure time are more important than an “ideal” body weight. If you are morbidly obese, then prolonged fasting will help you to lose weight more quickly than the starchless diet, but fasting requires special conditions and is incompatible with work. For more details, see my other book "Fight Cancer." Note that rapid weight loss by fasting may not allow your skin to shrink rapidly enough to keep up with the fat loss, thereby resulting in skin flabs. Slower weight loss by dieting is recommended if time allows.


Endnote D1

How to preserve your teeth long-term. These principles should minimize your dental expenses and help you to prevent most of dental problems, such as wedge-shaped defects and loss of teeth:


  1. Never chew acidic fruits such as apples and oranges. Drink juices instead, using a straw. Acid erodes enamel. Many soft drinks also contain acid (for example, due to carbonation). Wedge-shaped defects most likely are caused by food acids. Note that tomatoes also contain plenty of acid; therefore, it is best to make a juice or pulverize tomatoes in a blender before consumption.

  2. Never chew whole raw nuts, probably the hardest type of food. Pulverize them in a blender before consumption. Avoid other hard foods.

  3. Avoid various tooth-whitening schemes, especially professional (intensive) tooth-whitening methods. They erode enamel and promote wedge-shaped defects. Professional cleaning of teeth once or twice a year (which typically involves small amounts of hydrogen peroxide) is all the whitening that you need.

  4. Don’t use a regular toothbrush because it does not remove plaque or clean your teeth thoroughly. Use an electric toothbrush. Brush teeth twice a day, approximately 12 hours apart.

  5. Brush your teeth with enzyme-based toothpaste such as Splat several times a week. Instead of removing plaque with an abrasive material, this kind of toothpaste digests it on all sides of your teeth. These alternative types of toothpaste often do not contain fluoride. If you try to do without fluoride toothpaste and on top of that, if you do not drink fluoridated tap water, then the risk of caries increases substantially, judging by my experience. Therefore, it's a good idea to brush your teeth with fluoride toothpaste at least twice a week.

  6. Rinse your mouth with water after every meal or snack as well as before going to bed (if you are not brushing immediately before bed). This rule and brushing teeth twice a day are absolutely necessary to prevent caries.

  7. After you brush your teeth with fluoride toothpaste, rinse your mouth 5-6 times with water and then with some cold-pressed plant oil, such as sunflower seed oil. Only oil can remove the aftertaste and small amounts of residual toothpaste from your oral cavity. Spit this oil out. Otherwise, you eat toothpaste every day at a dose of 1-2 tablets a day.

  8. Don’t eat cold or hot food. Neutral or lukewarm temperature is the best.

  9. Don’t hit your teeth with a metal spoon while eating.

  10. Floss once or twice a week between all teeth. Find instructions on the Internet or talk to a dental hygienist. An oral irrigator cannot replace flossing, but you can still use it once a day. Complete flossing will take 10 to 15 minutes. People who say that you should floss everyday are out of touch with reality. Once or twice a week is better than never. After you gain some experience and learn how to floss quickly, you may or may not start flossing daily.

  11. Lead a healthy lifestyle because metabolic problems are known to affect teeth. See Appendix VII “58 ways to change your lifestyle for health improvement.”

  12. Do professional cleaning of teeth once every 1-3 years. Ask to clean your teeth by scraping instead of ultrasonication. Ultrasound has substantial destructive power and will increase cracks and other micro defects. As a compromise, you can use ultrasound to clean only hard-to-reach areas.

  13. Not all dentists are decent or competent people. For example, treatment of wedge-shaped defects is not necessary and may make things worse long-term; the best you can do is to stop exposing your teeth to acidic foods and drinks and to make other changes in your dental hygiene. Many dentists will try to sell you invasive and expensive treatments such as dental implants. Their long-term reliability is currently unknown, although in the short term, 5 years, they are fairly reliable. The only valid reason for treatment of wedge-shaped defects and for installing dental implants is the cosmetic one. These things are not necessary for your dental health and may even be slightly detrimental. For the record, I have a dental implant and I had wedge-shaped defects on my front teeth fixed for purely cosmetic reasons.

  14. Do professional periodontal diagnostics and possibly cleaning (below the gum line) once every five years. Several hours after this cleaning, it’s a good idea to seed good bacteria in your gums. Unfortunately, there are no dedicated probiotics for the oral cavity. You can use intestinal multi-probiotics such as Bio-Kult (United Kingdom): open one capsule and dissolve the contents in half a glass of water. Rinse your mouth with this solution several times. Alternatively, do some research on the types of bacteria that are recommended for the gums and oral cavity.

  15. If you get an unpleasant coating of the throat (and/or tongue), then use a mouthwash containing alcohol. In any case, do oil pulling with coconut oil once a month.

  16. All of the above is applicable to people who consume a mixed diet containing modern highly processed foods made of refined sugar and white flour. A dentist named Weston Price conducted extensive research on the relation of nutrition to dental caries across the globe in the 1930s and found that various primitive tribes and cultures that consume simple natural foods (and have no access to civilized highly processed foods) are free or almost free of tooth decay. In some primitive communities who consume plenty of animal foods, the prevalence of dental caries is zero. And they don't brush their teeth! (They don't have access to fluoridated water and toothpaste either [my comment].) Across the globe, the prevalence of tooth decay among uncivilized populations is on average 30-fold lower as compared with members of the same ethnic groups who start to consume civilized foods. For example, see this detailed table summarizing these data. According to the late Nicholas J. Gonzalez, MD, in our times (the 21st century), there are no such communities left anywhere on Earth; civilized food has become pervasive everywhere, except for some tribes that have little access to such foods. I highly recommend the book "Nutrition and Physical Degeneration" by Weston Price and related foundations: www.westonaprice.org and price-pottenger.org. I can draw several important conclusions from this book: 1) the role of genes in birth defects and congenital diseases has been exaggerated (link, link); the mother's and father's nutrition before conception, and the mother's nutrition during pregnancy are very important for the health of the child; deficient nutrition (for instance, abundant consumption of refined sugar and white flour) can cause congenital defects; 2) home birth is risky for modern women (the reason is a prenatal defect causing abnormal development of pelvic bones), whereas the process of birth is quick, easy, and painless for uncivilized populations who do not have access to modern foods; home birth will be safe for a woman who was born to parents who practiced natural nutrition for several years before her birth and during pregnancy, if this woman lives on a strict natural diet most of her life, especially for several years before giving birth; [my advice: do not give birth in any government maternity hospital or other typical maternity clinics; you need to find a private maternity clinic (via recommendations of people who you know personally) where no procedures (such as vaccines and blood collection) are performed on newborns without a mother's permission]; 3) a strict but diverse diet is the only way to prevent tooth decay; 4) many other diseases, including cancer, occur much less frequently among primitives; the book mentions this in three chapters regarding three uncivilized ethic groups; one doctor cured primitives who switched to civilized nutrition by sending them back to their settlements where they lead a more natural lifestyle and eat a healthy diet; 5) there is no single "healthy diet" for everybody; humans can thrive on diverse diets with widely varying proportions of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates as long as they obtain key vitamins from one of these three sources: organ meats of animals, raw dairy from pasturing cows that eat rapidly growing grass, or animal sea foods; 6) the main culprits of tooth decay are highly processed foods such as refined sugar, white flour, polished rice, and canned foods as well as the lack of fat-soluble vitamins from the above sources; 7) tooth decay is not caused by bacteria, it is a metabolic disorder resulting in a loss of defensive properties of saliva, whereas acid-producing bacteria are involved as a secondary cause; 8) if you live on a strict natural diet, then you don't need to brush your teeth for maintaining dental health (you may want to brush your teeth occasionally for esthetic reasons); 9) children who consume at least one good meal a day (with natural foods containing abundant fat-soluble vitamins) do better in school and show a significant deceleration of tooth decay; 11) almost all vitamins necessary for dental health can be obtained from cod liver oil and the special raw butter mentioned above (1-2 teaspoons each per day; for details, see Appendix VII, end of footnote 7); 12) artificial vitamins in pills do not work as well as do natural vitamins present in foods; 13) soil depletion affects nutritional value of foods; 14) uncivilized populations do not have equivalents of prisons and mental institutions because they don't need them; criminal behavior, mental retardation, and mental health problems are caused by civilized nutrition, especially during pregnancy and before conception; 15) to regain mental and physical health, you need to eat a strict but diverse diet free of modern highly processed foods and containing foods rich in fat-soluble vitamins; some health problems (such as defects of skeletal development, mental retardation) are irreversible because they are caused by a prenatal defect resulting from bad nutrition of the parents, but the defective person can have healthy children if he/she eats a healthy diet. Weston Price is not the only researcher who has noticed that uncivilized populations have much better teeth than civilized societies. For example, an arctic explorer named Vilhjalmur Stefansson has noted that Eskimos violate all the recommendations of dentists but have excellent even teeth without any signs of tooth decay. You should be skeptical about official recommendations of dentists' associations for the following reason: if all dental health problems disappear, then dentists will lose their jobs, and therefore they will never recommend the methods that will free you of dental diseases. It is advantageous for dentists to pretend that they care for patients and to maintain the populace somewhere between health and severe pathology. There are decent dentists, but they are a tiny minority. 99% of dental health problems can be solved independently without dentists.

In practice, I apply several rules that follow from the research by Weston Price and Edward and May Mellanby: i) 2 teaspoons of cod liver oil; ii) 1 tablespoon of raw cream once a week; iii) severe limits on foods rich in phytic acid: complete exclusion of cereal grains and legumes; limited consumption of pulverized nuts, not more than necessary for work (I don't consume nuts when I don't work, except for one Brazil nut a day); iv) abundant consumption of good fats, raw eggs, and raw tail fat; rinsing the mouth with sunflower seed oil after brushing of teeth; v) a strict diet and healthy nutrition overall. There is scientific evidence that these principles not only prevent tooth decay but also cure it without drilling (Edward Mellanby, references in Ramiel Nagel's book "Cure Tooth Decay," "Wellness Mama" Katie Wells, and other authors). Note: You can consume more raw dairy fats if this product does not cause constipation in your case. Complete exclusion of cereal grains from your diet can cause problems with mental health. Most likely, several sedative measures will be necessary including abundant consumption of animal fat, such as tail fat (see endnote C1, The starchless diet). I would say that you still need to avoid chewing whole nuts and acid-rich foods even if you follow the above rules of natural dental health. (Recipes related to Weston A. Price principles can be found in Appendix I.) Sadly, Ramiel Nagel left us at an early age, he died of cancer, possibly because he ate lots of fried and baked meat and fish, which contain large amounts of carcinogens, or perhaps his diet did not match his metabolic type. Another possible reason is that Ramiel was too focused on nutrition at the expense of other healthy life style changes.

Looking back, I now realize that boiled cereal grains and bread are bad for teeth indirectly, because of some metabolic disturbance (few people will disagree that these foods increase body weight, i.e., they definitely cause a disorder of metabolism). I did not have any problems with teeth from 1994 to 2009 when I consumed virtually no grains (I ate boiled potatoes instead). Then, I started eating boiled cereal grains and lost one tooth within a couple of years. Most of the year 2012, I did not eat any starchy foods (e.g., cereal grains and potatoes). After that, I started eating boiled cereal grains and next bread every day, and I lost another tooth in a few years, in addition to caries in several other teeth. Since May 2019, I do not consume any cereal grains (strict starchless diet). I have always avoided legumes. Every 8 days, I rinse my mouth with a baking soda solution (made from boiling water and cooled; 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda per half a glass of water). Every 2 months, I do coconut oil pulling. If you use toothpaste, choose a fluoride-free brand. There is plenty of evidence of toxicity of fluoride and its uselessness for dental health [1288].

Actually, lately, I stopped brushing regularly and have neither brushed nor flossed my teeth for about 2 years because there was no need. During most of this period, I have been consuming a >99% raw diet (except for 2 teaspoons of cod liver oil daily [prepared at 50°C]). I still rinse my mouth as described above and sometimes scrape off a layer of fat from my front teeth with a fingernail. I don't have bad breath, and my teeth and gums are clean and healthy. There is some plaque within the normal range, and I think it is necessary. When I eat boiled meat, I get bad breath and tinnitus temporarily, which go away if I stop eating boiled meat. Unfortunately, after 1 month of a starchless almost raw diet plus 5 months on the raw diet—about 6 months without brushing—I got persistent bad breath at the end of May 2022 and had to brush and floss once. The next time, I had to brush my teeth in late March 2023. I would say that the longer you live on a raw diet, the less frequently you need to brush your teeth. It is worth mentioning that I have lived on a strict partially cooked starchless diet without any binging or failures since May 2019. I started the 99% raw diet at the end of December 2021 and have stayed on this diet with 100% compliance as of this writing. My diet is sufficiently diverse and contains all necessary nutrients in their natural form; I overconsume calories and never feel any cravings or hunger (except when I fast occasionally). I drink lots of raw pulp-free fruit juice. This overabundance of sugar is necessary for good self-control and does not seem to adversely affect dental health. On days when I don't need strong self-control, I drink a moderate amount of fruit juice. I also eat tons of raw tail fat (see the kindness cocktail in Appendix I; safety of raw animal foods is discussed in Appendix VIII). Incidentally, animals in the wild live on a strict diet and never brush their teeth; they are free from tooth decay and keep all their teeth until death. In contrast to wild animals, I use a blender to prepare some of my meals. Some people will call me an orthorexic, but I am proud and happy to live on a strict diet; this lifestyle is healthy and natural. I used to think that a 99-100% raw diet is impossible long-term; knowing what I know now, this kind of diet is feasible and fully compatible with excellent work capacity. But you have to keep in mind that high-protein foods (except for eggs) can cause anger and make you unstable; therefore, you should not overeat high-protein foods, except when you have to work a lot (and a certain percentage of the population who have slow metabolism [parasympathetic dominance] can eat protein-rich foods without restrictions). On the other hand, if most of your calories come from raw fruit juice, animal fat (such as beef fat or tail fat), and nonpungent vegetables, then you can stay calm and mellow on a raw diet. It should be pointed out that I consume dairy only as a nutritional supplement as described above, and I eat fruits only in the form of pulp-free home-made juice. Despite the abundance of calories, my BMI has been approximately 24 for almost a year. Recently, it went down to 22, probably because of the raw diet.

My last visit to a dentist occurred in December 2018, for treating tooth decay (one cavity). I visited a dentist purely for a checkup in April 2025; there were no complaints. It was found that I have some dental calculus and plaque (likely protective and beneficial) but no signs of tooth decay. There were no new cavities between 2018 and 2025; thus, a strict starchless diet (no refined sugar and no junk food) can prevent tooth decay but will not prevent bad breath if the diet is partially cooked. Addition of boiled potatoes to this diet most likely will not cause tooth decay but will slow down weight loss. A 100% raw starchless diet (raw potatoes are not allowed) will not only prevent tooth decay but also eliminate bad breath and obviate tooth brushing and mouthwash.

Endnote E1

Hair care. These principles should minimize hair loss with age (this section mostly applies to guys). As usual, prevention is much easier than the cure. If you already have alopecia, the text below will not help you, but if you are starting to lose hair, then read on:


  1. Avoid damaging, painful, or extreme procedures. Hairdressers like using thinning shears, but I cannot stand them and believe that they gradually pull out your hair, little by little. You may notice yourself that this type of scissors is more painful for your scalp.

  2. Also avoid drying your hair with hot air. Use the cool setting in your blow-drier or employ a towel instead. Don't mess your hair up with the towel, you may lose some hair by forcefully rubbing the towel against your head; instead press the towel to your scalp and dry it off this way.

  3. Don't scratch your head with your finger nails, and take a note of how often you scratch your scalp per day. If your scalp occasionally itches, you can scratch it very gently with a wide-tooth comb or a special soft plastic brush to prevent damage to your hair follicles. Better yet, instead of scratching, gently and liberally apply cold-pressed coconut oil to the place that itches. Leave the oil there for 1-2 hours. To remove coconut oil, gently blot your hair with a paper towel and/or wash your hair with warm water.

  4. Wash your hair more often to reduce the itching and use cold water to reduce inflammation (not painfully cold). It is not recommended to shampoo your hair more often than 3 times a week, but you can use regular water up to twice a day.

  5. Wash your hair with cold water usually or always (I do it three times a week). It should be approximately 20 degrees Celsius (~68°F; pleasantly cold).

  6. When sunbathing, make sure your hair is well exposed to the sun. The main function of hair is to protect the head from overheating or overcooling. Therefore, to prevent hair loss, you need to expose your hair to the sun and to cold water and/or cold air outdoors. Go outside without a hat in cold weather for brief periods, but wrap your neck well with a scarf.

  7. Choose natural shampoo, e.g., 98% natural ingredients. Such shampoos do not necessarily reduce dandruff. Avoid chemical shampoos that are advertised as "anti-dandruff." In my view, the best way to reduce dandruff is to scrub your scalp with a special plastic brush, wash your hair with moderately cold water using a special showerhead that allows you to switch between various regimens; one of them enables a strong water flow; then use a hair-dryer (set to cold air) to remove residual dandruff; if you don't want to expose your head to a powerful electromagnetic field from the hairdryer, then you can use a vacuum cleaner with reverse airflow.

  8. Saw palmetto is known to be effective against hair loss. Don't use chemical drugs because they will have unpredictable effects on your skin and health in general.

  9. Balanced diverse nutrition is needed, and you can test your blood levels of rare minerals. Avoid artificial vitamins and minerals. Be sure to consume vitamin-rich foods (not supplemented with vitamins, e.g., small amounts of beef liver, see Appendix VII, point # 7 and its footnote).

  10. A healthy lifestyle in general is necessary for hair health. See Appendix VII “58 ways to change your lifestyle for health improvement.”

  11. Separately apply coconut oil, onion puree, and sea water (made from sea salt or Himalayan salt, a ~3.5% solution) to your hair and keep it there for 15 to 30 minutes once or twice a month.

  12. Wash your hair with hot water once a month.

  13. After you wash your hair with tap water (contains industrial waste), rinse it with distilled water.

  14. When I started losing hair, I was able to stop this process only when I stopped eating bread and all cereals and introduced several days of a raw diet per week and an adapted cold shower once every 3 days (later I switched to once a month and started taking cold air baths instead). The points listed above probably helped too but less effectively. I believe that to prevent hair loss, you need whole-body rejuvenation. The raw diet and adapted cold showers will make you feel and look younger instantly. As will brief cardio exercise. A daily diet free of foods cooked at very high temperatures, above the boiling point of water (such as bread and fried foods) is known to be good for health and will help you to slow aging substantially. Unfortunately, these rejuvenation methods will make you more impulsive and less stable mentally. These problems can be solved by consumption of mutton fat (raw or boiled in water), diluted raw honey, and sedative herbs daily in combination with breath-holding exercises (all good sedatives). According to Weston Price's book "Nutrition and Physical Degeneration," Australian aborigines are virtually free of baldness; they eat mostly animal foods and have no access to cereal grains.

Endnote F1

Fallacies of the antipsychiatry position. I am a proponent of the reform psychiatry movement [1315, 1318], but I do not support the idea that mental disorders do not exist. In my opinion, in its current deeply corrupted state, psychiatry is highly harmful and should be avoided at all costs. Here are the popular fallacies underpinning the antipsychiatry position:

1) "There is no biological basis of mental disorders." Here, confusion arises because some authors do not differentiate between the absence of a correlation and a weak correlation. For example, some biological phenomena that correlate with depression, e.g., elevated blood levels of cortisol and inflammation indicators have been documented in many studies [1099, 1100]. Because the difference in average levels of cortisol between healthy people and depressed patients is smaller than one standard deviation, it is considered a small difference and cannot be used for diagnosis. Nevertheless, the small difference exists, and it would be incorrect to state that there is no biological basis of depression. It is true that there is no "chemical imbalance" in the brain of depressed patients [457, 1045]. (I will make another concession: some of the observed biological changes in depressed patients may be due to medication; therefore, further research is needed. Nevertheless, proinflammatory changes are consistent with an unhealthy lifestyle, and my main point is that depression is caused by an incorrect lifestyle.) The human brain is an extremely complex organ, and even tiny physical or chemical changes can have profound effects on personality and mental state. Big biological changes that can be used for diagnosis (as demanded by antipsychiatry authors) usually have too large effects (e.g., dementia) that place the patient into the category of neurology not psychiatry. Thus, small biological changes in the brain can have profound effects (mental disorders) but cannot be used for diagnosis of mental disorders because the range of normal values overlaps with the range of disorder-associated values. There is no contradiction here. Besides, there is plenty of evidence that various chemicals and physical treatments applied to the human body significantly affect the mental state. I would argue that a bad lifestyle can cause tiny physical or chemical changes in the brain, which cannot be used reliably for diagnosis of the resulting mental disorder. This mental disorder can be diagnosed only by the complaints of the patient. Nevertheless, you can treat the mental disorder by improving the lifestyle. Another relevant example: a panic attack has numerous physical manifestations.

2) "Mental disorders are inventions of psychiatrists, are based on arbitrary criteria, and are voted into existence by committees." Any physical illness and all its criteria have been defined by physicians, always contain seemingly arbitrary thresholds, and are voted into existence by committees of physicians. Antipsychiatry authors fail to realize that physical illnesses do not differ from mental disorders in this regard. As an exercise, read the diagnostic criteria of diabetes, and try to find thresholds that are not arbitrary and concepts that are not vague and not affected by subjective interpretation. The notion that diagnostic criteria and thresholds are arbitrary deserves some elaboration. For instance "Why a depressive episode is defined as two weeks or more, not 13 days or more?" The answer is that psychiatrists study statistics on patients and their complaints and then try to balance the limited resources available for treatment with the severity of the problem as perceived by a patient. Some seemingly arbitrary thresholds have to be set inevitably, just as in internal medicine. Psychiatrists admit that there is a full spectrum of mental states between the statistical norm and a pathological state. Note that vagueness of the boundary between the norm and pathology does not mean that pathology does not exist. Psychiatrists also admit that a mental disorder is a condition that causes substantial distress to the affected person and/or substantially impairs social functioning (e.g., enough to drive this person to seek psychiatric help). Yes, there is some vagueness and a full spectrum of borderline states, but at one of the extremes, there are serious mental problems that make a patient's life unbearable and necessitate some kind of professional help. Despite the vagueness, after some statistical analysis, some diagnostic categories can be defined, with seemingly arbitrary thresholds: these are mental disorders. Mental disorders have to be defined somehow because some percentage of the population at any moment needs and seeks help with mental health. It is incorrect to say that psychiatrists are looking for patients and are attaching psychiatric labels to random people without a good reason. The initiative lies with the patient (sometimes with relatives), i.e., the patient (or sometimes relatives) decides whether any mental state or mental characteristic causes distress and/or impairs functioning in society. Many if not most of mental patients actively seek a psychiatric diagnosis to obtain treatment, money for treatment, or a sick leave.

3) "Some mental disorders, such as ADHD, can have different causes; therefore, ADHD is not a valid diagnosis." You have to start somewhere if a patient comes to a psychiatrist with a complaint(s). First, you write down all the complaints and try to categorize similar complaints; then, you can start looking for a cause and try to come up with a treatment strategy. Perhaps, the word "illness" or "disorder" is incorrect in the case of mental disorders, but the term "syndrome" fits the bill: a collection of signs and symptoms that can have different causes.

4) "Psychiatrists push drugs and love treating patients with electroshocks." Not all psychiatrists push drugs or enjoy interacting with the pharmaceutical industry, but they are forced to prescribe drugs by clinical practice guidelines; otherwise, a psychiatrist can lose his or her job. These guidelines are currently strongly influenced by the pharmaceutical industry. This is the fault of the pharmaceutical industry not psychiatry.

5) "Mental disorders do not exist because psychiatrists are not real doctors." This is circular reasoning often supported by the argument that psychiatrists have no right to define mental disorders and that psychiatrists are not real doctors because mental disorders do not exist. The text above explains why there is a biological basis for mental disorders and why mental disorders have to be defined by someone. Some percentage of the population experiences highly unpleasant or disabling mental health problems (e.g., panic attacks, hallucinations, depressed mood, sleep problems, mania and the resultant loss of self-control). Many of these people actively seek professional help. Whether you choose to call these problems "disorders" or simply "problems," someone has to provide this kind of help and advice. Of course, the problem is that psychiatry has been corrupted by (and subjugated to) the healthcare industry and now mostly offers fake, brain-damaging remedies based on profit-driven psyop-supported fake science. As one smart person put it, we currently have toxic polypharmacy disguised as medicine. I tried to explain in this book that most of mental health problems can be solved by lifestyle changes. Psychotherapy can help too.

Endnote G1

How to safely discontinue psychiatric drugs. There are several good guidelines (for example, here, here, here, here, here, and here) for gradual discontinuation of psychiatric drugs (neuroleptics, antidepressants, sedatives, etc.), but in my opinion, these instructions have a common drawback: they recommend to suffer through the withdrawal symptoms. On the other hand, the lifestyle changes presented in this book (Appendix VII) will alleviate these symptoms and accelerate the discontinuation of psychiatric drugs. It is feasible to gradually discontinue all psychiatric drugs simultaneously (many patients take 3 or 4 drugs) within 6 months, by tapering the doses of all these drugs concurrently. Quitting one psychiatric drug can be faster, 3-4 months. General principles are given below.

1) Well-meaning relatives will most likely meddle and hamper your drug discontinuation. Most people are brainwashed and believe that conventional medicine "helps people" and that the powers that be love them and serve them. Most people believe mass media and live in the false reality (Matrix) created by the ruling elite via mass media, government-approved education, and other deceptive ploys. In actuality, conventional medicine in almost all countries serves the forces of evil and destroys the health of the vast majority of patients. Most likely the reason is the plan of the world elite to reduce the world population. So-called evidence-based medicine has no credibility, while prestigious scientific journals are deeply corrupted. Psychiatric drugs do not cure any diseases, and on the contrary, damage the brain and rob you of physical health [1315, 1318]. Therefore, to solve mental health problems, the affected person first and foremost needs to gradually stop taking all psychiatric drugs. Contrary to what is believed by physicians and to what is "shown" by clinical trials, psychiatric drugs actually as a rule worsen the very problems that they are supposed to relieve. For example, antidepressants cause suicidal thoughts and behavior, worsen depression and make it chronic, neuroleptics cause and worsen bizarre ideas and hallucinations, sedatives can induce mania and aggression, etc. All chemical psychiatric drugs cause various kinds of abnormal thinking and behavior. Robert Whitaker has compiled a large collection of scientific studies showing that in the long run, psychiatric drugs cause more harm than good [1234]. Also see these references: [1049, 1050, 1058, 1065, 1080, 1104, 1123, 1137, 1151, 1250 – 1266, 1286, 1290]. Additionally, a large review of scientific literature can be found in Appendix I "40 ways to distort the results of a clinical trial and cancer statistics" in my other ebook "Fight Cancer."

2) Unfortunately, most physicians are brainwashed too. Either discontinue the drugs without the help of any physicians or find a psychiatrist or psychotherapist who never prescribes psychiatric drugs (such specialists are few and far between). Treating mental health problems with drugs does not make sense because nobody has proven that mental disorders are caused by a deficiency of a human-invented chemical. There are several causes of mental health problems that I am aware of:

Can an unnatural chemical substance solve any of these problems? Of course not. By contrast, psychotherapy deals with some of the above issues. To cure a mental disorder, you need to address ALL these issues simultaneously.

3) Psychiatric drugs should not be stopped abruptly (cold turkey). They require slow tapering of the dose, for instance, via 20% reductions every 1-2 weeks. For example, you reduce the dose by 20% every 2 weeks, and these 20% are calculated from the current dose, not the original one. If you started with 200 mg, then the sequence of doses will be as follows: 200 mg, 160 mg, 128 mg, 102 mg, 82 mg, 66 mg, 52 mg, 42 mg, 34 mg, 27 mg, 21 mg, 0 mg. If you successfully gradually reduce the dose by 90%, then at the next step, you can discontinue the drug completely. Draw up a schedule and follow it strictly.

4) Use a digital scale and a nail file to prepare the doses of your drug(s). Some numbers will have to be rounded out, and high precision of doses is impossible. Some tablets or capsules cannot be divided into smaller doses; for instance, they have a special coating that enables the tablet to pass through the stomach and to dissolve within the small intestine. Consult a pharmacist and read the package insert carefully. You may have to replace an indivisible drug with a divisible one from the same class.

5) Psychiatric drugs affect different people differently and withdrawal symptoms also vary greatly among people.

6) Withdrawal symptoms may suddenly emerge after a symptom-free period, this is normal. Withdrawal symptoms may manifest themselves after a negative life event or during a stressful period.

7) The universal remedy that will alleviate any withdrawal symptoms (mania, depression, anger, drowsiness, insomnia, etc.) is tail fat or mutton fat that is raw or boiled in water (10-15 minutes). Eat it 3 times a day as much as you want. Safety guidelines for raw animal products are given in Appendix VIII. People with slow metabolism (melancholic or phlegmatic temperament) need severalfold less animal fat (e.g., 20 grams three times a day). Eating animal fat without meat is an unbalanced approach, and being unaccustomed, you may experience nausea. I recommend to initially consume more eggs and less tail fat and to gradually increase your intake of tail fat. Another universal remedy is a walk in a park or forest for 1 hour (footnote #39 in Appendix VII). The third universal remedy is micronutrient supplementation with vitamin-rich foods (cod liver oil, beef liver, seaweeds, mumijo, and others; see footnote # 7 in Appendix VII).

8) How to reduce various withdrawal symptoms: Study the list of techniques and the table in Appendix VII, it shows the effects on the central nervous system for most of the methods.
а) flulike symptoms, general weakness: adapted cold shower or air baths at 20°C; lemon water (see Appendix VII, footnote # 20), and brief cario (see Chapter Two, section "Adapted cold showers").
b) anger, thoughts about violence: temporarily exclude all pungent vegetables and protein-rich foods from your diet, especially nuts, seeds, meat, and fish. Mostly consume animal fats (footnote # 22 in Appendix VII), vegetables, and raw honey (footnote # 45 in Appendix VII) (boiled cereal grains also help to calm down but they increase body weight). A suitable low-protein diet is described in Appendix VIII (it describes a raw diet, but you can use a cooked version if you wish). I recommend consuming dairy only as a nutritional supplement (a small amount), not as a staple food, to prevent a weight gain and an overdose of vitamin A and calcium. Take a mixture of sedative herbs (see Appendix VII, footnote # 21). Raise air temperature in your home, put on extra clothes, and consume leafy greens (broccoli, kale, etc.) daily (see footnote #37 in Appendix VII). A walk in a forest or green park (preferably 1 hour a day; footnote #39 in Appendix VII). Cold showers are forbidden, but air baths at 20°C are allowed once every 2 weeks. Breath-holding exercises usually help to calm down but some people experience the opposite effect. A horizontal body position calms down and slows down effectively, but if your stomach is full, then you need to lie down on your left side (otherwise, the food will go back to the esophagus from the stomach) and place a pillow between your knees. It is also important to stop all methods stimulating the central nervous system (see the table and list in Appendix VII; you can ignore the weak effects in the table). The strongest sedative measure is to put on heavy winter clothes and a warm hat indoors and to keep them on for several hours or longer (lie down too). Another strong sedative measure is to combine substantial amounts of honey and tail fat in one meal (e.g., dilute 4 tablespoons of honey with water and eat 50–100 grams of tail fat in the same meal), but you will not feel well after this.
c) drowsiness, depression: air baths at 20°C (see Appendix VII, footnote # 55), a raw diet (Appendix VIII). Adapted cold showers require caution because they can switch you to hypomania. Brief cardio exercise will be beneficial (see Chapter Two, section "Adapted cold showers"). Diluted lemon juice and adaptogens, such as ginseng and rhodiola will be helpful (footnotes #20 and #21 in Appendix VII). Hyperventilation exercises will help too (unsafe approach, use it rarely; footnote # 16 in Appendix VII).
d) hyperactivity, insomnia: see point "b" above. To stay calm, you can consume animal fat and muscle meat at a ratio of 3:1 or higher. Small amounts of nuts and seeds are allowed if there are no problems with anger.
e) unusual sensations in the head (brain zaps, goose bumps on the brain, etc.) and unusual muscle symptoms (twitching or spasms). An adapted cold shower or air baths at 20°C and other detoxification procedures: lemon juice (footnote # 20 in Appendix VII), brief cardio (Chapter Two, section "Adapted cold shower"), and coffee enemas (footnote # 8 in Appendix VII). You can try a hot bath or sauna. Eat greater amounts of raw tail fat 3 times a day, and your nutrition overall should be healthy (see the Natural food pyramid). Walks in nature (preferably 1 hour) and/or brief cardio exercises. Don't take artificial vitamins, they impair brain function. Instead, consume high-vitamin foods. According to Weston Price's research, people should consume at least one of these three sources of fat-soluble vitamins daily (even better if you ingest all three): 1) cod liver oil, 2) beef liver and other organs of animals, 3) special high-vitamin butter (see footnote 7 in Appendix VII).
f) hallucinations or feelings of unreality. See point "e" above and Appendix IX.
g) headache: colon cleansing, coffee enemas (they stimulate the detoxification function of the liver), cold head shower, adapted cold showers at 20°C, eat more turmeric, and use aromatherapy with lavender oil. See footnote 23 in Appendix VII.
h) vertigo, balance problems. Brief cardio exercises, adapted cold shower.
i) epileptic seizures and loss of consciousness. You are tapering off a benzodiazepine too rapidly. Reduce the dose more slowly and use the sedative measures from points "b" and "d."
j) other withdrawal symptoms: study the list of methods in Appendix VII. Residual brain damage that persists for a long time—even after you have successfully discontinued all medications—can probably be cured or reduced by a raw diet (Appendix VIII), it cures many diseases and health problems, give it one or two years. You can find testimonials of former patients at rawpaleodietforum.com


Cited literature

If some links below don't work, try a Web proxy, the Tor browser, VPN, your smartphone, or archive.org


1. Barton LL, Friedman AD, Locke CJ: Stress in pediatric faculty. Results of a national survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995, 149(7):751–757.


2. Alexander D, Monk JS, Jonas AP: Occupational stress, personal strain, and coping among residents and faculty members. J Med Educ 1985, 60(11):830–839.


3. Linn LS, Yager J, Cope D, Leake B: Health status, job satisfaction, job stress, and life satisfaction among academic and clinical faculty. JAMA 1985, 254(19):2775–2782.


4. Rogers DA: Stress and job satisfaction of clinical laboratory scientists. Am J Med Technol 1983, 49(3):183–188.


5. Balanza Galindo S, Morales Moreno I, Guerrero Munoz J, Conesa Conesa A: Academic and psycho-socio-familiar factors associated to anxiety and depression in university students. Reliability and validity of a questionnaire. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2008, 82(2):189–200.


6. Bayram N, Bilgel N: The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008, 43(8):667–672.


7. Oliveira ML, Dantas Cde R, Azevedo RC, Banzato CE: Demographics and complaints of university students who sought help at a campus mental health service between 1987 and 2004. Sao Paulo Med J 2008, 126(1):58–62.


8. de Jongh R, Bolt I, Schermer M, Olivier B: Botox for the brain: enhancement of cognition, mood and pro-social behavior and blunting of unwanted memories. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008, 32(4):760–776.


9. Arria AM, Wish ED: Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among students. Pediatr Ann 2006, 35(8):565–571.


10. Dupont RL, Coleman JJ, Bucher RH, Wilford BB: Characteristics and motives of college students who engage in nonmedical use of methylphenidate. Am J Addict 2008, 17(3):167–171.


11. Hall KM, Irwin MM, Bowman KA, Frankenberger W, Jewett DC: Illicit use of prescribed stimulant medication among college students. J Am Coll Health 2005, 53(4):167–174.


12. Smith SN, Blachly PH: Amphetamine usage by medical students. J Med Educ 1966, 41(2):167–170.


13. Teter CJ, McCabe SE, LaGrange K, Cranford JA, Boyd CJ: Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: prevalence, motives, and routes of administration. Pharmacotherapy 2006, 26(10):1501–1510.


14. Watkins C: Use of amphetamine by medical students. South Med J 1970, 63(8):923–929.


15. Sahakian B, Morein-Zamir S: Professor’s little helper. Nature 2007, 450(7173):1157–1159.


16. Volkow ND, Swanson JM: The action of enhancers can lead to addiction. Nature 2008, 451(7178):520.


17. Anglin MD, Burke C, Perrochet B, Stamper E, Dawud-Noursi S: History of the methamphetamine problem. J Psychoactive Drugs 2000, 32(2):137–141.


18. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, O’Grady KE, Vincent KB, Johnson EP, Wish ED: Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among college students: associations with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and polydrug use. Pharmacotherapy 2008, 28(2):156–169.


19. Sandberg A, Bostrom N: Converging cognitive enhancements. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1093:201–227.


20. Frey MC, Detterman DK: Scholastic Assessment or g? The relationship between the Scholastic Assessment Test and general cognitive ability. Psychological Science 2004, 15(6):373–378.


21. Lubinski D, Webb RM, Morelock MJ, Benbow CP: Top 1 in 10,000: a 10-year follow-up of the profoundly gifted. J Appl Psychol 2001, 86(4):718–729.


22. Lubinski D, Benbow CP, Webb RM, Bleske-Rechek A: Tracking exceptional human capital over two decades. Psychol Sci 2006, 17(3):194–199.


23. Mayer JD, Roberts RD, Barsade SG: Human abilities: emotional intelligence. Annu Rev Psychol 2008, 59:507–536.


24. Zagorsky JL: Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence 2007, 35(5):489–501.


25. Deary IJ, Taylor MD, Hart CL, Wilson V, Smith GD, Blane D, Starr JM: Intergenerational social mobility and mid-life status attainment: Influences of childhood intelligence, childhood social factors, and education. Intelligence 2005, 33(5):455–472.


26. Gray JR, Thompson PM: Neurobiology of intelligence: science and ethics. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004, 5(6):471–482.


27. Fry AF, Hale S: Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children. Biol Psychol 2000, 54(1–3):1–34.


28. Lee J-E, Wong CT, Day JD, Maxwell SE, Thorpe P: Social and academic intelligences: a multitrait-multimethod study of their crystallized and fluid characteristics. Personal Individ Differ 2000, 29:539–553.


29. Roid GH: Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales 5th Edition: Examiner’s Manual. Itaska, Illinois: Riverside Publishing; 2003.


30. Mayer JD, Salovey P, Caruso DR: Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) User’s Manual. Toronto: MHS Publishing; 2002.


31. Weis S, Seuss H-M: Reviving the search for social intelligence – A multitrait-multimethod study of its structure and construct validity. Personal Individ Differ 2007, 42:3–14.


32. Hrobjartsson A, Gotzsche PC: Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. N Engl J Med 2001, 344(21):1594–1602.


33. Hrobjartsson A, Gotzsche PC: Is the placebo powerless? Update of a systematic review with 52 new randomized trials comparing placebo with no treatment. J Intern Med 2004, 256(2):91–100.


34. Doucet M, Sismondo S: Evaluating solutions to sponsorship bias. J Med Ethics 2008, 34(8):627–630.


35. Heres S, Davis J, Maino K, Jetzinger E, Kissling W, Leucht S: Why olanzapine beats risperidone, risperidone beats quetiapine, and quetiapine beats olanzapine: an exploratory analysis of head-to-head comparison studies of second-generation antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry 2006, 163(2):185–194.


36. Kundi M: Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114(7):969–974.


37. Taubes G.: Do we really know what makes us healthy? http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/magazine/16epidemiology-t.html?pagewanted=1


38. Portin P: Evolution of man in the light of molecular genetics: a review. Part I. Our evolutionary history and genomics. Hereditas 2007, 144(3):80–95.


39. Riss DC, Busse CD: Fifty-day observation of a free-ranging adult male chimpanzee. Folia Primatol (Basel) 1977, 28(4):283–297.


40. Watts DP: Scavenging by chimpanzees at Ngogo and the relevance of chimpanzee scavenging to early hominin behavioral ecology. J Hum Evol 2008, 54(1):125–133.


41. Teelen S: Influence of chimpanzee predation on the red colobus population at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Primates 2008, 49(1):41–49.


42. Gibbons A: Paleoanthropology. Food for thought. Science 2007, 316(5831):1558–1560.


43. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, O’Keefe JH, Brand-Miller J: Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. AmJ Clin Nutr 2005, 81(2):341–354.


44. Milton K: The critical role played by animal source foods in human (Homo) evolution. J Nutr 2003, 133(11 Suppl 2):3886S–3892S.


45. Ulijaszek SJ: Human eating behaviour in an evolutionary ecological context. Proc Nutr Soc 2002, 61(4):517–526.


46. Carmody RN, Wrangham RW: Cooking and the human commitment to a high-quality diet. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2009, 74:427–434.


47. Weller O: The earliest rock salt exploitation in Europe: a salt mountain in the Spanish Neolithic. Antiquity 2002, 76:317–318.


48. Burkitt DP, Eaton SB: Putting the wrong fuel in the tank. Nutrition 1989, 5(3):189–191.


49. Mortensen EL, Michaelsen KF, Sanders SA, Reinisch JM: The association between duration of breastfeeding and adult intelligence. JAMA 2002, 287(18):2365–2371.


50. Eaton SB, Konner M: Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 1985, 312(5):283–289.


51. Eaton SB, Cordain L: Evolutionary aspects of diet: old genes, new fuels. Nutritional changes since agriculture. World Rev Nutr Diet 1997, 81:26–37.


52. Foodborne illness-causing organisms in the U.S. — What you need to know http://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm103263.htm


53. Bacteria and foodborne illness http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/bacteria/


54. Fact Sheets: parasites and foodborne illness http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Parasites_and_Foodborne_Illness/index.asp


55. Outbreak of botulism type E associated with eating a beached whale—Western Alaska, July 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003, 52(2):24–26.


56. Booyens J, Louwrens CC, Katzeff IE: The Eskimo diet. Prophylactic effects ascribed to the balanced presence of natural cis unsaturated fatty acids and to the absence of unnatural trans and cis isomers of unsaturated fatty acids. Med Hypotheses 1986, 21(4):387–408.


57. Fediuk K, Hidirogloub N, Madereb R, Kuhnleina HV: Vitamin C in Inuit traditional food and women’s diets. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2002, 15(3):221–235.


58. Sinclair HM: The diet of Canadian Indians and Eskimos. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1953, 12(1):69–82.


59. Relman AS, Angell M: America’s other drug problem: how the drug industry distorts medicine and politics. New Repub 2002, 227(25):27–41.


60. Textbook of Natural Medicine http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/relman1.html


61. Food Pyramids http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/


62. Bateman B, Warner JO, Hutchinson E, Dean T, Rowlandson P, Gant C, Grundy J, Fitzgerald C, Stevenson J: The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food colourings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general population sample of preschool children. Arch Dis Child 2004, 89(6):506–511.


63. McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, et al.: Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 370(9598):1560–1567.


64. Schab DW, Trinh NH: Do artificial food colors promote hyperactivity in children with hyperactive syndromes? A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2004, 25(6):423–434.


65. Carter CM, Urbanowicz M, Hemsley R, Mantilla L, Strobel S, Graham PJ, Taylor E: Effects of a few food diet in attention deficit disorder. Arch Dis Child 1993, 69(5):564–568.


66. Pelsser LM, Buitelaar JK: Favourable effect of a standard elimination diet on the behavior of young children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a pilot study. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2002, 146(52):2543–2547.


67. Pelsser LM, Frankena K, Toorman J, Savelkoul HF, Pereira RR, Buitelaar JK: A randomised controlled trial into the effects of food on ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 18(1):12–19.


68. Christison GW, Ivany K: Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff? J Dev Behav Pediatr 2006, 27(2 Suppl):S162–S171.


69. Mailman RB, Ferris RM, Tang FL, Vogel RA, Kilts CD, Lipton MA, Smith DA, Mueller RA, Breese GR: Erythrosine (Red No. 3) and its nonspecific biochemical actions: what relation to behavioral changes? Science 1980, 207(4430):535–537.


70. Schroder N, Fredriksson A, Vianna MR, Roesler R, Izquierdo I, Archer T: Memory deficits in adult rats following postnatal iron administration. Behav Brain Res 2001, 124(1):77–85.


71. Leslie M: How can we use moderate stresses to fortify humans and slow aging? Sci Aging Knowledge Environ 2005, 2005(26):nf49.


72. Calabrese EJ, Mattson MP: How does hormesis impact biology, toxicology, and medicine? NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2017, 3:13.


73. de Lima MN, Polydoro M, Laranja DC, Bonatto F, Bromberg E, Moreira JC, Dal-Pizzol F, Schroder N: Recognition memory impairment and brain oxidative stress induced by postnatal iron administration. Eur J Neurosci 2005, 21(9):2521–2528.


74. de Lima MN, Laranja DC, Caldana F, Grazziotin MM, Garcia VA, Dal-Pizzol F, Bromberg E, Schroder N: Selegiline protects against recognition memory impairment induced by neonatal iron treatment. Exp Neurol 2005, 196(1):177–183.


75. Mello CF, Feksa L, Brusque AM, Wannmacher CM, Wajner M: Chronic early leucine administration induces behavioral deficits in rats. Life Sci 1999, 65(8):747–755.


76. Ghia N, Spong CY, Starbuck VN, Scialli AR, Ghidini A: Magnesium sulfate therapy affects attention and working memory in patients undergoing preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 183(4):940–944.


77. Lupu V, Dorofteiu M: Effect of magnesium sulfate on learning, emotivity and spontaneous motility in rats. Rom J Physiol 1998, 35(1–2):179–185.


78. Lorden JF, Caudle A: Behavioral and endocrinological effects of single injections of monosodium glutamate in the mouse. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1986, 8(5):509–519.


79. Ali MM, Bawari M, Misra UK, Babu GN: Locomotor and learning deficits in adult rats exposed to monosodium-L-glutamate during early life. Neurosci Lett 2000, 284(1–2):57–60.


80. Olvera-Cortes E, Lopez-Vazquez MA, Beas-Zarate C, Gonzalez-Burgos I: Neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate disrupts place learning ability in adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005, 82(2):247–251.


81. Pahor M, Cecchi E, Fumagalli S, Manto A, Pedone C, Carosella L, Cocchi A, Bernabei R, Gambassi G, Marchionni N, et al.: Association of serum creatinine and age with headache caused by nitrates. Gruppo Italiano di Farmacovigilanza nell’Anziano. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995, 58(4):470–481.


82. Hlinak Z, Krejci I, Hondlik J, Yamamoto A: Behavioral consequences of sodium nitrite hypoxia in male rats: amelioration with alaptide treatment. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1990, 12(6):385–393.


83. Shul’gina GI: Effects of sodium nitrite, a NO donor, on activity of neurons in visual and sensorimotor regions of cortex during learning. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 2000(7):3–8.


84. Pettenuzzo LF, Schuck PF, Fontella F, Wannmacher CM, Wyse AT, Dutra-Filho CS, Netto CA, Wajner M: Ascorbic acid prevents cognitive deficits caused by chronic administration of propionic acid to rats in the water maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002, 73(3):623–629.


85. Lolin Y, Francis DA, Flanagan RJ, Little P, Lascelles PT: Cerebral depression due to propylene glycol in a patient with chronic epilepsy—the value of the plasma osmolal gap in diagnosis. Postgrad Med J 1988, 64(754):610–613.


86. Hattori T, Maehashi H, Miyazawa T, Naito M: Enhancement of dopamine release by propylene glycol in PC12 cells. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2000, 107(3–4):323–329.


87. Zagnoni PG, Albano C: Psychostimulants and epilepsy. Epilepsia 2002, 43(Suppl 2):28–31.


88. Silva CR, Oliveira MB, Melo SF, Dantas FJ, de Mattos JC, Bezerra RJ, Caldeira-de-Araujo A, Duatti A, Bernardo-Filho M: Biological effects of stannous chloride, a substance that can produce stimulation or depression of the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 2002, 59(3):213–216.


89. Benton D: Sucrose and behavioral problems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008, 48(5):385–401.


90. Goldman JA, Lerman RH, Contois JH, Udall JN, Jr.: Behavioral effects of sucrose on preschool children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986, 14(4):565–577.


91. Schoenthaler S: Diet and crime: An empirical examination of the value of nutrition in the control and treatment of incarcerated juvenile offenders. Int J Biosocial Res 1983, 4(1):25–39.


92. Bachorowski JA, Newman JP, Nichols SL, Gans DA, Harper AE, Taylor SL: Sucrose and delinquency: behavioral assessment. Pediatrics 1990, 86(2):244–253.


93. Wolraich ML, Lindgren SD, Stumbo PJ, Stegink LD, Appelbaum MI, Kiritsy MC: Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children. N Engl J Med 1994, 330(5):301–307.


94. Cao D, Lu H, Lewis TL, Li L: Intake of sucrose-sweetened water induces insulin resistance and exacerbates memory deficits and amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2007, 282(50):36275–36282.


95. Jurdak N, Kanarek RB: Sucrose-induced obesity impairs novel object recognition learning in young rats. Physiol Behav 2009, 96(1):1–5.


96. Hendley ED, Conti LH, Wessel DJ, Horton ES, Musty RE: Behavioral and metabolic effects of sucrose-supplemented feeding in hyperactive rats. Am J Physiol 1987, 253(3 Pt 2):R434–R443.


97. Pivonka EE, Grunewald KK: Aspartame- or sugar-sweetened beverages: effects on mood in young women. J Am Diet Assoc 1990, 90(2):250–254.


98. Harte CB, Kanarek RB: The effects of nicotine and sucrose on spatial memory and attention. Nutr Neurosci 2004, 7(2):121–125.


99. Parker-Pope T.: Vitamin pills: a false hope? http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/health/17well.html?_r=1


100. Neuhouser ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Thomson C, Aragaki A, Anderson GL, Manson JE, Patterson RE, Rohan TE, van Horn L, Shikany JM, et al.: Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women’s Health Initiative cohorts. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169(3):294–304.


101. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE: Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009, 301(1):52–62.


102. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Glynn RJ, Gaziano JM: Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008, 300(18):2123–2133.


103. Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, et al.: Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 2009, 301(1):39–51.


104. Rabin R.C.: Regimens: cancer concerns in big doses of folic acid http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/health/research/01regi.html


105. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C: Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007, 297(8):842–857.


106. Benton D: Micronutrient status, cognition and behavioral problems in childhood. Eur J Nutr 2008, 47(Suppl 3):38–50.


107. Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID: Vitamin-mineral intake and intelligence: a macrolevel analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med 1999, 5(2):125–134.


108. de Oliveira GP, Rodriguez-Amaya DB: Processed and prepared corn products as sources of lutein and zeaxanthin: compositional variation in the food chain. J Food Sci 2007, 72(1):S079–S085.


109. Kirillenko SK, Sarkisova NE: Effect of different kinds of heat treatment on the concentration of thiamine and riboflavin in peeled, whole buckwheat. Vopr Pitan 1977(2):75–77.


110. Keith RE, O’Keeffe KA, Blessing DL, Wilson GD: Alterations in dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake and mood state in trained female cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991, 23(2):212–216.


111. White AM, Johnston CS, Swan PD, Tjonn SL, Sears B: Blood ketones are directly related to fatigue and perceived effort during exercise in overweight adults adhering to low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss: a pilot study. J Am Diet Assoc 2007, 107(10):1792–1796.


112. Segal-Isaacson CJ, Johnson S, Tomuta V, Cowell B, Stein DT: A randomized trial comparing low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets matched for energy and protein. Obes Res 2004, 12(Suppl 2):130S–140S.


113. Maughan RJ, Greenhaff PL, Leiper JB, Ball D, Lambert CP, Gleeson M: Diet composition and the performance of high-intensity exercise. J Sports Sci 1997, 15(3):265–275.


114. Spring B, Maller O, Wurtman J, Digman L, Cozolino L: Effects of protein and carbohydrate meals on mood and performance: interactions with sex and age. J Psychiatr Res 1982, 17(2):155–167.


115. Rodriguez Jimenez J, Rodriguez JR, Gonzalez MJ: Indicators of anxiety and depression in subjects with different kinds of diet: vegetarians and omnivores. Bol Asoc Med P R 1998, 90(4–6):58–68.


116. Schweiger U, Laessle R, Kittl S, Dickhaut B, Schweiger M, Pirke KM: Macronutrient intake, plasma large neutral amino acids and mood during weight-reducing diets. J Neural Transm 1986, 67(1–2):77–86.


117. Fischer K, Colombani PC, Langhans W, Wenk C: Cognitive performance and its relationship with postprandial metabolic changes after ingestion of different macronutrients in the morning. Br J Nutr 2001, 85(3):393–405.


118. Ehrenreich MJ: A case of the re-emergence of panic and anxiety symptoms after initiation of a high-protein, very low carbohydrate diet. Psychosomatics 2006, 47(2):178–179.


119. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC: Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A to Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007, 297(9):969–977.


120. Shiell AW, Campbell-Brown M, Haselden S, Robinson S, Godfrey KM, Barker DJ: High-meat, low-carbohydrate diet in pregnancy: relation to adult blood pressure in the offspring. Hypertension 2001, 38(6):1282–1288.


121. Miao Q, Kong BH: A case-control study on etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer in Shandong Province. Ai Zheng 2006, 25(7):871–875.


122. Giovannucci E, Goldin B: The role of fat, fatty acids, and total energy intake in the etiology of human colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 66(6 Suppl):1564S–1571S.


123. Mann N: Dietary lean red meat and human evolution. Eur J Nutr 2000, 39(2):71–79.


124. Al-Saghir S, Thurner K, Wagner KH, Frisch G, Luf W, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Elmadfa I: Effects of different cooking procedures on lipid quality and cholesterol oxidation of farmed salmon fish (Salmo salar). J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52(16):5290–5296.


125. Clinton SK, Visek WJ: Wheat bran and the induction of intestinal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase by dietary benzo[a]pyrene. J Nutr 1989, 119(3):395–402.


126. Conchillo A, Ansorena D, Astiasaran I: Combined effect of cooking (grilling and roasting) and chilling storage (with and without air) on lipid and cholesterol oxidation in chicken breast. J Food Prot 2003, 66(5):840–846.


127. Corpet DE, Stamp D, Medline A, Minkin S, Archer MC, Bruce WR: Promotion of colonic microadenoma growth in mice and rats fed cooked sugar or cooked casein and fat. Cancer Res 1990, 50(21):6955–6958.


128. Felton JS, Knize MG, Shen NH, Andresen BD, Bjeldanes LF, Hatch FT: Identification of the mutagens in cooked beef. Environ Health Perspect 1986, 67:17–24.


129. Herraiz T: Tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid compounds in fish and meat: possible precursors of co-mutagenic beta-carbolines norharman and harman in cooked foods. Food Addit Contam 2000, 17(10):859–866.


130. Jacobsen FK, Christensen CK, Mogensen CE, Andreasen F, Heilskov NS: Postprandial serum creatinine increase in normal subjects after eating cooked meat. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 1979, 16:506–512.


131. Kang DH, Rothman N, Poirier MC, Greenberg A, Hsu CH, Schwartz BS, Baser ME, Groopman JD, Weston A, Strickland PT: Interindividual differences in the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide in urine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells after charbroiled beef consumption. Carcinogenesis 1995, 16(5):1079–1085.


132. Kinouchi T, Tsutsui H, Ohnishi Y: Detection of 1-nitropyrene in yakitori (grilled chicken). Mutat Res 1986, 171(2–3):105–113.


133. Lee H, Lin MY, Hao NJ: Effects of Maillard reaction products on mutagen formation in boiled pork juice. Mutagenesis 1995, 10(3):179–183.


134. Martin FL, Cole KJ, Phillips DH, Grover PL: The proteolytic release of genotoxins from cooked beef. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002, 293(5):1497–1501.


135. Ohnishi Y, Kinouchi T, Tsutsui H, Uejima M, Nishifuji K: Mutagenic nitropyrenes in foods. Princess Takamatsu Symp 1985, 16:107–118.


136. Sflomos C, Papadopoulou R, Athanasiou K: Temperature and time effects on mutagen production in cooked lamb meat. Mutagenesis 1989, 4(3):228–229.


137. Turesky RJ, Taylor J, Schnackenberg L, Freeman JP, Holland RD: Quantitation of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines and detection of novel heterocyclic aromatic amines in cooked meats and grill scrapings by HPLC/ESI-MS. J Agric Food Chem 2005, 53(8):3248–3258.


138. Allard MW: Sources of incongruence among mammalian mitochondrial sequences: COII, COIII, and ND6 genes are main contributors. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001, 21(1):43–54.


139. Combes C: Where do the parasites of man come from? Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1990, 65(Suppl 1):59–64.


140. Sair AI, Booren AM, Berry BW, Smith DM: Residual triose phosphate isomerase activity and color measurements to determine adequate cooking of ground beef patties. J Food Prot 1999, 62(2):156–161.


141. Wu Z, Bertram HC, Kohler A, Bocker U, Ofstad R, Andersen HJ: Influence of aging and salting on protein secondary structures and water distribution in uncooked and cooked pork. A combined FT-IR microspectroscopy and 1H NMR relaxometry study. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54(22):8589–8597.


142. Bhatty N, Gilani AH, Nagra SA: Effect of cooking and supplementation with different kinds of meats on the nutritional value of mash (Vigna mungo). Int J Food Sci Nutr 2000, 51(3):169–174.


143. Fillion L, Henry CJ: Nutrient losses and gains during frying: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 1998, 49(2):157–168.


144. King DA, Dikeman ME, Wheeler TL, Kastner CL, Koohmaraie M: Chilling and cooking rate effects on some myofibrillar determinants of tenderness of beef. J Anim Sci 2003, 81(6):1473–1481.


145. Stepanova EN, Grigor’eva MP, Orlova NV, Smirnova EV, Fomina LV: Effect of cooking on vitamins in poultry and rabbit meat. Vopr Pitan 1982(3):54–58.


146. Sinha R, Rothman N, Brown ED, Salmon CP, Knize MG, Swanson CA, Rossi SC, Mark SD, Levander OA, Felton JS: High concentrations of the carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo- [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) occur in chicken but are dependent on the cooking method. Cancer Res 1995, 55(20):4516–4519.


147. Tareke E, Rydberg P, Karlsson P, Eriksson S, Tornqvist M: Acrylamide: a cooking carcinogen? Chem Res Toxicol 2000, 13(6):517–522.


148. Doolittle DJ, Rahn CA, Burger GT, Lee CK, Reed B, Riccio E, Howard G, Passananti GT, Vesell ES, Hayes AW: Effect of cooking methods on the mutagenicity of food and on urinary mutagenicity of human consumers. Food Chem Toxicol 1989, 27(10):657–666.


149. Krone CA, Iwaoka WT: Mutagen formation during the cooking of fish. Cancer Lett 1981, 14(1):93–99.


150. Marsh NL, Iwaoka WT, Mower HF: Formation of mutagens during the frying of Hawaiian fish: correlation with creatine and creatinine content. Mutat Res 1990, 242(3):181–186.


151. Felton JS, Knize MG, Shen NH, Lewis PR, Andresen BD, Happe J, Hatch FT: The isolation and identification of a new mutagen from fried ground beef: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Carcinogenesis 1986, 7(7):1081–1086.


152. Heterocyclic amines in cooked meats http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/heterocyclic-amines


153. Sugimura T: Past, present, and future of mutagens in cooked foods. Environ Health Perspect 1986, 67:5–10.


154. Bjeldanes LF, Morris MM, Felton JS, Healy S, Stuermer D, Berry P, Timourian H, Hatch FT: Mutagens from the cooking of food. III. Survey by Ames/Salmonella test of mutagen formation in secondary sources of cooked dietary protein. Food Chem Toxicol 1982, 20(4):365–369.


155. Chen BH, Lee KH, Tai CY: Formation of heterocyclic amines in fried fish fiber during processing and storage. J Food Prot 2000, 63(10):1415–1420.


156. Nagao M, Ushijima T, Wakabayashi K, Ochiai M, Kushida H, Sugimura T, Hasegawa R, Shirai T, Ito N: Dietary carcinogens and mammary carcinogenesis. Induction of rat mammary carcinomas by administration of heterocyclic amines in cooked foods. Cancer 1994, 74(3 Suppl):1063–1069.


157. Pariza MW, Loretz LJ, Storkson JM, Holland NC: Mutagens and modulator of mutagenesis in fried ground beef. Cancer Res 1983, 43(5 Suppl):2444s–2446s.


158. Persson E, Sjoholm I, Nyman M, Skog K: Addition of various carbohydrates to beef burgers affects the formation of heterocyclic amines during frying. J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52(25):7561–7566.


159. Skog K, Steineck G, Augustsson K, Jagerstad M: Effect of cooking temperature on the formation of heterocyclic amines in fried meat products and pan residues. Carcinogenesis 1995, 16(4):861–867.


160. Aygun SF, Kabadayi F: Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in charcoal grilled meat samples by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2005, 56(8):581–585.


161. McDonald JD, Zielinska B, Fujita EM, Sagebiel JC, Chow JC, Watson JG: Emissions from charbroiling and grilling of chicken and beef. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2003, 53(2):185–194.


162. van Maanen JM, Moonen EJ, Maas LM, Kleinjans JC, van Schooten FJ: Formation of aromatic DNA adducts in white blood cells in relation to urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene during consumption of grilled meat. Carcinogenesis 1994, 15(10):2263–2268.


163. Phillips DH: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet. Mutat Res 1999, 443(1–2):139–147.


164. Visciano P, Perugini M, Amorena M, Ianieri A: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh and cold-smoked Atlantic salmon fillets. J Food Prot 2006, 69(5):1134–1138.


165. Laser Reutersward A, Skog K, Jagerstad M: Mutagenicity of pan-fried bovine tissues in relation to their content of creatine, creatinine, monosaccharides and free amino acids. Food Chem Toxicol 1987, 25(10):755–762.


166. Lin JY, Lee H, Huang HI: Formation of mutagens in boiled pork extract. Food Chem Toxicol 1982, 20(5):531–533.


167. Tikkanen LM, Latva-Kala KJ, Heinio RL: Effect of commercial marinades on the mutagenic activity, sensory quality and amount of heterocyclic amines in chicken grilled under different conditions. Food Chem Toxicol 1996, 34(8):725–730.


168. Curfs DM, Lutgens E, Gijbels MJ, Kockx MM, Daemen MJ, van Schooten FJ: Chronic exposure to the carcinogenic compound benzo[a]pyrene induces larger and phenotypically different atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-knockout mice. Am J Pathol 2004, 164(1):101–108.


169. Morales-Aizpurua IC, Tenuta-Filho A: Oxidation of cholesterol in mayonnaise during storage. Food Chemistry 2005, 89(4):611–615.


170. Jensen MH, Nielsen TG, Dahllof I: Effects of pyrene on grazing and reproduction of Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus glacialis from Disko Bay, West Greenland. Aquat Toxicol 2008, 87(2):99–107.


171. Saunders CR, Das SK, Ramesh A, Shockley DC, Mukherjee S: Benzo[a]pyrene-induced acute neurotoxicity in the F-344 rat: role of oxidative stress. J Appl Toxicol 2006, 26(5):427–438.


172. Saunders CR, Ramesh A, Shockley DC: Modulation of neurotoxic behavior in F-344 rats by temporal disposition of benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicol Lett 2002, 129(1–2):33–45.


173. Saunders CR, Shockley DC, Knuckles ME: Behavioral effects induced by acute exposure to benzo[a]pyrene in F-344 rats. Neurotox Res 2001, 3(6):557–579.


174. Konstandi M, Harkitis P, Thermos K, Ogren SO, Johnson EO, Tzimas P, Marselos M: Modification of inherent and drug-induced dopaminergic activity after exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. Neurotoxicology 2007, 28(4):860–867.


175. Stephanou P, Konstandi M, Pappas P, Marselos M: Alterations in central monoaminergic neurotransmission induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1998, 23(4):475–481.


176. Grova N, Valley A, Turner JD, Morel A, Muller CP, Schroeder H: Modulation of behavior and NMDA-R1 gene mRNA expression in adult female mice after sub-acute administration of benzo[a]pyrene. Neurotoxicology 2007, 28(3):630–636.


177. Nie J, Zhao J, Zhang H, Niu Q: Effects of benro(a)pyrene on learning and memory and the content of monoamine neurotransmitters in rats. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2008, 37(5):517–520.


178. Leonarduzzi G, Chiarpotto E, Biasi F, Poli G: 4-Hydroxynonenal and cholesterol oxidation products in atherosclerosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005, 49(11):1044–1049.


179. Morin RJ, Peng SK: The role of cholesterol oxidation products in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1989, 19(4):225–237.


180. Chang JY, Chavis JA, Liu LZ, Drew PD: Cholesterol oxides induce programmed cell death in microglial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998, 249(3):817–821.


181. Ostergren A, Fredriksson A, Brittebo EB: Norharman-induced motoric impairment in mice: neurodegeneration and glial activation in substantia nigra. J Neural Transm 2006, 113(3):313–329.


182. Louis ED, Rios E, Pellegrino KM, Jiang W, Factor-Litvak P, Zheng W: Higher blood harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) concentrations correlate with lower olfactory scores in essential tremor. Neurotoxicology 2008, 29(3):460–465.


183. Rommelspacher H, Dufeu P, Schmidt LG: Harman and norharman in alcoholism: correlations with psychopathology and long-term changes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996, 20(1):3–8.


184. Mayersohn M, Conrad KA, Achari R: The influence of a cooked meat meal on creatinine plasma concentration and creatinine clearance. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983, 15(2):227–230.


185. Blake PG, Balaskas EV, Izatt S, Oreopoulos DG: Is total creatinine clearance a good predictor of clinical outcomes in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis? Perit Dial Int 1992, 12(4):353–358.


186. Chang WK, Hung KY, Huang JW, Wu KD, Tsai TJ: Chronic fatigue in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2001, 21(6):479–485.


187. Holley JL: Patient-reported symptoms and adequacy of dialysis as measured by creatinine clearance. Perit Dial Int 1993, 13(Suppl 2):S219–S220.


188. Agren H, Niklasson F: Creatinine and creatine in CSF: indices of brain energy metabolism in depression. Short note. J Neural Transm 1988, 74(1):55–59.


189. Hedayati SS, Jiang W, O’Connor CM, Kuchibhatla M, Krishnan KR, Cuffe MS, Blazing MA, Szczech LA: The association between depression and chronic kidney disease and mortality among patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 44(2):207–215.


190. Kusleikaite N, Bumblyte IA, Pakalnyte R: Quality of life and depression in renal transplant patients. Medicina (Kaunas) 2007, 43(Suppl 1):103–108.


191. Sacks CR, Peterson RA, Kimmel PL: Perception of illness and depression in chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1990, 15(1):31–39.


192. Bates CJ, Prentice A, Finch S: Nutritional characteristics of people with impaired mental capacity from a nationally representative survey of British people aged 65 years and over. J Nutr Health Aging 2004, 8(4):240–244.


193. Corsonello A, Pedone C, Pahor M, Malara A, Carosella L, Mazzei B, Onder G, Corsonello F, Carbonin P, Corica F: Serum magnesium levels and cognitive impairment in hospitalized hypertensive patients. Magnes Res 2001, 14(4):273–282.


194. Seliger SL, Siscovick DS, Stehman-Breen CO, Gillen DL, Fitzpatrick A, Bleyer A, Kuller LH: Moderate renal impairment and risk of dementia among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15(7):1904–1911.


195. Kalaitzakis E, Bjornsson E: Renal function and cognitive impairment in patients with liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007, 42(10):1238–1244.


196. Madan P, Agarwal S, Kalra OP, Tandon OP: Effect of hemodialysis on cognitive function in ESRD patients. Ren Fail 2007, 29(6):699–703.


197. Hagiwara A, Asakawa E, Kurata Y, Sano M, Hirose M, Ito N: Dose-dependent renal tubular toxicity of harman and norharman in male F344 rats. Toxicol Pathol 1992, 20(2):197–204.


198. Hagiwara A, Tanaka H, Kurata Y, Kato T, Tsuda H, Ito N: Lack of hepatotoxicity or promotion of enzyme-altered liver foci development in rats treated with harman or norharman. J Toxicol Environ Health 1990, 29(2):211–218.


199. Ergene E, Schoener EP: Effects of harmane (1-methyl-beta-carboline) on neurons in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993, 44(4):951–957.


200. Zetler G: Ceruletide, ceruletide analogues and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8): effects on motor behaviour, hexobarbital-induced sleep and harman-induced convulsions. Peptides 1982, 3(4):701–704.


201. Bremer V, Bocter N, Rehmet S, Klein G, Breuer T, Ammon A: Consumption, knowledge, and handling of raw meat: a representative cross-sectional survey in Germany, March 2001. J Food Prot 2005, 68(4):785–789.


202. Vangeel L, Houf K, Chiers K, Vercruysse J, D’Herde K, Ducatelle R: Molecular-based identification of Sarcocystis hominis in Belgian minced beef. J Food Prot 2007, 70(6):1523–1526.


203. Fact sheets: Meat preparation, focus on sausages http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Sausage_and_Food_Safety/index.asp


204. Raw milk and cheeses: Health risks are still black and white http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/cheesespotlight/cheese_spotlight.htm


205. Bellomo RV: Identifying traces of natural and humanly-controlled fire in the archaeological record: the role of actualistic studies. Archaeology in Montana 1994, 32:75–93.


206. Boaz NT, Ciochon RL, Xu Q, Liu J: Mapping and taphonomic analysis of the Homo erectus loci at Locality 1 Zhoukoudian, China. J Hum Evol 2004, 46(5):519–549.


207. Boback SM, Cox CL, Ott BD, Carmody R, Wrangham RW, Secor SM: Cooking and grinding reduces the cost of meat digestion. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007, 148(3):651–656.


208. Bayen S, Barlow P, Lee HK, Obbard JP: Effect of cooking on the loss of persistent organic pollutants from salmon. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2005, 68(4):253–265.


209. Hori T, Nakagawa R, Tobiishi K, Iida T, Tsutsumi T, Sasaki K, Toyoda M: Effects of cooking on concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds in fish and meat. J Agric Food Chem 2005, 53(22):8820–8828.


210. Wilson ND, Shear NM, Paustenbach DJ, Price PS: The effect of cooking practices on the concentration of DDT and PCB compounds in the edible tissue of fish. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1998, 8(3):423–440.


211. Takatsuki S, Nemoto S, Sasaki K, Maitani T: Production of acrylamide in agricultural products by cooking. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2004, 45(1):44–48.


212. Bosch L, Sanz ML, Montilla A, Alegria A, Farre R, del Castillo MD: Simultaneous analysis of lysine, Nepsilon-carboxymethyllysine and lysinoalanine from proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007, 860(1):69–77.


213. Vanderhaegen B, Neven H, Verstrepen KJ, Delvaux FR, Verachtert H, Derdelinckx G: Influence of the brewing process on furfuryl ethyl ether formation during beer aging. J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52(22):6755–6764.


214. Goldberg T, Cai W, Peppa M, Dardaine V, Baliga BS, Uribarri J, Vlassara H: Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods. J Am Diet Assoc 2004, 104(8):1287–1291.


215. Ahn JS, Castle L, Clarke DB, Lloyd AS, Philo MR, Speck DR: Verification of the findings of acrylamide in heated foods. Food Addit Contam 2002, 19(12):1116–1124.


216. Sadd P, Hamlet C: The formation of acrylamide in UK cereal products. Adv Exp Med Biol 2005, 561:415–429.


217. Charissou A, Ait-Ameur L, Birlouez-Aragon I: Kinetics of formation of three indicators of the maillard reaction in model cookies: influence of baking temperature and type of sugar. J Agric Food Chem 2007, 55(11):4532–4539.


218. Erbersdobler HF, Somoza V: Forty years of furosine — forty years of using Maillard reaction products as indicators of the nutritional quality of foods. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007, 51(4):423–430.


219. Delgado-Andrade C, Rufian-Henares JA, Morales FJ: Study on fluorescence of Maillard reaction compounds in breakfast cereals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006, 50(9):799–804.


220. Parzefall W: Minireview on the toxicity of dietary acrylamide. Food Chem Toxicol 2008, 46(4):1360–1364.


221. Ahmed N, Ahmed U, Thornalley PJ, Hager K, Fleischer G, Munch G: Protein glycation, oxidation and nitration adduct residues and free adducts of cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease and link to cognitive impairment. J Neurochem 2005, 92(2):255–263.


222. Southern L, Williams J, Esiri MM: Immunohistochemical study of N-epsilon-carboxymethyl lysine (CML) in human brain: relation to vascular dementia. BMC Neurol 2007, 7:35.


223. van Deutekom AW, Niessen HW, Schalkwijk CG, Heine RJ, Simsek S: Increased N-epsilon-(carboxymethyl)-lysine levels in cerebral blood vessels of diabetic patients and in a (streptozotocin-treated) rat model of diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 2008, 158(5):655–660.


224. Lofstedt RE: Science communication and the Swedish acrylamide “alarm.” J Health Commun 2003, 8(5):407–432.


225. Tareke E, Rydberg P, Karlsson P, Eriksson S, Tornqvist M: Analysis of acrylamide, a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50(17):4998–5006.


226. Hagmar L, Tornqvist M, Nordander C, Rosen I, Bruze M, Kautiainen A, Magnusson AL, Malmberg B, Aprea P, Granath F, Axmon A: Health effects of occupational exposure to acrylamide using hemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of internal dose. Scand J Work Environ Health 2001, 27(4):219–226.


227. Shipp A, Lawrence G, Gentry R, McDonald T, Bartow H, Bounds J, Macdonald N, Clewell H, Allen B, Van Landingham C: Acrylamide: review of toxicity data and dose-response analyses for cancer and noncancer effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006, 36(6–7):481–608.


228. Fennell TR, Sumner SC, Snyder RW, Burgess J, Spicer R, Bridson WE, Friedman MA: Metabolism and hemoglobin adduct formation of acrylamide in humans. Toxicol Sci 2005, 85(1):447–459.


229. Igisu H, Goto I, Kawamura Y, Kato M, Izumi K: Acrylamide encephaloneuropathy due to well water pollution. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975, 38(6):581–584.


230. Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH: Nervous system degeneration produced by acrylamide monomer. Environ Health Perspect 1975, 11:129–133.


231. Daniel SA, Evans HL: Effects of acrylamide on multiple behavioral endpoints in the pigeon. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1985, 7(3):267–273.


232. Costa LG, Deng H, Calleman CJ, Bergmark E: Evaluation of the neurotoxicity of glycidamide, an epoxide metabolite of acrylamide: behavioral, neurochemical and morphological studies. Toxicology 1995, 98(1–3):151–161.


233. Husain R, Agrawal AK, Hasan M, Seth PK: Modulation of acrylamide-induced neurochemical and behavioral deficits by cerebellar transplants in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994, 49(3):443–448.


234. Amended final report on the safety assessment of polyacrylamide and acrylamide residues in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2005, 24(Suppl 2):21–50.


235. Wenzl T, Anklam E: European Union database of acrylamide levels in food: update and critical review of data collection. Food Addit Contam 2007, 24(Suppl 1):5–12.


236. Sebekova K, Hofmann T, Boor P, Sebekova K, Jr., Ulicna O, Erbersdobler HF, Baynes JW, Thorpe SR, Heidland A, Somoza V: Renal effects of oral maillard reaction product load in the form of bread crusts in healthy and subtotally nephrectomized rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1043:482–491.


237. Wyman JB, Heaton KW, Manning AP, Wicks AC: The effect on intestinal transit and the feces of raw and cooked bran in different doses. Am J Clin Nutr 1976, 29(12):1474–1479.


238. Anglani C: Sorghum for human food—a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1998, 52(1):85–95.


239. Bradbury JH, Collins JG, Pyliotis NA: Digestibility of proteins of the histological components of cooked and raw rice. Br J Nutr 1984, 52(3):507–513.


240. Harmuth-Hoene AE, Seibel W, Seiler K: Protein quality of flatbread and extruded dry flatbread made from full-grain rye groats. Z Ernahrungswiss 1986, 25(3):196–204.


241. De Schrijver R, Fremaut D, Verheyen A: Cholesterol-lowering effects and utilization of protein, lipid, fiber and energy in rats fed unprocessed and baked oat bran. J Nutr 1992, 122(6):1318–1324.


242. Gonzalez-Alvarado JM, Jimenez-Moreno E, Lazaro R, Mateos GG: Effect of type of cereal, heat processing of the cereal, and inclusion of fiber in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers. Poult Sci 2007, 86(8):1705–1715.


243. Lugauskas A, Raila A, Railiene M, Raudoniene V: Toxic micromycetes in grain raw material during its processing. Ann Agric Environ Med 2006, 13(1):147–161.


244. Park JW, Chung SH, Lee C, Kim YB: Fate of ochratoxin a during cooking of naturally contaminated polished rice. J Food Prot 2005, 68(10):2107–2111.


245. Zaitsu K, Miki A, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H: Long-term stability of various drugs and metabolites in urine, and preventive measures against their decomposition with special attention to filtration sterilization. Forensic Sci Int 2008, 174(2–3):189–196.


246. Gas in the digestive tract http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gas/index.htm


247. Hallfrisch J, Behall KM: Breath hydrogen and methane responses of men and women to breads made with white flour or whole wheat flours of different particle sizes. J Am Coll Nutr 1999, 18(4):296–302.


248. Levitt MD: Follow-up of a flatulent patient. Dig Dis Sci 1979, 24(8):652–654.


249. Robb-Nicholson C: By the way, doctor. The more I eat a health diet—one that’s rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables—the more trouble I have with flatulence. Is this unusual? Any suggestions? Harv Womens Health Watch 2003, 10(7):8.


250. Ganiats TG, Norcross WA, Halverson AL, Burford PA, Palinkas LA: Does Beano prevent gas? A double-blind crossover study of oral alpha-galactosidase to treat dietary oligosaccharide intolerance. J Fam Pract 1994, 39(5):441–445.


251. McClellan WS, Du Bois EF: Clinical calorimetry: XLV. Prolonged meat diets with a study of kidney function and ketosis. J Biol Chem 1930, 87:651–668.


252. Ajarem JS: Effects of fresh kola-nut extract (Cola nitida) on the locomotor activities of male mice. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1990, 16(4):10–15.


253. Galey FD, Whiteley HE, Goetz TE, Kuenstler AR, Davis CA, Beasley VR: Black walnut (Juglans nigra) toxicosis: a model for equine laminitis. J Comp Pathol 1991, 104(3):313–326.


254. Hansen SR, Buck WB, Meerdink G, Khan SA: Weakness, tremors, and depression associated with macadamia nuts in dogs. Vet Hum Toxicol 2000, 42(1):18–21.


255. Mirmiran P, Ramezankhani A, Azizi F: Combined effects of saturated fat and cholesterol intakes on serum lipids: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nutrition 2009, 25(5):526–531.


256. Ravnskov U: The questionable role of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. J Clin Epidemiol 1998, 51(6):443–460.


257. Ravnskov U: Saturated fat does not affect blood cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 84(6):1550–1551; author reply 1551–1552.


258. Volk MG: An examination of the evidence supporting the association of dietary cholesterol and saturated fats with serum cholesterol and development of coronary heart disease. Altern Med Rev 2007, 12(3):228–245.


259. Werko L: End of the road for the diet-heart theory? Scand Cardiovasc J 2008, 42(4):250–255.


260. Halkjaer J, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Sorensen TI: Dietary predictors of 5-year changes in waist circumference. J Am Diet Assoc 2009, 109(8):1356–1366.


261. Murphy P, Likhodii S, Nylen K, Burnham WM: The antidepressant properties of the ketogenic diet. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 56(12):981–983.


262. Church TS, Martin CK, Thompson AM, Earnest CP, Mikus CR, Blair SN: Changes in weight, waist circumference and compensatory responses with different doses of exercise among sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women. PLoS One 2009, 4(2):e4515.


263. Griel AE, Kris-Etherton PM: Beyond saturated fat: the importance of the dietary fatty acid profile on cardiovascular disease. Nutr Rev 2006, 64(5 Pt 1):257–262.


264. Krauss RM, Blanche PJ, Rawlings RS, Fernstrom HS, Williams PT: Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83(5):1025–1031; quiz 1205.


265. Rioux V, Legrand P: Saturated fatty acids: simple molecular structures with complex cellular functions. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007, 10(6):752–758.


266. Echarte M, Conchillo A, Ansoren D, Astiasaran I: Cholesterol oxidation products in fresh and frozen shrimps, raw and grilled. Nutr Hosp 2005, 20(4):293–296.


267. Sottero B, Gamba P, Gargiulo S, Leonarduzzi G, Poli G: Cholesterol oxidation products and disease: an emerging topic of interest in medicinal chemistry. Curr Med Chem 2009, 16(6):685–705.


268. Mazalli MR, Bragagnolo N: Increase of cholesterol oxidation and decrease of PUFA as a result of thermal processing and storage in eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acids. J Agric Food Chem 2009, 57(11):5028–5034.


269. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, Szapary PO, Rader DJ, Edman JS, Klein S: A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003, 348(21):2082–2090.


270. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D’Alessio DA: A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88(4):1617–1623.


271. Brehm BJ, Spang SE, Lattin BL, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D’Alessio DA: The role of energy expenditure in the differential weight loss in obese women on low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90(3):1475–1482.


272. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Williams T, Williams M, Gracely EJ, Stern L: A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med 2003, 348(21):2074–2081.


273. Seshadri P, Iqbal N, Stern L, Williams M, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Gracely EJ, Rader DJ, Samaha FF: A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. Am J Med 2004, 117(6):398–405.


274. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Williams M, Gracely EJ, Samaha FF: The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004, 140(10):778–785.


275. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, Golan R, Fraser D, Bolotin A, Vardi H, et al.: Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med 2008, 359(3):229–241.


276. Nelson TJ, Alkon DL: Insulin and cholesterol pathways in neuronal function, memory and neurodegeneration. Biochem Soc Trans 2005, 33(Pt 5):1033–1036.


277. McClernon FJ, Yancy WS, Jr., Eberstein JA, Atkins RC, Westman EC: The effects of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and a low-fat diet on mood, hunger, and other self-reported symptoms. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007, 15(1):182–187.


278. Galletly C, Moran L, Noakes M, Clifton P, Tomlinson L, Norman R: Psychological benefits of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome—a pilot study. Appetite 2007, 49(3):590–593.


279. Halyburton AK, Brinkworth GD, Wilson CJ, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Keogh JB, Clifton PM: Low- and high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets have similar effects on mood but not cognitive performance. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 86(3):580–587.


280. Wells AS, Read NW, Laugharne JD, Ahluwalia NS: Alterations in mood after changing to a low-fat diet. Br J Nutr 1998, 79(1):23–30.


281. Prasad A, Prasad C: Short-term consumption of a diet rich in fat decreases anxiety response in adult male rats. Physiol Behav 1996, 60(3):1039–1042.


282. Roick C, Fritz-Wieacker A, Matschinger H, Heider D, Schindler J, Riedel-Heller S, Angermeyer MC: Health habits of patients with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007, 42(4):268–276.


283. Colman RJ, Anderson RM, Johnson SC, Kastman EK, Kosmatka KJ, Beasley TM, Allison DB, Cruzen C, Simmons HA, Kemnitz JW, Weindruch R: Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science 2009, 325(5937):201–204.


284. Ingram DK, Zhu M, Mamczarz J, Zou S, Lane MA, Roth GS, deCabo R: Calorie restriction mimetics: an emerging research field. Aging Cell 2006, 5(2):97–108.


285. Shafat A, Murray B, Rumsey D: Energy density in cafeteria diet induced hyperphagia in the rat. Appetite 2009, 52(1):34–38.


286. Weijzen PL, Liem DG, Zandstra EH, de Graaf C: Sensory specific satiety and intake: the difference between nibble- and bar-size snacks. Appetite 2008, 50(2–3):435–442.


287. Pollitt E, Leibel RL, Greenfield D: Brief fasting, stress, and cognition in children. Am J Clin Nutr 1981, 34(8):1526–1533.


288. Xu DL, Wang DH: Fasting suppresses T cell-mediated immunity in female Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010, 155(1):25–33.


289. Tomasi C, Laconi E, Laconi S, Greco M, Sarma DS, Pani P: Effect of fasting/refeeding on the incidence of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in the rat. Carcinogenesis 1999, 20(10):1979–1983.


290. Varady KA, Hellerstein MK: Alternate-day fasting and chronic disease prevention: a review of human and animal trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 86(1):7–13.


291. Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E: Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81(1):69–73.


292. Lieberman HR, Caruso CM, Niro PJ, Adam GE, Kellogg MD, Nindl BC, Kramer FM: A double-blind, placebo-controlled test of 2 d of calorie deprivation: effects on cognition, activity, sleep, and interstitial glucose concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88(3):667–676.


293. Witte AV, Fobker M, Gellner R, Knecht S, Floel A: Caloric restriction improves memory in elderly humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106(4):1255–1260.


294. Levy F: Pharmacological and therapeutic directions in ADHD: Specificity in the PFC. Behav Brain Funct 2008, 4:12.


295. Matas M: Approach to attention deficit disorder in adults. Can Fam Physician 2006, 52:961–964.


296. Diamond A: Attention-deficit disorder (attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder without hyperactivity): a neurobiologically and behaviorally distinct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (with hyperactivity). Dev Psychopathol 2005, 17(3):807–825.


297. Russell VA, Sagvolden T, Johansen EB: Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Funct 2005, 1:9.


298. Olfson M: New options in the pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Manag Care 2004, 10(4 Suppl):S117–S124.


299. Aase H, Meyer A, Sagvolden T: Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour in South African children. Behav Brain Funct 2006, 2:11.


300. Shaywitz BA, Sullivan CM, Anderson GM, Gillespie SM, Sullivan B, Shaywitz SE: Aspartame, behavior, and cognitive function in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1994, 93(1):70–75.


301. Saravis S, Schachar R, Zlotkin S, Leiter LA, Anderson GH: Aspartame: effects on learning, behavior, and mood. Pediatrics 1990, 86(1):75–83.


302. Chen JR, Hsu SF, Hsu CD, Hwang LH, Yang SC: Dietary patterns and blood fatty acid composition in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan. J Nutr Biochem 2004, 15(8):467–472.


303. Bornstein RA, Baker GB, Carroll A, King G, Wong JT, Douglass AB: Plasma amino acids in attention deficit disorder. Psychiatry Res 1990, 33(3):301–306.


304. Baker GB, Bornstein RA, Rouget AC, Ashton SE, van Muyden JC, Coutts RT: Phenylethylaminergic mechanisms in attention-deficit disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1991, 29(1):15–22.


305. Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ, Hammarstrom-Wiklund B, Rand WM, Munro HN, Davidson CS: Diurnal variations in plasma concentrations of tryptophan, tryosine, and other neutral amino acids: effect of dietary protein intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1979, 32(9):1912–1922.


306. Maher TJ, Glaeser BS, Wurtman RJ: Diurnal variations in plasma concentrations of basic and neutral amino acids and in red cell concentrations of aspartate and glutamate: effects of dietary protein intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1984, 39(5):722–729.


307. Portman OW, Neuringer M, Alexander M: Effects of maternal and long-term postnatal protein malnutrition on brain size and composition in rhesus monkeys. J Nutr 1987, 117(11):1844–1851.


308. Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, Blumenthal JD, James RS, Ebens CL, Walter JM, et al.: Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 2002, 288(14):1740–1748.


309. Durston S, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Buitelaar JK, Steenhuis MP, Minderaa RB, Kahn RS, van Engeland H: Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004, 43(3):332–340.


310. Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ: Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61(12):1361–1369.


311. Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, Blumenthal J, Lerch JP, Greenstein D, Clasen L, Evans A, Giedd J, Rapoport JL: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104(49):19649–19654.


312. Kretsch MJ, Fong AK, Green MW, Johnson HL: Cognitive function, iron status, and hemoglobin concentration in obese dieting women. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998, 52(7):512–518.


313. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, Mouren MC: Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004, 158(12):1113–1115.


314. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Deron J, Marchand M, Cortese S, Zaim M, Mouren MC, Arnulf I: Effects of iron supplementation on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Pediatr Neurol 2008, 38(1):20–26.


315. Sever Y, Ashkenazi A, Tyano S, Weizman A: Iron treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A preliminary report. Neuropsychobiology 1997, 35(4):178–180.


316. Kato I, Dnistrian AM, Schwartz M, Toniolo P, Koenig K, Shore RE, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Akhmedkhanov A, Riboli E: Risk of iron overload among middle-aged women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2000, 70(3):119–125.


317. Ptacek R, Kuzelova H, Paclt I, Zukov I, Fischer S: ADHD and growth: anthropometric changes in medicated and non-medicated ADHD boys. Med Sci Monit 2009, 15(12):CR595–599.


318. Volkova LD, Nam OI, Chernikov MP, Smetanina LB, Dakhundaridze VV: Determination of the biological value of beef and rice proteins and their combinations. Vopr Pitan 1988(2):55–59.


319. Watts JH, Booker LK, Mc AJ, Williams EG, Wright WG, Jones F, Jr.: Biological availability of essential amino acids to human subjects. I. Whole egg, pork muscle and peanut butter. J Nutr 1959, 67(3):483–496.


320. Shoblock JR, Maisonneuve IM, Glick SD: Differences between d-methamphetamine and d-amphetamine in rats: working memory, tolerance, and extinction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 170(2):150–156.


321. Bedard AC, Jain U, Johnson SH, Tannock R: Effects of methylphenidate on working memory components: influence of measurement. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007, 48(9):872–880.


322. Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, Matthews K, Bannerjea A, Rimmer J, Robbins TW: Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997, 131(2):196–206.


323. Grilly DM: A verification of psychostimulant-induced improvement in sustained attention in rats: effects of d-amphetamine, nicotine, and pemoline. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2000, 8(1):14–21.


324. Keulers EH, Hendriksen JG, Feron FJ, Wassenberg R, Wuisman-Frerker MG, Jolles J, Vles JS: Methylphenidate improves reading performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid dyslexia: an unblinded clinical trial. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2007, 11(1):21–28.


325. Mehta MA, Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, Mavaddat N, Pickard JD, Robbins TW: Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. J Neurosci 2000, 20(6):RC65.


326. Sagvolden T, Xu T: l-Amphetamine improves poor sustained attention while d-amphetamine reduces overactivity and impulsiveness as well as improves sustained attention in an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Behav Brain Funct 2008, 4:3.


327. Solanto MV, Wender EH, Bartell SS: Effects of methylphenidate and behavioral contingencies on sustained attention in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a test of the reward dysfunction hypothesis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1997, 7(2):123–136.


328. Tipper CM, Cairo TA, Woodward TS, Phillips AG, Liddle PF, Ngan ET: Processing efficiency of a verbal working memory system is modulated by amphetamine: an fMRI investigation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005, 180(4):634–643.


329. Farooqui SM, Brock JW, Onaivi ES, Hamdi A, Prasad C: Differential modulation of dopaminergic systems in the rat brain by dietary protein. Neurochem Res 1994, 19(2):167–176.


330. Hirose T: Effects of ethanol and low-carbohydrate diet on contents of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites in rat brain. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1991, 46(3):755–761.


331. Seeman P, Madras B: Methylphenidate elevates resting dopamine which lowers the impulse-triggered release of dopamine: a hypothesis. Behav Brain Res 2002, 130(1–2):79–83.


332. Pigeau R, Naitoh P, Buguet A, McCann C, Baranski J, Taylor M, Thompson M, Mac KII: Modafinil, d-amphetamine and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work. I. Effects on mood, fatigue, cognitive performance and body temperature. J Sleep Res 1995, 4(4):212–228.


333. Onaivi ES, Brock JW, Prasad C: Dietary protein levels alter rat behavior. Nutr Res 1992, 12(8):1025–1039.


334. Lloyd HM, Green MW, Rogers PJ: Mood and cognitive performance effects of isocaloric lunches differing in fat and carbohydrate content. Physiol Behav 1994, 56(1):51–57.


335. Fischer K, Colombani PC, Langhans W, Wenk C: Carbohydrate to protein ratio in food and cognitive performance in the morning. Physiol Behav 2002, 75(3):411–423.


336. Markus CR, Jonkman LM, Lammers JH, Deutz NE, Messer MH, Rigtering N: Evening intake of alpha-lactalbumin increases plasma tryptophan availability and improves morning alertness and brain measures of attention. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81(5):1026–1033.


337. Adult energy needs and BMI calculator http://www.bcm.edu/cnrc/caloriesneed.cfm


338. Lambert CP, Frank LL, Evans WJ: Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding. Sports Med 2004, 34(5):317–327.


339. Lemon PW, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD, Atkinson SA: Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol 1992, 73(2):767–775.


340. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision.; 2000.


341. Mishima Y, Hozumi S, Shimizu T, Hishikawa Y, Mishima K: Passive body heating ameliorates sleep disturbances in patients with vascular dementia without circadian phase-shifting. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005, 13(5):369–376.


342. Sung EJ, Tochihara Y: Effects of bathing and hot footbath on sleep in winter. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2000, 19(1):21–27.


343. Mahapatra AP, Mallick HN, Kumar VM: Changes in sleep on chronic exposure to warm and cold ambient temperatures. Physiol Behav 2005, 84(2):287–294.


344. Obal F, Jr., Alfoldi P, Rubicsek G: Promotion of sleep by heat in young rats. Pflugers Arch 1995, 430(5):729–738.


345. Sinha RK, Ray AK: Sleep-wake study in an animal model of acute and chronic heat stress. Physiol Behav 2006, 89(3):364–372.


346. Galland BC, Bolton DP, Taylor BJ: Apnea and rapid eye movement sleep excess in the piglet during recovery from hyperthermia. Pediatr Res 1993, 34(4):518–524.


347. Libert JP, Di Nisi J, Fukuda H, Muzet A, Ehrhart J, Amoros C: Effect of continuous heat exposure on sleep stages in humans. Sleep 1988, 11(2):195–209.


348. Van Someren EJ: Mechanisms and functions of coupling between sleep and temperature rhythms. Prog Brain Res 2006, 153:309–324.


349. Fronczek R, Raymann RJ, Overeem S, Romeijn N, van Dijk JG, Lammers GJ, Van Someren EJ: Manipulation of skin temperature improves nocturnal sleep in narcolepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008, 79(12):1354–1357.


350. Raymann RJ, Swaab DF, Van Someren EJ: Skin deep: enhanced sleep depth by cutaneous temperature manipulation. Brain 2008, 131(Pt 2):500–513.


351. Raymann RJ, Van Someren EJ: Diminished capability to recognize the optimal temperature for sleep initiation may contribute to poor sleep in elderly people. Sleep 2008, 31(9):1301–1309.


352. McMorris T, Swain J, Smith M, Corbett J, Delves S, Sale C, Harris RC, Potter J: Heat stress, plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cortisol, mood state and cognitive performance. Int J Psychophysiol 2006, 61(2):204–215.


353. Bulbena A, Sperry L, Garcia Rivera C, Merino A, Mateu G, Torrens M, San Gil J, Cunillera J: Impact of the summer 2003 heat wave on the activity of two psychiatric emergency departments. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2009, 37(3):158–165.


354. Koska J, Rovensky J, Zimanova T, Vigas M: Growth hormone and prolactin responses during partial and whole body warm-water immersions. Acta Physiol Scand 2003, 178(1):19–23.


355. Emiliano AB, Fudge JL: From galactorrhea to osteopenia: rethinking serotonin-prolactin interactions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29(5):833–846.


356. Koltyn KF, Robins HI, Schmitt CL, Cohen JD, Morgan WP: Changes in mood state following whole-body hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 1992, 8(3):305–307.


357. Forrester JM: The origins and fate of James Currie’s cold water treatment for fever. Med Hist 2000, 44(1):57–74.


358. Smith A: Effects of caffeine in chewing gum on mood and attention. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009, 24(3):239–247.


359. Arnold LE, Christopher J, Huestis R, Smeltzer DJ: Methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction: controlled comparison by placebo washout design with Bayes’ analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978, 35(4):463–473.


360. Hedges DW, Woon FL, Hoopes SP: Caffeine-induced psychosis. CNS Spectr 2009, 14(3):127–129.


361. Flensner G, Lindencrona C: The cooling-suit: case studies of its influence on fatigue among eight individuals with multiple sclerosis. J Adv Nurs 2002, 37(6):541–550.


362. Giesbrecht GG, Arnett JL, Vela E, Bristow GK: Effect of task complexity on mental performance during immersion hypothermia. Aviat Space Environ Med 1993, 64(3 Pt 1):206–211.


363. Pratusevich IM, Shustruiskaia LN: Change in the cortical and subcortical reactions in children during mental fatigue and its elimination by means of cold and muscular work. Gig Sanit 1962, 27:103–109.


364. Roundy ES, Cooney LD: Effectiveness of rest, abdominal cold packs, and cold showers in relievng fatigue. Res Q 1968, 39(3):690–695.


365. Huttunen P, Kokko L, Ylijukuri V: Winter swimming improves general well-being. Int J Circumpolar Health 2004, 63(2):140–144.


366. Vaile J, Halson S, Gill N, Dawson B: Effect of hydrotherapy on recovery from fatigue. Int J Sports Med 2008, 29(7):539–544.


367. Freal JE, Kraft GH, Coryell JK: Symptomatic fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984, 65(3):135–138.


368. Chambers JB, Williams TD, Nakamura A, Henderson RP, Overton JM, Rashotte ME: Cardiovascular and metabolic responses of hypertensive and normotensive rats to one week of cold exposure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000, 279(4):R1486–R1494.


369. Dietz DM, Dietz KC, Moore S, Ouimet CC, Kabbaj M: Repeated social defeat stress-induced sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of d-amphetamine: role of individual differences. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008, 198(1):51–62.


370. Alttoa A, Eller M, Herm L, Rinken A, Harro J: Amphetamine-induced locomotion, behavioral sensitization to amphetamine, and striatal D2 receptor function in rats with high or low spontaneous exploratory activity: differences in the role of locus coeruleus. Brain Res 2007, 1131(1):138–148.


371. Berger BG, Owen DR: Mood alteration with swimming—swimmers really do “feel better.” Psychosom Med 1983, 45(5):425–433.


372. Adapted cold shower as a potential treatment for depression. Med Hypotheses 2008, 70(5):995–1001.


373. Rymaszewska J, Bialy D, Zagrobelny Z, Kiejna A: The influence of whole body cryotherapy on mental health. Psychiatr Pol 2000, 34(4):649–653.


374. Hirvonen J, Lindeman S, Matti J, Huttunen P: Plasma catecholamines, serotonin and their metabolites and beta-endorphin of winter swimmers during one winter. Possible correlations to psychological traits. Int J Circumpolar Health 2002, 61(4):363–372.


375. Lindeman S, Hirvonen J, Joukamaa M: Neurotic psychopathology and alexithymia among winter swimmers and controls—a prospective study. Int J Circumpolar Health 2002, 61(2):123–130.


376. Rymaszewska J, Ramsey D, Chladzinska-Kiejna S: Whole-body cryotherapy as adjunct treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008, 56(1):63–68.


377. Korhonen I: Blood pressure and heart rate responses in men exposed to arm and leg cold pressor tests and whole-body cold exposure. Int J Circumpolar Health 2006, 65(2):178–184.


378. Tikuisis P: Heat balance precedes stabilization of body temperatures during cold water immersion. J Appl Physiol 2003, 95(1):89–96.


379. Fronczek R, Raymann RJ, Romeijn N, Overeem S, Fischer M, van Dijk JG, Lammers GJ, Van Someren EJ: Manipulation of core body and skin temperature improves vigilance and maintenance of wakefulness in narcolepsy. Sleep 2008, 31(2):233–240.


380. Flensner G, Lindencrona C: The cooling-suit: a study of ten multiple sclerosis patients’ experiences in daily life. J Adv Nurs 1999, 29(6):1444–1453.


381. Bruck K, Olschewski H: Body temperature related factors diminishing the drive to exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1987, 65(6):1274–1280.


382. Olschewski H, Bruck K: Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and muscular factors related to exercise after precooling. J Appl Physiol 1988, 64(2):803–811.


383. Galloway SD, Maughan RJ: Effects of ambient temperature on the capacity to perform prolonged cycle exercise in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997, 29(9):1240–1249.


384. Gappmaier E, Lake W, Nelson AG, Fisher AG: Aerobic exercise in water versus walking on land: effects on indices of fat reduction and weight loss of obese women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2006, 46:564–569.


385. Yavari A: The effect of swimming in reduction of depression in university male students. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2008, 3(6):543–545.


386. Jansky L, Janakova H, Ulicny B, Sramek P, Hosek V, Heller J, Parizkova J: Changes in thermal homeostasis in humans due to repeated cold water immersions. Pflugers Arch 1996, 432(3):368–372.


387. Wehr TA, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE: Seasonal affective disorder with summer depression and winter hypomania. Am J Psychiatry 1987, 144(12):1602–1603.


388. Metzger D, Zwingmann C, Protz W, Jackel WH: Whole-body cryotherapy in rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid diseases—pilot study. Rehabilitation (Stuttg) 2000, 39(2):93–100.


389. Saatcioglu O, Erim R, Cakmak D: A case of tianeptine abuse. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2006, 17(1):72–75.


390. Candy M, Jones L, Williams R, Tookman A, King M: Psychostimulants for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008(2):CD006722.


391. Vaugeois JM, Corera AT, Deslandes A, Costentin J: Although chemically related to amineptine, the antidepressant tianeptine is not a dopamine uptake inhibitor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999, 63(2):285–290.


392. Vadachkoria D, Gabunia L, Gambashidze K, Pkhaladze N, Kuridze N: Addictive potential of Tianeptine — the threatening reality. Georgian Med News 2009(174):92–94.


393. Radoja S: Possible stimulation of anti-tumor immunity using repeated cold stress: a hypothesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2007, 2:20.


394. O’Brien C, Young AJ, Lee DT, Shitzer A, Sawka MN, Pandolf KB: Role of core temperature as a stimulus for cold acclimation during repeated immersion in 20 degrees C water. J Appl Physiol 2000, 89(1):242–250.


395. Holloszy JO, Smith EK: Longevity of cold-exposed rats: a reevaluation of the “rate-of-living theory.” J Appl Physiol 1986, 61(5):1656–1660.


396. Jansky L, Pospisilova D, Honzova S, Ulicny B, Sramek P, Zeman V, Kaminkova J: Immune system of cold-exposed and cold-adapted humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996, 72(5–6):445–450.


397. Jansky L, Sramek P, Savlikova J, Ulicny B, Janakova H, Horky K: Change in sympathetic activity, cardiovascular functions and plasma hormone concentrations due to cold water immersion in men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996, 74(1–2):148–152.


398. Castellani JW, IK MB, Rhind SG: Cold exposure: human immune responses and intracellular cytokine expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002, 34(12):2013–2020.


399. Banerjee SK, Aviles H, Fox MT, Monroy FP: Cold stress-induced modulation of cell immunity during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. J Parasitol 1999, 85(3):442–447.


400. Masdrakis VG, Papakostas YG, Vaidakis N, Papageorgiou C, Pehlivanidis A: Caffeine challenge in patients with panic disorder: baseline differences between those who panic and those who do not. Depress Anxiety 2008, 25(9):E72–E79.


401. Roeggla M, Roeggla G, Seidler D, Muellner M, Laggner AN: Self-limiting pulmonary edema with alveolar hemorrhage during diving in cold water. Am J Emerg Med 1996, 14(3):333.


402. Biswas R, Shibu PK, James CM: Pulmonary oedema precipitated by cold water swimming. Br J Sports Med 2004, 38(6):e36.


403. Wilmshurst PT: Pulmonary oedema induced by emotional stress, by sexual intercourse, and by exertion in a cold environment in people without evidence of heart disease. Heart 2004, 90(7):806–807.


404. Fiore AE, Shay DK, Haber P, Iskander JK, Uyeki TM, Mootrey G, Bresee JS, Cox NJ: Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2007. MMWR Recomm Rep 2007, 56(RR-6):1–54.


405. Reichert TA, Simonsen L, Sharma A, Pardo SA, Fedson DS, Miller MA: Influenza and the winter increase in mortality in the United States, 1959–1999. Am J Epidemiol 2004, 160(5):492–502.


406. Davis MS, Williams CC, Meinkoth JH, Malayer JR, Royer CM, Williamson KK, McKenzie EC: Influx of neutrophils and persistence of cytokine expression in airways of horses after performing exercise while breathing cold air. Am J Vet Res 2007, 68(2):185–189.


407. Shaman J, Kohn M: Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106(9):3243–3248.


408. Schaffner A: Fever—useful or noxious symptom that should be treated? Ther Umsch 2006, 63(3):185–188.


409. Mackowiak PA, Plaisance KI: Benefits and risks of antipyretic therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998, 856:214–223.


410. Gross PA, Levandowski RA, Russo C, Weksler M, Bonelli J, Dran S, Munk G, Deichmiller S, Hilsen R, Panush RF: Vaccine immune response and side effects with the use of acetaminophen with influenza vaccine. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1994, 1(2):134–138.


411. Diamond S, Freitag FG: Cold as an adjunctive therapy for headache. Postgrad Med 1986, 79(1):305–309.


412. Nadler SF, Weingand K, Kruse RJ: The physiologic basis and clinical applications of cryotherapy and thermotherapy for the pain practitioner. Pain Physician 2004, 7(3):395–399.


413. Robbins LD: Cryotherapy for headache. Headache 1989, 29(9):598–600.


414. Singh RK, Martinez A, Baxter P: Head cooling for exercise-induced headache. J Child Neurol 2006, 21(12):1067–1068.


415. Nardi AE, Nascimento I, Valenca AM, Lopes FL, Mezzasalma MA, Zin WA: Panic disorder in a breath-holding challenge test: a simple tool for a better diagnosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2003, 61(3B):718–722.


416. Bakst R, Merola JF, Franks AG, Jr., Sanchez M: Raynaud’s phenomenon: pathogenesis and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008, 59(4):633–653.


417. Julien N, Marchand S: Endogenous pain inhibitory systems activated by spatial summation are opioid-mediated. Neurosci Lett 2006, 401(3):256–260.


418. Misasi S, Morin G, Kemler D, Olmstead PS, Pryzgocki K: The effect of a toe cap and bias on perceived pain during cold water immersion. J Athl Train 1995, 30(1):49–52.


419. Day MP: Hypothermia: a hazard for all seasons. Nursing 2006, 36(12 Pt.1):44–47.


420. McCullough L, Arora S: Diagnosis and treatment of hypothermia. Am Fam Physician 2004, 70(12):2325–2332.


421. Doufas AG, Sessler DI: Physiology and clinical relevance of induced hypothermia. Neurocrit Care 2004, 1(4):489–498.


422. Milo-Cotter O, Setter I, Uriel N, Kaluski E, Vered Z, Golik A, Cotter G: The daily incidence of acute heart failure is correlated with low minimal night temperature: cold immersion pulmonary edema revisited? J Card Fail 2006, 12(2):114–119.


423. Myint PK, Vowler SL, Woodhouse PR, Redmayne O, Fulcher RA: Winter excess in hospital admissions, in-patient mortality and length of acute hospital stay in stroke: a hospital database study over six seasonal years in Norfolk, UK. Neuroepidemiology 2007, 28(2):79–85.


424. Sheth T, Nair C, Muller J, Yusuf S: Increased winter mortality from acute myocardial infarction and stroke: the effect of age. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 33(7):1916–1919.


425. Doubt TJ, Mayers DL, Flynn ET: Transient cardiac sinus dysrhythmia occurring after cold water immersion. Am J Cardiol 1987, 59(15):1421–1422.


426. Houdas Y, Deklunder G, Lecroart JL: Cold exposure and ischemic heart disease. Int J Sports Med 1992, 13(Suppl 1):S179–S181.


427. Lader EW, Kronzon I: Ice-water-induced arrhythmias in a patient with ischemic heart disease. Ann Intern Med 1982, 96(5):614–615.


428. Arican N, Kaya M, Kalayci R, Kucuk M, Cimen V, Elmas I: Effects of acute cold exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in acute and chronic hyperglycemic rats. Forensic Sci Int 2002, 125(2–3):137–141.


429. Ben-Nathan D, Lustig S, Danenberg HD: Stress-induced neuroinvasiveness of a neurovirulent noninvasive Sindbis virus in cold or isolation subjected mice. Life Sci 1991, 48(15):1493–1500.


430. Ben-Nathan D, Lustig S, Feuerstein G: The influence of cold or isolation stress on neuroinvasiveness and virulence of an attenuated variant of West Nile virus. Arch Virol 1989, 109(1–2):1–10.


431. Ben-Nathan D, Lustig S, Kobiler D, Danenberg HD, Lupu E, Feuerstein G: Dehydroepiandrosterone protects mice inoculated with West Nile virus and exposed to cold stress. J Med Virol 1992, 38(3):159–166.


432. Wan R, Camandola S, Mattson MP: Dietary supplementation with 2-deoxy-D-glucose improves cardiovascular and neuroendocrine stress adaptation in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004, 287(3):H1186–H1193.


433. Elmas I, Kucuk M, Kalayci RB, Cevik A, Kaya M: Effects of profound hypothermia on the blood-brain barrier permeability in acute and chronically ethanol treated rats. Forensic Sci Int 2001, 119(2):212–216.


434. Bar-On R: The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema 2006, 18(Suppl):13–25.


435. Nowicki SJ, Duke MP: Individual differences in the nonverbal communication of affect: the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Scale. J Nonverbal Behav 1994, 19:9–35.


436. Matsumoto D, LeRoux JA, Wilson-Cohn C, Raroque J, Kooken K: A new test to measure emotion recognition ability: Matsumoto and Ekman’s Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART). J Nonverbal Behav 2000, 24:179–209.


437. Lane RD, Quinlan DM, Schwartz GE, Walker PA, Zeitlin SB: The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale: a cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. J Pers Assess 1990, 55(1–2):124–134.


438. Trentacosta CJ, Izard CE: Kindergarten children’s emotion competence as a predictor of their academic competence in first grade. Emotion 2007, 7(1):77–88.


439. Tett RP, Fox KE, Wang A: Development and validation of a self-report measure of emotional intelligence as a multidimensional trait domain. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2005, 31(7):859–888.


440. Zeidner M, Matthews G, Roberts RD: Emotional intelligence in the workplace: a critical review. Applied Psychology 2004, 53(3):371–399.


441. Ciarrochi JV, Chan AYC, Caputi P: A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct. Personal Individ Differ 2000, 28(3):539–561.


442. Humphrey N, Curran A, Morris E, Farrell P, Woods K: Emotional intelligence and education: a critical review. Educational Psychology 2007, 27(2):235–254.


443. Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, Haggerty DJ, Cooper JT: Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personal Individ Differ 1998, 25:167–177.


444. Brackett MA, Rivers SE, Shiffman S, Lerner N, Salovey P: Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: a comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006, 91(4):780–795.


445. Salovey P, Grewal D: The science of emotional intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2005, 14(6):281–285.


446. Farzin D, Mansouri N: Antidepressant-like effect of harmane and other beta-carbolines in the mouse forced swim test. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006, 16(5):324–328.


447. Aricioglu F, Altunbas H: Harmane induces anxiolysis and antidepressant-like effects in rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 1009:196–201.


448. Iversen L, Iversen S, Bloom FE: Introduction to Neuropsychopharmacology. USA: Oxford University Press; 2008.


449. Kulkarni SK, Singh K, Bishnoi M: Comparative behavioural profile of newer antianxiety drugs on different mazes. Indian J Exp Biol 2008, 46(9):633–638.


450. Tyrer P, Baldwin D: Generalised anxiety disorder. Lancet 2006, 368(9553):2156–2166.


451. Freitas A, da Paz JA, Casella EB, Marques-Dias MJ: Ketogenic diet for the treatment of refractory epilepsy: a 10 year experience in children. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007, 65(2B):381–384.


452. Schildkraut JJ: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 1965, 122(5):509–522.


453. Schildkraut JJ: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. 1965. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995, 7(4):524–533; discussion 523–524.


454. Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R: Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Engl J Med 2008, 358(3):252–260.


455. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT: Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med 2008, 5(2):e45.


456. Olie JP, Bayle F, Kasper S: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of tianeptine versus SSRI in the short-term treatment of depression. Encephale 2003, 29(4 Pt 1):322–328.


457. Lacasse JR, Leo J: Serotonin and depression: a disconnect between the advertisements and the scientific literature. PLoS Med 2005, 2(12):e392.


458. Di Chiara G, Bassareo V, Fenu S, De Luca MA, Spina L, Cadoni C, Acquas E, Carboni E, Valentini V, Lecca D: Dopamine and drug addiction: the nucleus accumbens shell connection. Neuropharmacology 2004, 47(Suppl 1):227–241.


459. Ikemoto S: Involvement of the olfactory tubercle in cocaine reward: intracranial self-administration studies. J Neurosci 2003, 23(28):9305–9311.


460. Mizrahi R, Rusjan P, Agid O, Graff A, Mamo DC, Zipursky RB, Kapur S: Adverse subjective experience with antipsychotics and its relationship to striatal and extrastriatal D2 receptors: a PET study in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2007, 164(4):630–637.


461. Saeedi H, Remington G, Christensen BK: Impact of haloperidol, a dopamine D2 antagonist, on cognition and mood. Schizophr Res 2006, 85(1–3):222–231.


462. Leterme L, Singlan YS, Auclair V, Le Boisselier R, Frimas V: Misuse of tianeptine: five cases of abuse. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 2003, 154(Spec No 2):S58–S63.


463. Landen M, Thase ME: A model to explain the therapeutic effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors: the role of 5-HT2 receptors. Psychopharmacol Bull 2006, 39(1):147–166.


464. Zarate CA, Jr., Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Luckenbaugh DA, Charney DS, Manji HK: A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006, 63(8):856–864.


465. Furey ML, Drevets WC: Antidepressant efficacy of the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006, 63(10):1121–1129.


466. Lieberman HR, Yeghiayan SK, Maher TJ: A low-protein diet alters rat behavior and neurotransmission in normothermic and hyperthermic environments. Brain Res Bull 2005, 66(2):149–154.


467. Berk M, Dodd S, Kauer-Sant’anna M, Malhi GS, Bourin M, Kapczinski F, Norman T: Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: implications for a dopamine hypothesis of bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2007(434):41–49.


468. Pitchot W, Scantamburlo G, Ansseau M: Dopamine and depression: the forgotten neurotransmitter. Rev Med Liege 2008, 63(5–6):378–384.


469. Stein DJ: Depression, anhedonia, and psychomotor symptoms: the role of dopaminergic neurocircuitry. CNS Spectr 2008, 13(7):561–565.


470. Stein MB, Stein DJ: Social anxiety disorder. Lancet 2008, 371(9618):1115–1125.


471. Stein DJ, Baldwin DS, Dolberg OT, Despiegel N, Bandelow B: Which factors predict placebo response in anxiety disorders and major depression? An analysis of placebo-controlled studies of escitalopram. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 67(11):1741–1746.


472. Beley A, Beley P, Rochette L, Bralet J: Effect of cold exposure on synthesis of cerebral dopamine. J Physiol (Paris) 1976, 72(8):1029–1034.


473. Zhang H, Wisniewski SR, Bauer MS, Sachs GS, Thase ME: Comparisons of perceived quality of life across clinical states in bipolar disorder: data from the first 2000 Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) participants. Compr Psychiatry 2006, 47(3):161–168.


474. Lewandowska A, Rybakowski J: Neuropsychological aspects of the manic syndrome in the course of bipolar affective illness. Psychiatr Pol 2009, 43(3):275–286.


475. Janka Z: Artistic creativity and bipolar mood disorder. Orv Hetil 2004, 145(33):1709–1718.


476. Oishi S, Diener E, Lucas RE: The optimum level of well-being: can people be too happy? Perspectives on Psychological Science 2007, 2(4):346–360.


477. Fredrickson BL: The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist 2001, 56:218–226.


478. Melton RJ: The role of positive affect in syllogism performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1995, 21:788–794.


479. Zarinpoush F, Cooper M, Moylan S: The effects of happiness and sadness on moral reasoning. Journal of Moral Education 2000, 29:397–412.


480. Bodenhausen GV, Kramer GP, Seusser K: Happiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 66:621–632.


481. Sinclair RC, Mark MM: The effects of mood state on judgmental accuracy: Processing strategy as a mechanism. Cognition and Emotion 1995, 9:417–438.


482. Friedman HS, Tucker JS, Tomlinson-Keasey C, Schwartz JE, Wingard DL, Criqui MH: Does childhood personality predict longevity? J Pers Soc Psychol 1993, 65(1):176–185.


483. Martin LR, Friedman HS, Tucker JS, Tomlinson-Keasey C, Criqui MH, Schwartz JE: A life course perspective on childhood cheerfulness and its relation to mortality risk. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:1155–1165.


484. Ozer BU, Demir A, Ferrari JR: Exploring academic procrastination among Turkish students: possible gender differences in prevalence and reasons. J Soc Psychol 2009, 149(2):241–257.


485. Steel P: The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychol Bull 2007, 133(1):65–94.


486. Digdon NL, Howell AJ: College students who have an eveningness preference report lower self-control and greater procrastination. Chronobiol Int 2008, 25(6):1029–1046.


487. Onwuegbuzie AJ, Collins KM: Writing apprehension and academic procrastination among graduate students. Percept Mot Skills 2001, 92(2):560–562.


488. McCrea SM, Liberman N, Trope Y, Sherman SJ: Construal level and procrastination. Psychol Sci 2008, 19(12):1308–1314.


489. Ferrari JR, Ozer BU, Demir A: Chronic procrastination among Turkish adults: exploring decisional, avoidant, and arousal styles. J Soc Psychol 2009, 149(3):402–408.


490. Ariely D, Wertenbroch K: Procrastination, deadlines, and performance: self-control by precommitment. Psychol Sci 2002, 13(3):219–224.


491. Van Eerde W: Procrastination at work and time management training. J Psychol 2003, 137(5):421–434.


492. Vodanovich SJ, Seib HM: Relationship between time structure and procrastination. Psychol Rep 1997, 80(1):211–215.


493. Bui NH: Effect of evaluation threat on procrastination behavior. J Soc Psychol 2007, 147(3):197–209.


494. Chu AH, Choi JN: Rethinking procrastination: positive effects of “active” procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. J Soc Psychol 2005, 145(3):245–264.


495. Langberg JM, Epstein JN, Graham AJ: Organizational-skills interventions in the treatment of ADHD. Expert Rev Neurother 2008, 8(10):1549–1561.


496. Saddler CD, Sacks LA: Multidimensional perfectionism and academic procrastination: relationships with depression in university students. Psychol Rep 1993, 73(3 Pt 1):863–871.


497. Milgram N, Toubiana Y: Academic anxiety, academic procrastination, and parental involvement in students and their parents. Br J Educ Psychol 1999, 69(Pt 3):345–361.


498. McGee R, Prior M, Willams S, Smart D, Sanson A: The long-term significance of teacher-rated hyperactivity and reading ability in childhood: findings from two longitudinal studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002, 43(8):1004–1017.


499. Kulik JA, Kulik C, Bangert RL: Effects of practice on aptitude and achievement test scores. American Educational Research Journal 1984, 21(2):435–447.


500. Conklin HM, Curtis CE, Katsanis J, Iacono WG: Verbal working memory impairment in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: evidence from the digit span task. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157(2):275–277.


501. Hobbs FD, Stewart PM: How should we rate research? BMJ 2006, 332(7548):983–984.


502. Myers SM, Johnson CP: Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2007, 120(5):1162–1182.


503. Ospina MB, Krebs Seida J, Clark B, Karkhaneh M, Hartling L, Tjosvold L, Vandermeer B, Smith V: Behavioural and developmental interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a clinical systematic review. PLoS ONE 2008, 3(11):e3755.


504. Galderisi S, Piegari G, Mucci A, Acerra A, Luciano L, Rabasca AF, Santucci F, Valente A, Volpe M, Mastantuono P, Maj M: Social skills and neurocognitive individualized training in schizophrenia: comparison with structured leisure activities. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010, 260(4):305–315.


505. White BD, Du F, Higginbotham DA: Low dietary protein is associated with an increase in food intake and a decrease in the in vitro release of radiolabeled glutamate and GABA from the lateral hypothalamus. Nutr Neurosci 2003, 6(6):361–367.


506. Rubia K, Smith A, Taylor E: Performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on a test battery of impulsiveness. Child Neuropsychol 2007, 13(3):276–304.


507. Georgellis Y, Wall HJ: Who are the self-employed? Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis 2000, (Nov/Dec):15–24.


508. Barras L, Scaillet O, Wermers RR: False discoveries in mutual fund performance: measuring luck in estimated alphas. Journal of Finance, forthcoming; 2009 (Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper No. 08-18).


509. Martin GS, Puthenpurackal J: Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery: Warren Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway. Social Sciences Research Network 2008 (April, 15).


510. Monthly historical money stock tables. Federal Reserve of the USA 2009, Table 1 (December, 3):http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/hist/h6hist1.txt


511. Barber BM, Lee Y-T, Liu Y-J, Odean T: Do individual day traders make money? Evidence from Taiwan. Social Sciences Research Network 2005 (January).


512. Jordan DJ, Diltz JD: The profitability of day traders. Financial Analysts Journal 2003, (Nov/Dec):85–94.


513. Pelham B.W.: Business owners richer in well-being than other job types. Gallup poll, 2009 (September).


514. Headd B: Redefining business success: distinguishing between closure and failure. Small Business Economics 2003, 21:51–61.


515. Phillips B, Kirchhoff BA: Formation, growth and survival; small firm dynamics in the U.S. economy. Small Business Economics 1989, 1:65–74.


516. Moore D.W.: Majority of Americans want to start own business http://www.gallup.com/poll/15832/Majority-Americans-Want-Start-Own-Business.aspx


517. Hipple S: Self-employment in the United States: an update. Monthly Labor Review 2004, 127(7):13–23.


518. Employer firms, establishments, employment, and annual payroll small firm size classes. US Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy 2016 (based on data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses): https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/static_us_14.xls


519. Blumberg BF, Pfann GA: Social capital and the uncertainty reduction of self-employment. Social Sciences Research Network 2001 (June).


520. de Wit G, van Winden FA: An empirical analysis of self-employment in the Netherlands. Small Business Economics 1989, 1(4):263–272.


521. Holtz-Eakin D, Rosen HS: Economic policy and the start-up, survival, and growth of entrepreneurial ventures. US Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy 2001 (June): http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs206.pdf


522. Fairlie RW, Robb A: Families, human capital, and small business: evidence from the characteristics of business owners survey. Social Sciences Research Network 2004 (September).


523. Diener E, Biswas-Diener R: Happiness: Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008.


524. Garvey R, Murphy A: How profitable day traders trade: an examination of trading profits. 2002 (working paper):http://www.econ.utah.edu/~ehrbar/erc2002/pdf/P407.pdf


525. Lo AW, Repin DV, Steenbarger BN: Fear and greed in financial markets: a clinical study of day-traders. American Economic Review 2005, 95(2):352–359.


526. Lin C-H, Hsu H, Chiang C-Y: Trading patterns and performance of trader types in Taiwan futures market. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 2005, 8(2):217–234.


527. Schwartz M: Pit Bull: Lessons from Wall Street’s Champion Day Trader. Harper Paperbacks; 1999.


528. Soros G: The Alchemy of Finance. Wiley; 2003.


529. The equity you live in: the home as a retirement savings and income option. Fidelity Research Institute 2007 (February).


530. Silva O: The Jack-of-all-trades entrepreneur: innate talent or acquired skill? Social Sciences Research Network 2006 (August).


531. Perani D: The neural basis of language talent in bilinguals. Trends Cogn Sci 2005, 9(5):211–213.


532. DeSimone JA, Lyall V: Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract III. Salty and sour taste: sensing of sodium and protons by the tongue. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, 291(6):G1005–G1010.


533. Muris P: Relation of attention control and school performance in normal children. Percept Mot Skills 2006, 102(1):78–80.


534. Novikov VS, Lustin SI, Blaginin AA, Kozlov VP: Changes in the work capacity of the operators of command-measuring systems during daily duty. Voen Med Zh 1997, 318(6):55–59, 80.


535. Ziesat HA, Jr., Rosenthal TL, White GM: Behavioral self-control in treating procrastination of studying. Psychol Rep 1978, 42(1):59–69.


536. Wallace I: Self-control techniques of famous novelists. J Appl Behav Anal 1977, 10(3):515–525.


537. Judge DS, Carey JR: Postreproductive life predicted by primate patterns. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000, 55(4):B201–B209.


538. Fact sheets: irradiation and food safety http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Irradiation_and_Food_Safety/index.asp


539. Du M, Hur SJ, Nam KC, Ismail H, Ahn DU: Volatiles, color, and lipid oxidation of broiler breast fillets irradiated before and after cooking. Poult Sci 2001, 80(12):1748–1753.


540. Ercolini D, Russo F, Blaiotta G, Pepe O, Mauriello G, Villani F: Simultaneous detection of Pseudomonas fragi, P. lundensis, and P. putida from meat by use of a multiplex PCR assay targeting the carA gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007, 73(7):2354–2359.


541. Guenther S, Nockler K, von Nickisch-Rosenegk M, Landgraf M, Ewers C, Wieler LH, Schierack P: Detection of Trichinella spiralis, T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis in muscle tissue with real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2008, 75(2):287–292.


542. Sauer P, Gallo J, Kesselova M, Kolar M, Koukalova D: Universal primers for detection of common bacterial pathogens causing prosthetic joint infection. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005, 149(2):285–288.


543. Murayama Y, Yoshioka M, Horii H, Takata M, Miura K, Shinagawa M: Specific detection of prion antigenic determinants retained in bovine meat and bone meal by flow microbead immunoassay. J Appl Microbiol 2006, 101(2):369–376.


544. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004, 53(RR-4):1–33.


545. Qvarnstrom Y, Sullivan JJ, Bishop HS, Hollingsworth R, da Silva AJ: PCR-based detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in tissue and mucus secretions from molluscan hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007, 73(5):1415–1419.


546. Debruyne L, Samyn E, De Brandt E, Vandenberg O, Heyndrickx M, Vandamme P: Comparative performance of different PCR assays for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Res Microbiol 2008, 159(2):88–93.


547. Gomez-Duarte OG, Bai J, Newell E: Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae, and Campylobacter spp. enteropathogens by 3-reaction multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009, 63(1):1–9.


548. Hielm S, Hyytia E, Ridell J, Korkeala H: Detection of Clostridium botulinum in fish and environmental samples using polymerase chain reaction. Int J Food Microbiol 1996, 31(1–3):357–365.


549. Wang RF, Cao WW, Franklin W, Campbell W, Cerniglia CE: A 16S rDNA-based PCR method for rapid and specific detection of Clostridium perfringens in food. Mol Cell Probes 1994, 8(2):131–137.


550. Wu Z, Nagano I, Matsuo A, Uga S, Kimata I, Iseki M, Takahashi Y: Specific PCR primers for Cryptosporidium parvum with extra high sensitivity. Mol Cell Probes 2000, 14(1):33–39.


551. Park YS, Lee SR, Kim YG: Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in kimchi by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). J Microbiol 2006, 44(1):92–97.


552. Hopkins RM, Meloni BP, Groth DM, Wetherall JD, Reynoldson JA, Thompson RC: Ribosomal RNA sequencing reveals differences between the genotypes of Giardia isolates recovered from humans and dogs living in the same locality. J Parasitol 1997, 83(1):44–51.


553. Nantavisai K, Mungthin M, Tan-ariya P, Rangsin R, Naaglor T, Leelayoova S: Evaluation of the sensitivities of DNA extraction and PCR methods for detection of Giardia duodenalis in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45(2):581–583.


554. Guevremont E, Brassard J, Houde A, Simard C, Trottier YL: Development of an extraction and concentration procedure and comparison of RT-PCR primer systems for the detection of hepatitis A virus and norovirus GII in green onions. J Virol Methods 2006, 134(1–2):130–135.


555. Honma S, Nakata S, Kinoshita-Numata K, Kogawa K, Chiba S: Evaluation of nine sets of PCR primers in the RNA dependent RNA polymerase region for detection and differentiation of members of the family Caliciviridae, Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus. Microbiol Immunol 2000, 44(5):411–419.


556. Pauly A, Schuster R, Steuber S: Molecular characterization and differentiation of opisthorchiid trematodes of the species Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) and Metorchis bilis (Braun, 1790) using polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res 2003, 90(5):409–414.


557. Parvathi A, Umesha KR, Kumar S, Sithithaworn P, Karunasagar I: Development and evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of Opisthorchis viverrini in fish. Acta Trop 2008, 107(1):13–16.


558. Geysen D, Kanobana K, Victor B, Rodriguez-Hidalgo R, De Borchgrave J, Brandt J, Dorny P: Validation of meat inspection results for Taenia saginata cysticercosis by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Food Prot 2007, 70(1):236–240.


559. Gonzalez LM, Montero E, Puente S, Lopez-Velez R, Hernandez M, Sciutto E, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Garate T: PCR tools for the differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis from different geographical locations. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002, 42(4):243–249.


560. Edvinsson B, Jalal S, Nord CE, Pedersen BS, Evengard B: DNA extraction and PCR assays for detection of Toxoplasma gondii. APMIS 2004, 112(6):342–348.


561. Bauer A, Rorvik LM: A novel multiplex PCR for the identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007, 45(4):371–375.


562. Rosec JP, Simon M, Causse V, Boudjemaa M: Detection of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish: comparison of PCR protocols using pR72H or toxR targets with a culture method. Int J Food Microbiol 2009, 129(2):136–145.


563. Sotelo J, Rosas N, Palencia G: Freezing of infested pork muscle kills cysticerci. JAMA 1986, 256(7):893–894.


564. Dubey JP: Long-term persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs inoculated with T. gondii oocysts and effect of freezing on viability of tissue cysts in pork. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49(6):910–913.


565. Lunden A, Uggla A: Infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii in mutton following curing, smoking, freezing or microwave cooking. Int J Food Microbiol 1992, 15(3–4):357–363.


566. Handeland K, Slettbakk T, Helle O: Freeze-resistant Trichinella (Trichinella nativa) established on the Scandinavian peninsula. Acta Vet Scand 1995, 36(1):149–151.


567. Davidson RK, Handeland K, Kapel CM: High tolerance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in different Trichinella nativa isolates. Parasitol Res 2008, 103(5):1005–1010.


568. Niederhauser C, Mansouri Taleghani B, Graziani M, Stolz M, Tinguely C, Schneider P: Blood donor screening: how to decrease the risk of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B virus? Swiss Med Wkly 2008, 138(9–10):134–141.


569. Hamilton R, Sandin RL: Sonication lyses cells and exposes DNA for PCR amplification: potential transfer of technology from clinical microbiology to forensic pathology. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999, 20(1):102–104.


570. Kramer GN, Pauwels J: The development of cryo-grinding equipment for the transformation of large quantities of biological reference materials with low heavy metal contents. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry 1990, 338(4):390–393.


571. Wright W: Remarks on malignant fevers; and their cure by cold water and fresh air. Lond Med J 1796, 7:109–115.


572. Burgos Courlaender C, Ballesteros Bermudez J: Trichocephalus as cause of chronic diarrhea in children. Treatment of it with hexylresorcinol enemas. Rev Kuba Med Trop Parasitol 1960, 16:1–7.


573. Toledo TK, DiPalma JA: Review article: colon cleansing preparation for gastrointestinal procedures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001, 15(5):605–611.


574. You J, Jiang D, Li G: Clinical and experimental study on treatment of infantile autumn diarrhea by retention enema with Qilian liquid. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2000, 20(9):664–666.


575. Brock JW, Prasad C: Motor, but not sensory, cortical potentials are amplified by high-protein diet. Physiol Behav 1991, 50(5):887–893.


576. Lee RS, Steffensen SC, Henriksen SJ: Discharge profiles of ventral tegmental area GABA neurons during movement, anesthesia, and the sleep-wake cycle. J Neurosci 2001, 21(5):1757–1766.


577. Nonpharmacological inhibition of cerebral dopaminergic activity may be an option for medication-resistant hallucinations. In Hallucinations: Types, Stages and Treatments. Edited by Payne M.S.; New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2011; pp. 147–162.


578. Papandreou D, Pavlou E, Kalimeri E, Mavromichalis I: The ketogenic diet in children with epilepsy. Br J Nutr 2006, 95(1):5–13.


579. Hamdi A, Onaivi ES, Prasad C: A low protein-high carbohydrate diet decreases D2 dopamine receptor density in rat brain. Life Sci 1992, 50(20):1529–1534.


580. Hirata H, Asanuma M, Kondo Y, Ogawa N: Influence of protein-restricted diet on motor response fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1992, 32(9):973–978.


581. See RE, Lynch AM, Sorg BA: Subchronic administration of clozapine, but not haloperidol or metoclopramide, decreases dopamine D2 receptor messenger RNA levels in the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen in rats. Neuroscience 1996, 72(1):99–104.


582. Lee T, Tang SW: Loxapine and clozapine decrease serotonin (S2) but do not elevate dopamine (D2) receptor numbers in the rat brain. Psychiatry Res 1984, 12(4):277–285.


583. Volonte M, Ceci A, Borsini F: Effect of haloperidol and clozapine on (+)SKF 10,047-induced dopamine release: role of 5-HT3 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1992, 213(1):163–164.


584. Westerink BH, de Vries JB: On the mechanism of neuroleptic induced increase in striatal dopamine release: brain dialysis provides direct evidence for mediation by autoreceptors localized on nerve terminals. Neurosci Lett 1989, 99(1–2):197–202.


585. Wise RA: Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004, 5(6):483–494.


586. South T, Huang XF: High-fat diet exposure increases dopamine D2 receptor and decreases dopamine transporter receptor binding density in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen of mice. Neurochem Res 2008, 33(3):598–605.


587. Huang XF, Zavitsanou K, Huang X, Yu Y, Wang H, Chen F, Lawrence AJ, Deng C: Dopamine transporter and D2 receptor binding densities in mice prone or resistant to chronic high fat diet-induced obesity. Behav Brain Res 2006, 175(2):415–419.


588. Grimes MA, Cameron JL, Fernstrom JD: Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in Macaca mulatta: diurnal variations and response to chronic changes in dietary protein intake. Neurochem Res 2000, 25(3):413–422.


589. Young SN: The 1989 Borden Award Lecture. Some effects of dietary components (amino acids, carbohydrate, folic acid) on brain serotonin synthesis, mood, and behavior. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991, 69(7):893–903.


590. Cussac D, Newman-Tancredi A, Nicolas JP, Boutin JA, Millan MJ: Antagonist properties of the novel antipsychotic, S16924, at cloned, human serotonin 5-HT2C receptors: a parallel phosphatidylinositol and calcium accumulation comparison with clozapine and haloperidol. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2000, 361(5):549–554.


591. Kuoppamaki M, Palvimaki EP, Hietala J, Syvalahti E: Differential regulation of rat 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors after chronic treatment with clozapine, chlorpromazine and three putative atypical antipsychotic drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology 1995, 13(2):139–150.


592. Gobbi G, Janiri L: Clozapine blocks dopamine, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 responses in the medial prefrontal cortex: an in vivo microiontophoretic study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999, 10(1):43–49.


593. Hermann B, Wetzel CH, Pestel E, Zieglgansberger W, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R: Functional antagonistic properties of clozapine at the 5-HT3 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996, 225(3):957–960.


594. Theisen FM, Haberhausen M, Firnges MA, Gregory P, Reinders JH, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J, Antel J: No evidence for binding of clozapine, olanzapine and/or haloperidol to selected receptors involved in body weight regulation. Pharmacogenomics J 2007, 7(4):275–281.


595. Frederick JA, Meador-Woodruff JH: Effects of clozapine and haloperidol on 5-HT6 receptor mRNA levels in rat brain. Schizophr Res 1999, 38(1):7–12.


596. Tauscher J, Hussain T, Agid O, Verhoeff NP, Wilson AA, Houle S, Remington G, Zipursky RB, Kapur S: Equivalent occupancy of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors with clozapine: differentiation from other atypical antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161(9):1620–1625.


597. Burstein ES, Ma J, Wong S, Gao Y, Pham E, Knapp AE, Nash NR, Olsson R, Davis RE, Hacksell U, et al.: Intrinsic efficacy of antipsychotics at human D2, D3, and D4 dopamine receptors: identification of the clozapine metabolite N-desmethylclozapine as a D2/D3 partial agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005, 315(3):1278–1287.


598. Cussac D, Pasteau V, Millan MJ: Characterisation of Gs activation by dopamine D1 receptors using an antibody capture assay: antagonist properties of clozapine. Eur J Pharmacol 2004, 485(1–3):111–117.


599. Lanig H, Utz W, Gmeiner P: Comparative molecular field analysis of dopamine D4 receptor antagonists including 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine (FAUC 113), 3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-1H-pyrrolo-[2,3-b]pyridine (L-745,870), and clozapine. J Med Chem 2001, 44(8):1151–1157.


600. Pao SK, Dickerson JW: Effect of a low protein diet and isoenergetic amounts of a high protein diet in the weanling rat on the free amino acids of the brain. Nutr Metab 1975, 18(4):204–216.


601. Fujita Y, Yamamoto T, Rikimaru T, Inoue G: Effect of low protein diets on free amino acids in plasma of young men: effect of wheat gluten diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1979, 25(5):427–439.


602. Suzic S, Radunovic L, Jankovic V, Segovic R: Effects of protein-free diet in amino acid homeostasis of rat blood plasma and gut contents. FEBS Lett 1987, 216(2):287–290.


603. Shim SS, Hammonds MD, Kee BS: Potentiation of the NMDA receptor in the treatment of schizophrenia: focused on the glycine site. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008, 258(1):16–27.


604. Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Aase H, Russell VA: A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behav Brain Sci 2005, 28(3):397–419; discussion 367–368.


605. Jackson ME, Homayoun H, Moghaddam B: NMDA receptor hypofunction produces concomitant firing rate potentiation and burst activity reduction in the prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101(22):8467–8472.


606. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Telang F, Logan J, Wong C, Ma J, Pradhan K, Benveniste H, Swanson JM: Methylphenidate decreased the amount of glucose needed by the brain to perform a cognitive task. PLoS ONE 2008, 3(4):e2017.


607. Barton J: Atomoxetine: a new pharmacotherapeutic approach in the management of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Dis Child 2005, 90(Suppl 1):i26–i29.


608. Brannan T, Martinez-Tica J, Yahr MD: Effect of dietary protein on striatal dopamine formation following L-dopa administration: an in vivo study. Neuropharmacology 1991, 30(10):1125–1127.


609. Montgomery AJ, McTavish SF, Cowen PJ, Grasby PM: Reduction of brain dopamine concentration with dietary tyrosine plus phenylalanine depletion: an [11C]raclopride PET study. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160(10):1887–1889.


610. Tam SY, Elsworth JD, Bradberry CW, Roth RH: Mesocortical dopamine neurons: high basal firing frequency predicts tyrosine dependence of dopamine synthesis. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1990, 81(2):97–110.


611. Hayashi M, Bandoh T, Ushizawa D, Takada S, Hoshi K: Effects of acute and short-term administration of tryptophan plus ethanol on noradrenaline and serotonin metabolites in the locus coeruleus. Alcohol 2004, 34(2–3):225–232.


612. Gibson CJ, Deikel SM, Young SN, Binik YM: Behavioural and biochemical effects of tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982, 76(2):118–121.


613. Denbow DM, Hobbs FC, Hulet RM, Graham PP, Potter LM: Supplemental dietary L-tryptophan effects on growth, meat quality, and brain catecholamine and indoleamine concentrations in turkeys. Br Poult Sci 1993, 34(4):715–724.


614. Lehnert H, Reinstein DK, Strowbridge BW, Wurtman RJ: Neurochemical and behavioral consequences of acute, uncontrollable stress: effects of dietary tyrosine. Brain Res 1984, 303(2):215–223.


615. McTavish SF, McPherson MH, Harmer CJ, Clark L, Sharp T, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ: Antidopaminergic effects of dietary tyrosine depletion in healthy subjects and patients with manic illness. Br J Psychiatry 2001, 179:356–360.


616. Reimherr FW, Wender PH, Wood DR, Ward M: An open trial of L-tyrosine in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Am J Psychiatry 1987, 144(8):1071–1073.


617. Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH: Treatment of attention deficit disorder with DL-phenylalanine. Psychiatry Res 1985, 16(1):21–26.


618. Johnston JL, Balachandran AV: Effects of dietary protein, energy and tyrosine on central and peripheral norepinephrine turnover in mice. J Nutr 1987, 117(12):2046–2053.


619. Peters JC, Harper AE: Adaptation of rats to diets containing different levels of protein: effects on food intake, plasma and brain amino acid concentrations and brain neurotransmitter metabolism. J Nutr 1985, 115(3):382–398.


620. Juhila J, Honkanen A, Sallinen J, Haapalinna A, Korpi ER, Scheinin M: alpha2A-Adrenoceptors regulate d-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and behavioural sensitization in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2005, 517(1–2):74–83.


621. Wooters TE, Dwoskin LP, Bardo MT: Age and sex differences in the locomotor effect of repeated methylphenidate in rats classified as high or low novelty responders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006, 188(1):18–27.


622. Vollmer TR, Borrero JC, Lalli JS, Daniel D: Evaluating self-control and impulsivity in children with severe behavior disorders. J Appl Behav Anal 1999, 32(4):451–466.


623. Aoki N, Suzuki R, Izawa E, Csillag A, Matsushima T: Localized lesions of ventral striatum, but not arcopallium, enhanced impulsiveness in choices based on anticipated spatial proximity of food rewards in domestic chicks. Behav Brain Res 2006, 168(1):1–12.


624. Grace AA: The tonic/phasic model of dopamine system regulation: its relevance for understanding how stimulant abuse can alter basal ganglia function. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995, 37(2):111–129.


625. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Ding YS: Imaging the effects of methylphenidate on brain dopamine: new model on its therapeutic actions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 57(11):1410–1415.


626. Srinivasarao P, Narayanareddy K, Vajreswari A, Rupalatha M, Prakash PS, Rao P: Influence of dietary fat on the activities of subcellular membrane-bound enzymes from different regions of rat brain. Neurochem Int 1997, 31(6):789–794.


627. Nathan PJ, Baker A, Carr E, Earle J, Jones M, Nieciecki M, Hutchison C, Stough C: Cholinergic modulation of cognitive function in healthy subjects: acute effects of donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001, 16(6):481–483.


628. Knudsen EI: Fundamental components of attention. Annu Rev Neurosci 2007, 30:57–78.


629. Murphy P, Burnham WM: The ketogenic diet causes a reversible decrease in activity level in Long-Evans rats. Exp Neurol 2006, 201(1):84–89.


630. Murphy P, Likhodii SS, Hatamian M, McIntyre Burnham W: Effect of the ketogenic diet on the activity level of Wistar rats. Pediatr Res 2005, 57(3):353–357.


631. Senn S: The AB/BA crossover: past, present and future? Stat Methods Med Res 1994, 3(4):303–324.


632. Senn S: Cross-over trials in Statistics in Medicine: the first ‘25’ years. Stat Med 2006, 25(20):3430–3442.


633. Power Analysis and Sample Size software, NCSS http://www.ncss.com/pass.html


634. Jacobson NS, Truax P: Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991, 59(1):12–19.


635. Test of Variables of Attention http://www.tovatest.com/


636. Cornblatt BA, Risch NJ, Faris G, Friedman D, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L: The Continuous Performance Test, identical pairs version (CPT-IP): I. New findings about sustained attention in normal families. Psychiatry Res 1988, 26(2):223–238.


637. Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II http://mhs.com/product.aspx?gr=edu&prod=cptii5


638. The T.O.V.A. Professional Manual http://www.tovatest.com/research-and-education/


639. Frosini M, Sesti C, Palmi M, Valoti M, Fusi F, Mantovani P, Bianchi L, Della Corte L, Sgaragli G: The possible role of taurine and GABA as endogenous cryogens in the rabbit: changes in CSF levels in heat-stress. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000, 483:335–344.


640. Ghosh S, Poddar MK: Higher environmental temperature: effect of multiple exposures on long-term diazepam-induced changes in brain regional GABA. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1995, 17(3):175–184.


641. Dey S, Dey PK, Sharma HS: Regional metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain under acute and chronic heat stress. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1993, 37(1):8–12.


642. Sharma HS, Dey PK: Influence of long-term acute heat exposure on regional blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral blood flow and 5-HT level in conscious normotensive young rats. Brain Res 1987, 424(1):153–162.


643. Herman ZS: Behavioural changes induced in conscious mice by intracerebroventricular injection of catecholamines, acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Br J Pharmacol 1975, 55(3):351–358.


644. Freed WJ, Michaelis EK: Effects of intracisternal GABA or glutamic acid upon behavioral activity in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1976, 5(1):11–14.


645. Leathwood PD, Pollet P: Diet-induced mood changes in normal populations. J Psychiatr Res 1982, 17(2):147–154.


646. Meeusen R, Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, Piacentini MF: Central fatigue: the serotonin hypothesis and beyond. Sports Med 2006, 36(10):881–909.


647. Gajwani P, Kemp DE, Muzina DJ, Xia G, Gao K, Calabrese JR: Acute treatment of mania: an update on new medications. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2006, 8(6):504–509.


648. Aliyev NA, Aliyev ZN: Valproate (depakine-chrono) in the acute treatment of outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder without psychiatric comorbidity: randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur Psychiatry 2008, 23(2):109–114.


649. Kasper S, McEwen BS: Neurobiological and clinical effects of the antidepressant tianeptine. CNS Drugs 2008, 22(1):15–26.


650. Defrance R, Marey C, Kamoun A: Antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of tianeptine: an overview of clinical trials. Clin Neuropharmacol 1988, 11(Suppl 2):S74–S82.


651. Yamamoto S, Iwamoto M, Inoue M, Harada N: Evaluation of the effect of heat exposure on the autonomic nervous system by heart rate variability and urinary catecholamines. J Occup Health 2007, 49(3):199–204.


652. Freeman ME, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Nagy G: Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol Rev 2000, 80(4):1523–1631.


653. Guiard BP, El Mansari M, Merali Z, Blier P: Functional interactions between dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine neurons: an in-vivo electrophysiological study in rats with monoaminergic lesions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008, 11(5):625–639.


654. Glazer JL: Management of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Am Fam Physician 2005, 71(11):2133–2140.


655. Wexler RK: Evaluation and treatment of heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician 2002, 65(11):2307–2314.


656. Dieing A, Ahlers O, Kerner T, Wust P, Felix R, Loffel J, Riess H, Hildebrandt B: Whole body hyperthermia induces apoptosis in subpopulations of blood lymphocytes. Immunobiology 2003, 207(4):265–273.


657. Shen RN, Lu L, Young P, Shidnia H, Hornback NB, Broxmeyer HE: Influence of elevated temperature on natural killer cell activity, lymphokine-activated killer cell activity and lectin-dependent cytotoxicity of human umbilical cord blood and adult blood cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994, 29(4):821–826.


658. Atianjoh FE, Ladenheim B, Krasnova IN, Cadet JL: Amphetamine causes dopamine depletion and cell death in the mouse olfactory bulb. Eur J Pharmacol 2008, 589(1–3):94–97.


659. Yuan L, Brewer C, Pfaff D: Immediate-early Fos protein levels in brainstem neurons of male and female gonadectomized mice subjected to cold exposure. Stress 2002, 5(4):285–294.


660. Passerin AM, Bellush LL, Henley WN: Activation of bulbospinal serotonergic neurons during cold exposure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1999, 77(4):250–258.


661. Baffi JS, Palkovits M: Fine topography of brain areas activated by cold stress. A fos immunohistochemical study in rats. Neuroendocrinology 2000, 72(2):102–113.


662. Hou RH, Freeman C, Langley RW, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM: Does modafinil activate the locus coeruleus in man? Comparison of modafinil and clonidine on arousal and autonomic functions in human volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005, 181:537–549.


663. Colussi-Mas J, Geisler S, Zimmer L, Zahm DS, Berod A: Activation of afferents to the ventral tegmental area in response to acute amphetamine: a double-labelling study. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 26(4):1011–1025.


664. Nikolaou A, Schiza SE, Giakoumaki SG, Roussos P, Siafakas N, Bitsios P: The 5-min pupillary alertness test is sensitive to modafinil: a placebo controlled study in patients with sleep apnea. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008, 196(2):167–175.


665. Hermanussen M, Jensen F, Hirsch N, Friedel K, Kroger B, Lang R, Just S, Ulmer J, Schaff M, Ahnert P, et al.: Acute and chronic effects of winter swimming on LH, FSH, prolactin, growth hormone, TSH, cortisol, serum glucose and insulin. Arctic Med Res 1995, 54(1):45–51.


666. O’Malley BP, Cook N, Richardson A, Barnett DB, Rosenthal FD: Circulating catecholamine, thyrotrophin, thyroid hormone and prolactin responses of normal subjects to acute cold exposure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1984, 21(3):285–291.


667. Rauhala P, Idanpaan-Heikkila JJ, Lang A, Tuominen RK, Mannisto PT: Cold exposure attenuates effects of secretagogues on serum prolactin and growth hormone levels in male rats. Am J Physiol 1995, 268(4 Pt 1):E758–E765.


668. Klenerova V, Sida P, Hynie S, Jurcovicova J: Rat strain differences in responses of plasma prolactin and PRL mRNA expression after acute amphetamine treatment or restraint stress. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2001, 21(1):91–100.


669. Samuels ER, Hou RH, Langley RW, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM: Comparison of pramipexole and modafinil on arousal, autonomic, and endocrine functions in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2006, 20(6):756–770.


670. Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Sebrechts MM, Anderson GM, Cohen DJ, Jatlow P, Young JG: Growth hormone and prolactin response to methylphenidate in children with attention deficit disorder. Life Sci 1990, 46(9):625–633.


671. The anti-fatigue effect of moderate cooling: the evidence, physiological mechanisms and possible implications for the prevention or treatment of CFS. In Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes and Prevention. Edited by Svoboda E. and Zelenjcik K.; New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2010; pp. 57–88.


672. Romanowski W, Grabiec S: The role of serotonin in the mechanism of central fatigue. Acta Physiol Pol 1974, 25(2):127–134.


673. Soares DD, Coimbra CC, Marubayashi U: Tryptophan-induced central fatigue in exercising rats is related to serotonin content in preoptic area. Neurosci Lett 2007, 415(3):274–278.


674. Fernstrom JD, Fernstrom MH: Exercise, serum free tryptophan, and central fatigue. J Nutr 2006, 136(2):553S–559S.


675. Davis JM: Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance: the central fatigue hypothesis. Int J Sport Nutr 1995, 5(Suppl):S29–S38.


676. Blomstrand E: A role for branched-chain amino acids in reducing central fatigue. J Nutr 2006, 136(2):544S–547S.


677. Low D, Cable T, Purvis A: Exercise thermoregulation and hyperprolactinaemia. Ergonomics 2005, 48(11–14):1547–1557.


678. Davis JM, Bailey SP: Possible mechanisms of central nervous system fatigue during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997, 29(1):45–57.


679. Aly MS, Mohamed MI, Rahman TA, Moustafa S: Studies of contents of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain — I. Normal and cold exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1985, 82(1):155–158.


680. Toh CC: Effects of temperature on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) content of tissues. J Physiol 1960, 151:410–415.


681. Dickenson AH: Specific responses of rat raphe neurones to skin temperature. J Physiol 1977, 273(1):277–293.


682. McAllen RM, Farrell M, Johnson JM, Trevaks D, Cole L, McKinley MJ, Jackson G, Denton DA, Egan GF: Human medullary responses to cooling and rewarming the skin: a functional MRI study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103(3):809–813.


683. Ootsuka Y, Blessing WW: Inhibition of medullary raphe/parapyramidal neurons prevents cutaneous vasoconstriction elicited by alerting stimuli and by cold exposure in conscious rabbits. Brain Res 2005, 1051(1–2):189–193.


684. Kayama Y, Ito S, Koyama Y, Jodo E: Tonic and phasic components of the ascending reticular activating system. Fukushima J Med Sci 1991, 37(2):59–74.


685. Siegel J: Brain mechanisms that control sleep and waking. Naturwissenschaften 2004, 91(8):355–365.


686. Jiang XH, Guo SY, Xu S, Yin QZ, Ohshita Y, Naitoh M, Horibe Y, Hisamitsu T: Sympathetic nervous system mediates cold stress-induced suppression of natural killer cytotoxicity in rats. Neurosci Lett 2004, 358(1):1–4.


687. Beley A, Beley P, Rochette L, Bralet J: Time-dependent changes in the rate of noradrenaline synthesis in various rat brain areas during cold exposure. Pflugers Arch 1977, 368:225–229.


688. Stone EA, Lin Y, Ahsan R, Quartermain D: Role of locus coeruleus alpha1-adrenoceptors in motor activity in rats. Synapse 2004, 54(3):164–172.


689. Lovick TA: The medullary raphe nuclei: a system for integration and gain control in autonomic and somatomotor responsiveness? Exp Physiol 1997, 82(1):31–41.


690. Dickinson CJ: Chronic fatigue syndrome—aetiological aspects. Eur J Clin Invest 1997, 27(4):257–267.


691. Kiyashchenko LI, Mileykovskiy BY, Lai YY, Siegel JM: Increased and decreased muscle tone with orexin (hypocretin) microinjections in the locus coeruleus and pontine inhibitory area. J Neurophysiol 2001, 85(5):2008–2016.


692. Hornung JP: The human raphe nuclei and the serotonergic system. J Chem Neuroanat 2003, 26(4):331–343.


693. Derevenco P, Stoica N, Sovrea I, Imreh S: Central and peripheral effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on exercise performance in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1986, 11(2):141–153.


694. Boev VM, Krauz VA: Functional state of the hippocampo-reticular complex during submaximal physical loading and fatigue. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 1981, 31(5):1029–1037.


695. Fornal CA, Martin-Cora FJ, Jacobs BL: “Fatigue” of medullary but not mesencephalic raphe serotonergic neurons during locomotion in cats. Brain Res 2006, 1072(1):55–61.


696. Staub F, Bogousslavsky J: Fatigue after stroke: a major but neglected issue. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001, 12(2):75–81.


697. Bruno RL, Cohen JM, Galski T, Frick NM: The neuroanatomy of post-polio fatigue. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994, 75(5):498–504.


698. Szymusiak R, Iriye T, McGinty D: Sleep-waking discharge of neurons in the posterior lateral hypothalamic area of cats. Brain Res Bull 1989, 23(1–2):111–120.


699. Kumar N, Allen KA, Riccardi D, Bercu BB, Cantor A, Minton S, Balducci L, Jacobsen PB: Fatigue, weight gain, lethargy and amenorrhea in breast cancer patients on chemotherapy: is subclinical hypothyroidism the culprit? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004, 83(2):149–159.


700. Bunevicius R, Velickiene D, Prange AJ, Jr.: Mood and anxiety disorders in women with treated hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy caused by Graves’ disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2005, 27(2):133–139.


701. Savourey G, Caravel JP, Barnavol B, Bittel JH: Thyroid hormone changes in a cold air environment after local cold acclimation. J Appl Physiol 1994, 76(5):1963–1967.


702. Quintanar-Stephano JL, Quintanar-Stephano A, Castillo-Hernandez L: Effect of the exposure to chronic-intermittent cold on the thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in the rat. Cryobiology 1991, 28(4):400–403.


703. Reed HL, Quesada M, Hesslink RL, Jr., D’Alesandro MM, Hays MT, Christopherson RJ, Turner BV, Young BA: Changes in serum triiodothyronine kinetics and hepatic type I 5'-deiodinase activity of cold-exposed swine. Am J Physiol 1994, 266(5 Pt 1):E786–E795.


704. Macari M, Zuim SM, Secato ER, Guerreiro JR: Effects of ambient temperature and thyroid hormones on food intake by pigs. Physiol Behav 1986, 36:1035–1039.


705. St Rose JE, Murray GW, Howe SA: Effect of alterations in metabolic rate on the duration of tolerance in neonatally injected animals. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1976, 52(1–4):183–187.


706. Vallerand AL, Zamecnik J, Jacobs I: Plasma glucose turnover during cold stress in humans. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78(4):1296–1302.


707. Borg G, Edstrom CG, Linderholm H, Marklund G: Changes in physical performance induced by amphetamine and amobarbital. Psychopharmacologia 1972, 26(1):10–18.


708. Chandler JV, Blair SN: The effect of amphetamines on selected physiological components related to athletic success. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980, 12(1):65–69.


709. Gerald MC: Effects of (+)-amphetamine on the treadmill endurance performance of rats. Neuropharmacology 1978, 17(9):703–704.


710. Oliverio A: Analysis of the “anti-fatigue” activity of amphetamine. Role of central adrenergic mechanisms. Farmaco [Sci] 1967, 22(6):441–449.


711. Bailey SP, Davis JM, Ahlborn EN: Effect of increased brain serotonergic activity on endurance performance in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand 1992, 145(1):75–76.


712. Roubert C, Cox PJ, Bruss M, Hamon M, Bonisch H, Giros B: Determination of residues in the norepinephrine transporter that are critical for tricyclic antidepressant affinity. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:8254–8260.


713. Chenu F, El Mansari M, Blier P: Long-term administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors alters the firing rate and pattern of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009, 12(4):475–485.


714. Deshauer D, Moher D, Fergusson D, Moher E, Sampson M, Grimshaw J: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for unipolar depression: a systematic review of classic long-term randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2008, 178(10):1293–1301.


715. Gada M: Treatment of depression with the serotonin reuptake enhancer tianeptine in the primary care setting of India. J Indian Med Assoc 2005, 103:105–106.


716. De Simoni MG, De Luigi A, Clavenna A, Manfridi A: In vivo studies on the enhancement of serotonin reuptake by tianeptine. Brain Res 1992, 574:93–97.


717. Gonzalez MM, Aston-Jones G: Circadian regulation of arousal: role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system and light exposure. Sleep 2006, 29:1327–1336.


718. Karolewicz B, Szebeni K, Stockmeier CA, Konick L, Overholser JC, Jurjus G, Roth BL, Ordway GA: Low nNOS protein in the locus coeruleus in major depression. J Neurochem 2004, 91(5):1057–1066.


719. Harro J, Oreland L: Depression as a spreading adjustment disorder of monoaminergic neurons: a case for primary implication of the locus coeruleus. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001, 38(1–2):79–128.


720. Kaitin KI, Bliwise DL, Gleason C, Nino-Murcia G, Dement WC, Libet B: Sleep disturbance produced by electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus in a human subject. Biol Psychiatry 1986, 21:710–716.


721. Blier P: Crosstalk between the norepinephrine and serotonin systems and its role in the antidepressant response. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001, 26(Suppl):S3–S10.


722. McKittrick CR, Abercrombie ED: Catecholamine mapping within nucleus accumbens: differences in basal and amphetamine-stimulated efflux of norepinephrine and dopamine in shell and core. J Neurochem 2007, 100(5):1247–1256.


723. Madras BK, Xie Z, Lin Z, Jassen A, Panas H, Lynch L, Johnson R, Livni E, Spencer TJ, Bonab AA, et al.: Modafinil occupies dopamine and norepinephrine transporters in vivo and modulates the transporters and trace amine activity in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006, 319(2):561–569.


724. Iggo A, Iggo BJ: Impulse coding in primate cutaneous thermoreceptors in dynamic thermal conditions. J Physiol (Paris) 1971, 63(3):287–290.


725. Kennedy SH, Giacobbe P: Treatment resistant depression — advances in somatic therapies. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2007, 19:279–287.


726. Ishihara K, Sasa M: Mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on depression. Jpn J Pharmacol 1999, 80(3):185–189.


727. Castellani JW, Young AJ, Kain JE, Sawka MN: Thermoregulatory responses to cold water at different times of day. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87(1):243–246.


728. Possible use of repeated cold stress for reducing fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome: a hypothesis. Behav Brain Funct 2007, 3:55.


729. DeLeo JA: Basic science of pain. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006, 88(Suppl 2):58–62.


730. Sramek P, Simeckova M, Jansky L, Savlikova J, Vybiral S: Human physiological responses to immersion into water of different temperatures. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000, 81(5):436–442.


731. Leppaluoto J, Korhonen I, Huttunen P, Hassi J: Serum levels of thyroid and adrenal hormones, testosterone, TSH, LH, GH and prolactin in men after a 2-h stay in a cold room. Acta Physiol Scand 1988, 132:543–548.


732. LaFoy J, Geden EA: Postepisiotomy pain: warm versus cold sitz bath. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1989, 18(5):399–403.


733. Hamm RJ, Knisely JS, Lyons CM: Adaptation of body temperature and nociception to cold stress in preweanling rats. Physiol Behav 1990, 47(5):895–897.


734. Hua S, Hermanussen S, Tang L, Monteith GR, Cabot PJ: The neural cell adhesion molecule antibody blocks cold water swim stress-induced analgesia and cell adhesion between lymphocytes and cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Anesth Analg 2006, 103(6):1558–1564.


735. Kramer E, Bodnar RJ: Age-related decrements in the analgesic response to cold-water swims. Physiol Behav 1986, 36(5):875–880.


736. Lapo IB, Konarzewski M, Sadowski B: Effect of cold acclimation and repeated swimming on opioid and nonopioid swim stress-induced analgesia in selectively bred mice. Physiol Behav 2003, 78(3):345–350.


737. Mizoguchi H, Narita M, Kampine JP, Tseng LF: [Met5]enkephalin and delta2-opioid receptors in the spinal cord are involved in the cold water swimming-induced antinociception in the mouse. Life Sci 1997, 61:PL81–PL86.


738. Truesdell LS, Bodnar RJ: Reduction in cold-water swim analgesia following hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions. Physiol Behav 1987, 39(6):727–731.


739. Offenbacher M, Stucki G: Physical therapy in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 2000, 113:78–85.


740. Fricke R: Ganzkorperkaltetherapie in einer Kaltekammer mit Temperaturen um –110°C. Z Phys Med Baln Med Klim 1989, 18:1–10.


741. Jarrett B, Bloch GJ, Bennett D, Bleazard B, Hedges D: The influence of body mass index, age and gender on current illness: a cross-sectional study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010, 34(3):429–436.


742. Narita M, Tseng LF: Evidence for the existence of the beta-endorphin-sensitive “epsilon-opioid receptor” in the brain: the mechanisms of epsilon-mediated antinociception. Jpn J Pharmacol 1998, 76:233–253.


743. Parsons CG, Herz A: Peripheral opioid receptors mediating antinociception in inflammation. Evidence for activation by enkephalin-like opioid peptides after cold water swim stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990, 255(2):795–802.


744. Widy-Tyszkiewicz E, Mierzejewski P, Kohutnicka M, Czlonkowski A: Cold water stress induced analgesia in unilateral inflammation of the hindpaw in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Pol J Pharmacol 1995, 47:313–320.


745. Bodnar RJ, Komisaruk BR: Reduction in cervical probing analgesia by repeated prior exposure to cold-water swims. Physiol Behav 1984, 32(4):653–655.


746. Sasaki F, Wu P, Rougeau D, Unabia G, Childs GV: Cytochemical studies of responses of corticotropes and thyrotropes to cold and novel environment stress. Endocrinology 1990, 127(1):285–297.


747. Vaswani KK, Richard CW, 3rd, Tejwani GA: Cold swim stress-induced changes in the levels of opioid peptides in the rat CNS and peripheral tissues. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988, 29(1):163–168.


748. Giagnoni G, Santagostino A, Senini R, Fumagalli P, Gori E: Cold stress in the rat induces parallel changes in plasma and pituitary levels of endorphin and ACTH. Pharmacol Res Commun 1983, 15(1):15–21.


749. Glickman-Weiss EL, Nelson AG, Hearon CM, Goss FL, Robertson RJ: Are beta-endorphins and thermoregulation during cold-water immersion related? Undersea Hyperb Med 1993, 20(3):205–213.


750. Suzuki K, Maekawa K, Minakuchi H, Yatani H, Clark GT, Matsuka Y, Kuboki T: Responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and pain threshold changes in the orofacial region upon cold pressor stimulation in normal volunteers. Arch Oral Biol 2007, 52(8):797–802.


751. Gerra G, Volpi R, Delsignore R, Maninetti L, Caccavari R, Vourna S, Maestri D, Chiodera P, Ugolotti G, Coiro V: Sex-related responses of beta-endorphin, ACTH, GH and PRL to cold exposure in humans. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1992, 126(1):24–28.


752. Nakamoto M: Responses of sympathetic nervous system to cold exposure in vibration syndrome subjects and age-matched healthy controls. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1990, 62(2):177–181.


753. Nakane T, Audhya T, Kanie N, Hollander CS: Evidence for a role of endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor in cold, ether, immobilization, and traumatic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985, 82(4):1247–1251.


754. Terman GW, Eastman CL, Chavkin C: Mu opiates inhibit long-term potentiation induction in the spinal cord slice. J Neurophysiol 2001, 85:485–494.


755. Pickar D, Davis GC, Schulz SC, Extein I, Wagner R, Naber D, Gold PW, van Kammen DP, Goodwin FK, Wyatt RJ, et al.: Behavioral and biological effects of acute beta-endorphin injection in schizophrenic and depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 1981, 138(2):160–166.


756. Bragin EO, Popkova EV, Vasilenko GF: Changes in pain reactions and 3H-naloxone binding to opiate receptors of the hypothalamus and midbrain in rats after repeated swimming in cold water. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1989, 108(9):292–294.


757. Kamei J, Iwamoto Y, Hitosugi H, Misawa M, Nagase H, Kasuya Y: Differential mediation of cold water swim stress-induced antinociception by delta-opioid receptor subtypes in diabetic mice. Life Sci 1994, 54:PL425–PL430.


758. Bodnar RJ, Kelly DD, Spiaggia A, Ehrenberg C, Glusman M: Dose-dependent reductions by naloxone of analgesia induced by cold-water stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978, 8(6):667–672.


759. Kepler KL, Bodnar RJ: Yohimbine potentiates cold-water swim analgesia: re-evaluation of a noradrenergic role. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988, 29(1):83–88.


760. Rochford J, Henry JL: Analgesia induced by continuous versus intermittent cold water swim in the rat: differential effects of intrathecal administration of phentolamine and methysergide. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988, 31(1):27–31.


761. Tracey I, Ploghaus A, Gati JS: Imaging attentional modulation of pain in the periaqueductal gray in humans. J Neurosci 2002, 22:2748–2752.


762. Strassman AM, Levy D: Response properties of dural nociceptors in relation to headache. J Neurophysiol 2006, 95(3):1298–1306.


763. Francke AL, Luiken JB, Garssen B, Abu-Saad HH, Grypdonck M: Effects of a pain programme on nurses’ psychosocial, physical and relaxation interventions. Patient Educ Couns 1996, 28:221–230.


764. Young BA: Cold stress as it affects animal production. J Anim Sci 1981, 52(1):154–163.


765. Bing C, Frankish HM, Pickavance L: Hyperphagia in cold-exposed rats is accompanied by decreased plasma leptin but unchanged hypothalamic NPY. Am J Physiol 1998, 274:R62–R68.


766. Bueno L, Gue M: Evidence for the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor in the gastrointestinal disturbances induced by acoustic and cold stress in mice. Brain Res 1988, 441:1–4.


767. Vybiral S, Lesna I, Jansky L, Zeman V: Thermoregulation in winter swimmers and physiological significance of human catecholamine thermogenesis. Exp Physiol 2000, 85:321–326.


768. Puerta M, Abelenda M, Rocha M, Trayhurn P: Effect of acute cold exposure on the expression of the adiponectin, resistin and leptin genes in rat white and brown adipose tissues. Horm Metab Res 2002, 34:629–634.


769. Cohen MM: Role of leptin in regulating appetite, neuroendocrine function, and bone remodeling. Am J Med Genet A 2006, 140:515–524.


770. Kalra SP, Ueno N, Kalra PS: Stimulation of appetite by ghrelin is regulated by leptin restraint: peripheral and central sites of action. J Nutr 2005, 135:1331–1335.


771. Kioukia-Fougia N, Antoniou K, Bekris S, Liapi C, Christofidis I, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z: The effects of stress exposure on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thymus, thyroid hormones and glucose levels. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002, 26(5):823–830.


772. Goundasheva D, Andonova M, Ivanov V: Changes in some parameters of the immune response in rats after cold stress. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1994, 41(10):670–674.


773. Ohno H, Yahata T, Yamashita K, Kuroshima A: Effect of acute cold exposure on ACTH and zinc concentrations in human plasma. Jpn J Physiol 1987, 37(4):749–755.


774. Kong WM, Martin NM, Smith KL, Gardiner JV, Connoley IP, Stephens DA, Dhillo WS, Ghatei MA, Small CJ, Bloom SR: Triiodothyronine stimulates food intake via the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus independent of changes in energy expenditure. Endocrinology 2004, 145(11):5252–5258.


775. Bermudez FF, Forbes JM, Injidi MH: Involvement of melatonin and thyroid hormones in the control of sleep, food intake and energy metabolism in the domestic fowl. J Physiol 1983, 337:19–27.


776. Lerman R, Koldovsky O: Growth and food intake of prematurely weaned rats: effect of cortisone and thyroxine injection during the suckling period. J Nutr 1979, 109(5):916–923.


777. Benach Carreras B: Intravenous ACTH in the treatment of excessive vomiting in pregnancy. Arch Hosp Univ 1954, 6(1):71–78.


778. Colbert N, Izrael V, Lotz JP, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Vannetzel JM, Pene F, Schlienger M, Laugier A: Adrenocorticotropic hormone in the prevention of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. J Clin Oncol 1983, 1(10):635–639.


779. Passalacqua R, Cocconi G, Bella M, Monici L, Michiara M, Bandini N, Bacchi M: Double-blind, randomized trial for the control of delayed emesis in patients receiving cisplatin: comparison of placebo vs. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Ann Oncol 1992, 3(6):481–485.


780. Passalacqua R, Cocconi G, Caminiti C, Silingardi V, Bella MA, Bichisao E, Michiara M, Malavasi V, Donati D, Di Costanzo F, et al.: Double-blind, multicenter, randomized trial to compare the effect of two doses of adrenocorticotropic hormone versus placebo in controlling delayed emesis after high-dose cisplatin in adult patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997, 15(6):2467–2473.


781. Santini D, Vincenzi B, Fossati C, D’Angelillo RM, Patti G, Bianco V, Avvisati G, Tonini G: Prevention of delayed emesis induced by moderately emetogenic chemotherapy in patients with acute emesis: a pilot study with ACTH-Depot plus tropisetron. Med Oncol 2001, 18(2):131–135.


782. Higgins GA, Kilpatrick GJ, Bunce KT, Jones BJ, Tyers MB: 5-HT3 receptor antagonists injected into the area postrema inhibit cisplatin-induced emesis in the ferret. Br J Pharmacol 1989, 97(1):247–255.


783. Badawy AA, Morgan CJ, Llewelyn MB, Albuquerque SR, Farmer A: Heterogeneity of serum tryptophan concentration and availability to the brain in patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychopharmacol 2005, 19(4):385–391.


784. Halford JC, Harrold JA, Lawton CL, Blundell JE: Serotonin (5-HT) drugs: effects on appetite expression and use for the treatment of obesity. Curr Drug Targets 2005, 6(2):201–213.


785. Leppaluoto J, Westerlund T, Huttunen P: Effects of long-term whole-body cold exposures on plasma concentrations of ACTH, beta-endorphin, cortisol, catecholamines and cytokines in healthy females. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2008, 68:145–153.


786. Stitt JT, Shimada SG: The effect of low ambient temperature on the febrile responses of rats to semi-purified human endogenous pyrogen. Yale J Biol Med 1985, 58(2):189–194.


787. Greenstein G: Therapeutic efficacy of cold therapy after intraoral surgical procedures: a literature review. J Periodontol 2007, 78(5):790–800.


788. Laureano Filho JR, de Oliveira e Silva ED, Batista CI, Gouveia FM: The influence of cryotherapy on reduction of swelling, pain and trismus after third-molar extraction: a preliminary study. J Am Dent Assoc 2005, 136(6):774–778; quiz 807.


789. Shulman AG: Ice water as primary treatment of burns. Simple method of emergency treatment of burns to alleviate pain, reduce sequelae, and hasten healing. JAMA 1960, 173:1916–1919.


790. Pagliaro J, Elliott T, Bulsara M, King C, Vinciullo C: Cold air analgesia in photodynamic therapy of basal cell carcinomas and Bowen’s disease: an effective addition to treatment: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg 2004, 30(1):63–66.


791. Raulin C, Greve B, Hammes S: Cold air in laser therapy: first experiences with a new cooling system. Lasers Surg Med 2000, 27(5):404–410.


792. Stockle U, Hoffmann R, Schutz M, von Fournier C, Sudkamp NP, Haas N: Fastest reduction of posttraumatic edema: continuous cryotherapy or intermittent impulse compression? Foot Ankle Int 1997, 18(7):432–438.


793. Dolan MG, Thornton RM, Fish DR, Mendel FC: Effects of cold water immersion on edema formation after blunt injury to the hind limbs of rats. J Athl Train 1997, 32(3):233–237.


794. Humphreys F, Spiro J: The effects of topical indomethacin and clobetasol propionate on post-cryotherapy inflammation. Br J Dermatol 1995, 132(5):762–765.


795. Wingfield DL, Fraunfelder FT: Possible complications secondary to cryotherapy. Ophthalmic Surg 1979, 10(8):47–55.


796. Gach JE, Humphreys F, Berth-Jones J: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the value of free radical scavengers in reducing inflammation induced by cryotherapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005, 30(1):14–16.


797. Brenner IK, Castellani JW, Gabaree C, Young AJ, Zamecnik J, Shephard RJ, Shek PN: Immune changes in humans during cold exposure: effects of prior heating and exercise. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87(2):699–710.


798. Jain S, Bruot BC, Stevenson JR: Cold swim stress leads to enhanced splenocyte responsiveness to concanavalin A, decreased serum testosterone, and increased serum corticosterone, glucose, and protein. Life Sci 1996, 59(3):209–218.


799. Shu J, Stevenson JR, Zhou X: Modulation of cellular immune responses by cold water swim stress in the rat. Dev Comp Immunol 1993, 17(4):357–371.


800. Cransberg K, Cornelissen M, Lilien M, Van Hoeck K, Davin JC, Nauta J: Maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids in pediatric kidney transplantation: temporary benefit but not without risk. Transplantation 2007, 83(8):1041–1047.


801. Barnes PJ: How corticosteroids control inflammation: Quintiles Prize Lecture 2005. Br J Pharmacol 2006, 148(3):245–254.


802. Souza CG, Moreira JD, Siqueira IR, Pereira AG, Rieger DK, Souza DO, Souza TM, Portela LV, Perry ML: Highly palatable diet consumption increases protein oxidation in rat frontal cortex and anxiety-like behavior. Life Sci 2007, 81(3):198–203.


803. Jallut O: Instinct therapy—raw food with meat with exclusion of milk products. Report No. 16. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1989, 78(24):697–701.


804. Toth C: Medications and substances as a cause of headache: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Neuropharmacol 2003, 26(3):122–136.


805. Millichap JG, Yee MM: The diet factor in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Pediatr Neurol 2003, 28(1):9–15.


806. Egger J, Carter CM, Wilson J, Turner MW, Soothill JF: Is migraine food allergy? A double-blind controlled trial of oligoantigenic diet treatment. Lancet 1983, 322(8355):865–869.


807. Egger J, Carter CH, Soothill JF, Wilson J: Effect of diet treatment on enuresis in children with migraine or hyperkinetic behavior. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1992, 31(5):302–307.


808. McGue M, Bacon S, Lykken DT: Personality stability and change in early adulthood: a behavioral genetic analysis. Developmental Psychology 1993, 29(1):96–109.


809. Caspi A: The child is father of the man: personality continuities from childhood to adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 78(1):158–172.


810. Srivastava S, John OP, Gosling SD, Potter J: Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: set like plaster or persistent change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84(5):1041–1053.


811. Bouchard TJ, Jr., McGue M: Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. J Neurobiol 2003, 54(1):4–45.


812. Beck AT: The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. Am J Psychiatry 2008, 165(8):969–977.


813. Lynch D, Laws KR, McKenna PJ: Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials. Psychol Med 2010, 40(1):9–24.


814. Oliveira IR, Nunes PM, Coutinho DM, Sena EP: Review of the efficacy of placebo in comparative clinical trials between typical and atypical antipsychotics. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2009, 31(1):52–56.


815. Parnell C, Whelton H, O’Mullane D: Water fluoridation. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2009, 10(3):141–148.


816. John T. Reed’s Real Estate B.S. Artist Detection Checklist http://www.johntreed.com/BSchecklist.html


817. Levine BA: Use of hydrotherapy in reduction of anxiety. Psychol Rep 1984, 55(2):526.


818. Benfield RD, Hortobagyi T, Tanner CJ, Swanson M, Heitkemper MM, Newton ER: The effects of hydrotherapy on anxiety, pain, neuroendocrine responses, and contraction dynamics during labor. Biol Res Nurs 2010, 12(1):28–36.


819. Nielsen B, Hyldig T, Bidstrup F, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Christoffersen GR: Brain activity and fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. Pflugers Arch 2001, 442(1):41–48.


820. Cabral R, Prior PF, Scott DF, Brierley JB: Reversible profound depression of cerebral electrical activity in hyperthermia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1977, 42(5):697–701.


821. Headey B, Muffels R, Wooden M: Money does not buy happiness: or does it? A reassessment based on the combined effects of wealth, income and consumption. Social Indicators Research 2008, 87(1):65–82.


822. Aberg MA, Aberg N, Brisman J, Sundberg R, Winkvist A, Toren K: Fish intake of Swedish male adolescents is a predictor of cognitive performance. Acta Paediatr 2009, 98(3):555–560.


823. Aihara Y, Minai J, Aoyama A, Shimanouchi S: Depressive symptoms and past lifestyle among Japanese elderly people. Community Ment Health J 2011, 47(2):186–193.


824. Akbaraly TN, Brunner EJ, Ferrie JE, Marmot MG, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A: Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age. Br J Psychiatry 2009, 195(5):408–413.


825. Antypa N, Van der Does AJ, Smelt AH, Rogers RD: Omega-3 fatty acids (fish-oil) and depression-related cognition in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 2009, 23(7):831–840.


826. Aparicio Vizuete A, Robles F, Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM: Association between food and nutrient intakes and cognitive capacity in a group of institutionalized elderly people. Eur J Nutr 2010, 49(5):293–300.


827. Beezhold BL, Johnston CS, Daigle DR: Vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states: a cross-sectional study in seventh day adventist adults. Nutr J 2010, 9:26.


828. Benton D, Williams C, Brown A: Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007, 61(3):355–361.


829. Beydoun MA, Fanelli Kuczmarski MT, Beydoun HA, Shroff MR, Mason MA, Evans MK, Zonderman AB: The sex-specific role of plasma folate in mediating the association of dietary quality with depressive symptoms. J Nutr 2009, 140(2):338–347.


830. Birlouez-Aragon I, Saavedra G, Tessier FJ, Galinier A, Ait-Ameur L, Lacoste F, Niamba CN, Alt N, Somoza V, Lecerf JM: A diet based on high-heat-treated foods promotes risk factors for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91(5):1220–1226.


831. Bohannon J: Psychology. The theory? Diet causes violence. The lab? Prison. Science 2009, 325(5948):1614–1616.


832. Booij L, Merens W, Markus CR, Van der Does AJ: Diet rich in alpha-lactalbumin improves memory in unmedicated recovered depressed patients and matched controls. J Psychopharmacol 2006, 20(4):526–535.


833. Boujraf S, Benajiba N, Belahsen F, Tizniti S, Garey LJ: The impact of restricted diet on brain function using BOLD-fMRI. Exp Brain Res 2006, 173(2):318–321.


834. Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Wilson CJ: Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and cognitive function. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169(20):1873–1880.


835. Choi S, Disilvio B, Fernstrom MH, Fernstrom JD: Meal ingestion, amino acids and brain neurotransmitters: effects of dietary protein source on serotonin and catecholamine synthesis rates. Physiol Behav 2009, 98(1–2):156–162.


836. Colombo JP, Cervantes H, Kokorovic M, Pfister U, Perritaz R: Effect of different protein diets on the distribution of amino acids in plasma, liver and brain in the rat. Ann Nutr Metab 1992, 36(1):23–33.


837. Correa Leite ML, Nicolosi A, Cristina S, Hauser WA, Nappi G: Nutrition and cognitive deficit in the elderly: a population study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001, 55(12):1053–1058.


838. Crichton GE, Murphy KJ, Bryan J: Dairy intake and cognitive health in middle-aged South Australians. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2010, 19(2):161–171.


839. Dalton A, Wolmarans P, Witthuhn RC, van Stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder SA, Smuts CM: A randomised control trial in schoolchildren showed improvement in cognitive function after consuming a bread spread, containing fish flour from a marine source. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009, 80(2–3):143–149.


840. D’Anci KE, Watts KL, Kanarek RB, Taylor HA: Low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. Effects on cognition and mood. Appetite 2009, 52(1):96–103.


841. Dangour AD, Allen E, Elbourne D, Fletcher A, Richards M, Uauy R: Fish consumption and cognitive function among older people in the UK: baseline data from the OPAL study. J Nutr Health Aging 2009, 13(3):198–202.


842. Dangour AD, Lock K, Hayter A, Aikenhead A, Allen E, Uauy R: Nutrition-related health effects of organic foods: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 92(1):203–210.


843. Fernandez Morales I, Aguilar Vilas MV, Mateos Vega CJ, Martinez Para MC: Relation between the breakfast quality and the academic performance in adolescents of Guadalajara (Castilla-La Mancha). Nutr Hosp 2008, 23(4):383–387.


844. File SE, Jarrett N, Fluck E, Duffy R, Casey K, Wiseman H: Eating soya improves human memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001, 157(4):430–436.


845. Florence MD, Asbridge M, Veugelers PJ: Diet quality and academic performance. J Sch Health 2008, 78(4):209–215; quiz 239–241.


846. Gale CR, Martyn CN, Marriott LD, Limond J, Crozier S, Inskip HM, Godfrey KM, Law CM, Cooper C, Robinson SM: Dietary patterns in infancy and cognitive and neuropsychological function in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009, 50(7):816–823.


847. Green MW, Rogers PJ, Elliman NA, Gatenby SJ: Impairment of cognitive performance associated with dieting and high levels of dietary restraint. Physiol Behav 1994, 55(3):447–452.


848. Haider S, Haleem DJ: Decreases of brain serotonin following a food restriction schedule of 4 weeks in male and female rats. Med Sci Monit 2000, 6(6):1061–1067.


849. Haleem DJ: Exaggerated feedback control decreases brain serotonin concentration and elicits hyperactivity in a rat model of diet-restriction-induced anorexia nervosa. Appetite 2009, 52(1):44–50.


850. Hayase K, Koie M, Yokogoshi H: The quantity of dietary protein affects brain protein synthesis rate in aged rats. J Nutr 1998, 128(9):1533–1536.


851. Heys M, Jiang C, Schooling CM, Zhang W, Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung GM: Is childhood meat eating associated with better later adulthood cognition in a developing population? Eur J Epidemiol 2010, 25(7):507–516.


852. Hinote BP, Cockerham WC, Abbott P: Psychological distress and dietary patterns in eight post-Soviet republics. Appetite 2009, 53(1):24–33.


853. Hirano E, Lyou S, Tujioka K, Tanaka M, Hayase K, Okuyama S, Yokogoshi H: Effects of quantity and quality of dietary protein on the brain polysome profile in aged rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002, 66(2):351–355.


854. Hirose T: Effects of nutritional status on contents of tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in rat brain. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1992, 47(2):627–633.


855. Howard AL, Robinson M, Smith GJ, Ambrosini GL, Piek JP, Oddy WH: ADHD is associated with a ‘Western’ dietary pattern in adolescents. J Atten Disord 2011, 15(5):403–411.


856. Hu ZG, Wang HD, Qiao L, Yan W, Tan QF, Yin HX: The protective effect of the ketogenic diet on traumatic brain injury-induced cell death in juvenile rats. Brain Inj 2009, 23(5):459–465.


857. Hughes M: Cholesterol and violent death. Diets, violence, and civilization. BMJ 1994, 309(6963):1228.


858. Huijbregts PP, Feskens EJ, Rasanen L, Fidanza F, Alberti-Fidanza A, Nissinen A, Giampaoli S, Kromhout D: Dietary patterns and cognitive function in elderly men in Finland, Italy and The Netherlands. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998, 52(11):826–831.


859. Hwang JY, Lee SE, Kim SH, Chung HW, Kim WY: Psychological distress is associated with inadequate dietary intake in Vietnamese marriage immigrant women in Korea. J Am Diet Assoc 2010, 110(5):779–785.


860. Iribarren C, Markovitz JH, Jacobs DR, Jr., Schreiner PJ, Daviglus M, Hibbeln JR: Dietary intake of n-3, n-6 fatty acids and fish: relationship with hostility in young adults—the CARDIA study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58(1):24–31.


861. Jacka FN, Kremer PJ, Leslie ER, Berk M, Patton GC, Toumbourou JW, Williams JW: Associations between diet quality and depressed mood in adolescents: results from the Australian Healthy Neighbourhoods Study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010, 44(5):435–442.


862. Jeffery RW, Linde JA, Simon GE, Ludman EJ, Rohde P, Ichikawa LE, Finch EA: Reported food choices in older women in relation to body mass index and depressive symptoms. Appetite 2009, 52(1):238–240.


863. Junger M, van Kampen M: Cognitive ability and self-control in relation to dietary habits, physical activity and bodyweight in adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:22.


864. Jurdak N, Lichtenstein AH, Kanarek RB: Diet-induced obesity and spatial cognition in young male rats. Nutr Neurosci 2008, 11(2):48–54.


865. Kamemori N, Takeuchi T, Hayashida K, Harada E: Suppressive effects of milk-derived lactoferrin on psychological stress in adult rats. Brain Res 2004, 1029(1):34–40.


866. Kaplan RJ, Greenwood CE, Winocur G, Wolever TM: Dietary protein, carbohydrate, and fat enhance memory performance in the healthy elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74(5):687–693.


867. Kiddie JY, Weiss MD, Kitts DD, Levy-Milne R, Wasdell MB: Nutritional status of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Int J Pediatr 2010, 2010:767318.


868. Kim HY, Frongillo EA, Han SS, Oh SY, Kim WK, Jang YA, Won HS, Lee HS, Kim SH: Academic performance of Korean children is associated with dietary behaviours and physical status. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003, 12(2):186–192.


869. Koie M, Tanaka M, Hayase K, Yoshida A, Yokogoshi H: Effect of dietary protein quality on the brain protein synthesis rate in aged rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1999, 45(4):481–489.


870. Kraft BD, Westman EC: Schizophrenia, gluten, and low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets: a case report and review of the literature. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009, 6:10.


871. Kristjansson AL, Sigfusdottir ID, Allegrante JP: Health behavior and academic achievement among adolescents: the relative contribution of dietary habits, physical activity, body mass index, and self-esteem. Health Educ Behav 2009, 37(1):51–64.


872. Leigh Gibson E, Green MW: Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility. Nutr Res Rev 2002, 15(1):169–206.


873. Liu C, Xie B, Chou CP, Koprowski C, Zhou D, Palmer P, Sun P, Guo Q, Duan L, Sun X, Anderson Johnson C: Perceived stress, depression and food consumption frequency in the college students of China Seven Cities. Physiol Behav 2007, 92(4):748–754.


874. Lloyd HM, Rogers PJ: Mood and cognitive performance improved by a small amount of alcohol given with a lunchtime meal. Behav Pharmacol 1997, 8(2–3):188–195.


875. Macht M, Dettmer D: Everyday mood and emotions after eating a chocolate bar or an apple. Appetite 2006, 46(3):332–336.


876. MacLellan D, Taylor J, Wood K: Food intake and academic performance among adolescents. Can J Diet Pract Res 2008, 69(3):141–144.


877. Mamplekou E, Bountziouka V, Psaltopoulou T, Zeimbekis A, Tsakoundakis N, Papaerakleous N, Gotsis E, Metallinos G, Pounis G, Polychronopoulos E, et al.: Urban environment, physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary habits correlate to depression among elderly living in Eastern Mediterranean Islands: the MEDIS (MEDiterranean ISlands Elderly) study. J Nutr Health Aging 2010, 14(6):449–455.


878. Markus CR, Panhuysen G, Tuiten A, Koppeschaar H, Fekkes D, Peters ML: Does carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor food prevent a deterioration of mood and cognitive performance of stress-prone subjects when subjected to a stressful task? Appetite 1998, 31(1):49–65.


879. Menegassi M, Mello ED, Guimaraes LR, Matte BC, Driemeier F, Pedroso GL, Rohde LA, Schmitz M: Food intake and serum levels of iron in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2010, 32(2):132–138.


880. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Schneider JA: Dietary folate and vitamin B12 intake and cognitive decline among community-dwelling older persons. Arch Neurol 2005, 62(4):641–645.


881. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS: Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community study. Arch Neurol 2005, 62(12):1849–1853.


882. Munoz MA, Fito M, Marrugat J, Covas MI, Schroder H: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with better mental and physical health. Br J Nutr 2009, 101(12):1821–1827.


883. Nabb S, Benton D: The influence on cognition of the interaction between the macro-nutrient content of breakfast and glucose tolerance. Physiol Behav 2006, 87(1):16–23.


884. Nakamura H, Iwamoto M, Washida K, Sekine K, Takase M, Park BJ, Morikawa T, Miyazaki Y: Influences of casein hydrolysate ingestion on cerebral activity, autonomic nerve activity, and anxiety. J Physiol Anthropol 2010, 29(3):103–108.


885. Nanri A, Kimura Y, Matsushita Y, Ohta M, Sato M, Mishima N, Sasaki S, Mizoue T: Dietary patterns and depressive symptoms among Japanese men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010, 64(8):832–839.


886. Nehlig A: Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 20(Suppl 1):S85–S94.


887. Neumann CG, Bwibo NO, Murphy SP, Sigman M, Whaley S, Allen LH, Guthrie D, Weiss RE, Demment MW: Animal source foods improve dietary quality, micronutrient status, growth and cognitive function in Kenyan school children: background, study design and baseline findings. J Nutr 2003, 133(11 Suppl 2):3941S–3949S.


888. Neumann CG, Murphy SP, Gewa C, Grillenberger M, Bwibo NO: Meat supplementation improves growth, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes in Kenyan children. J Nutr 2007, 137(4):1119–1123.


889. Ng KH, Meyer BJ, Reece L, Sinn N: Dietary PUFA intakes in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Br J Nutr 2009, 102(11):1635–1641.


890. Nurk E, Drevon CA, Refsum H, Solvoll K, Vollset SE, Nygard O, Nygaard HA, Engedal K, Tell GS, Smith AD: Cognitive performance among the elderly and dietary fish intake: the Hordaland Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 86(5):1470–1478.


891. Nurk E, Refsum H, Drevon CA, Tell GS, Nygaard HA, Engedal K, Smith AD: Cognitive performance among the elderly in relation to the intake of plant foods. The Hordaland Health Study. Br J Nutr 2010, 104(8):1190–1201.


892. Oddy WH, Robinson M, Ambrosini GL, O’Sullivan TA, de Klerk NH, Beilin LJ, Silburn SR, Zubrick SR, Stanley FJ: The association between dietary patterns and mental health in early adolescence. Prev Med 2009, 49(1):39–44.


893. O’Sullivan TA, Robinson M, Kendall GE, Miller M, Jacoby P, Silburn SR, Oddy WH: A good-quality breakfast is associated with better mental health in adolescence. Public Health Nutr 2009, 12(2):249–258.


894. Park OB, Choi H: The effect of pre-warming for patients under abdominal surgery on body temperature, anxiety, pain, and thermal comfort. J Korean Acad Nurs 2010, 40(3):317–325.


895. Payne ME, Haines PS, Chambless LE, Anderson JJ, Steffens DC: Food group intake and brain lesions in late-life vascular depression. Int Psychogeriatr 2007, 19(2):295–305.


896. Ploughman M: Exercise is brain food: the effects of physical activity on cognitive function. Dev Neurorehabil 2008, 11(3):236–240.


897. Pogoda JM, Preston-Martin S, Howe G, Lubin F, Mueller BA, Holly EA, Filippini G, Peris-Bonet R, McCredie MR, Cordier S, Choi W: An international case-control study of maternal diet during pregnancy and childhood brain tumor risk: a histology-specific analysis by food group. Ann Epidemiol 2009, 19(3):148–160.


898. Quinlan P, Lane J, Aspinall L: Effects of hot tea, coffee and water ingestion on physiological responses and mood: the role of caffeine, water and beverage type. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997, 134(2):164–173.


899. Rahman A, Sawyer Baker P, Allman RM, Zamrini E: Dietary factors and cognitive impairment in community-dwelling elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2007, 11(1):49–54.


900. Requejo AM, Ortega RM, Robles F, Navia B, Faci M, Aparicio A: Influence of nutrition on cognitive function in a group of elderly, independently living people. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003, 57(Suppl 1):S54–S57.


901. Riggs N, Chou CP, Spruijt-Metz D, Pentz MA: Executive cognitive function as a correlate and predictor of child food intake and physical activity. Child Neuropsychol 2010, 16(3):279–292.


902. Rose N, Koperski S, Golomb BA: Mood food: chocolate and depressive symptoms in a cross-sectional analysis. Arch Intern Med 2010, 170(8):699–703.


903. Samieri C, Jutand MA, Feart C, Capuron L, Letenneur L, Barberger-Gateau P: Dietary patterns derived by hybrid clustering method in older people: association with cognition, mood, and self-rated health. J Am Diet Assoc 2008, 108(9):1461–1471.


904. Brignole M, Sutton R: Pacing for neurally mediated syncope: is placebo powerless? Europace 2007, 9(1):31–33.


905. Terry MB, Howe G, Pogoda JM, Zhang FF, Ahlbom A, Choi W, Giles GG, Little J, Lubin F, Menegoz F, et al.: An international case-control study of adult diet and brain tumor risk: a histology-specific analysis by food group. Ann Epidemiol 2009, 19(3):161–171.


906. van de Rest O, Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, van Staveren WA, Dullemeijer C, Olderikkert MG, Beekman AT, de Groot CP: Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 2008, 71(6):430–438.


907. Vercambre MN, Grodstein F, Kang JH: Dietary fat intake in relation to cognitive change in high-risk women with cardiovascular disease or vascular factors. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010, 64(10):1134–1140.


908. Wengreen HJ, Neilson C, Munger R, Corcoran C: Diet quality is associated with better cognitive test performance among aging men and women. J Nutr 2009, 139(10):1944–1949.


909. White LR, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Masaki K, Hardman J, Nelson J, Davis D, Markesbery W: Brain aging and midlife tofu consumption. J Am Coll Nutr 2000, 19(2):242–255.


910. Yannakoulia M, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Tsetsekou E, Fappa E, Papageorgiou C, Stefanadis C: Eating habits in relations to anxiety symptoms among apparently healthy adults. A pattern analysis from the ATTICA Study. Appetite 2008, 51(3):519–525.


911. Yeung JM, Friedman E: Effect of aging and diet restriction on monoamines and amino acids in cerebral cortex of Fischer-344 rats. Growth Dev Aging 1991, 55(4):275–283.


912. Yokogoshi H, Hayase K, Yoshida A: The quality and quantity of dietary protein affect brain protein synthesis in rats. J Nutr 1992, 122(11):2210–2217.


913. Zaini MZ, Lim CT, Low WY, Harun F: Effects of nutritional status on academic performance of Malaysian primary school children. Asia Pac J Public Health 2005, 17(2):81–87.


914. Zhang J, Hebert JR, Muldoon MF: Dietary fat intake is associated with psychosocial and cognitive functioning of school-aged children in the United States. J Nutr 2005, 135(8):1967–1973.


915. Cserjesi R: Affect, cognition, awareness and behavior in eating disorders. Comparison between obesity and anorexia nervosa. Orv Hetil 2009, 150(24):1135–1143.


916. Scheurink AJ, Boersma GJ, Nergardh R, Sodersten P: Neurobiology of hyperactivity and reward: agreeable restlessness in anorexia nervosa. Physiol Behav 2010, 100(5):490–495.


917. Owen AM, Hampshire A, Grahn JA, Stenton R, Dajani S, Burns AS, Howard RJ, Ballard CG: Putting brain training to the test. Nature 2010, 465(7299):775–778.


918. Papp KV, Walsh SJ, Snyder PJ: Immediate and delayed effects of cognitive interventions in healthy elderly: a review of current literature and future directions. Alzheimers Dement 2009, 5(1):50–60.


919. Fontana L, Shew JL, Holloszy JO, Villareal DT: Low bone mass in subjects on a long-term raw vegetarian diet. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165(6):684–689.


920. Garcia AL, Koebnick C, Dagnelie PC, Strassner C, Elmadfa I, Katz N, Leitzmann C, Hoffmann I: Long-term strict raw food diet is associated with favourable plasma beta-carotene and low plasma lycopene concentrations in Germans. Br J Nutr 2008, 99(6):1293–1300.


921. Akbaraly TN, Singh-Manoux A, Tabak AG, Jokela M, Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Marmot MG, Shipley MJ, Kivimaki M: Overall diet history and reversibility of the metabolic syndrome over 5 years: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care 2010, 33(11):2339–2341.


922. McPherron SP, Alemseged Z, Marean CW, Wynn JG, Reed D, Geraads D, Bobe R, Bearat HA: Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 2010, 466(7308):857–860.


923. Revedin A, Aranguren B, Becattini R, Longo L, Marconi E, Lippi MM, Skakun N, Sinitsyn A, Spiridonova E, Svoboda J: Thirty-thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107(44):18815–18819.


924. Bandelow S, Maughan R, Shirreffs S, Ozgunen K, Kurdak S, Ersoz G, Binnet M, Dvorak J: The effects of exercise, heat, cooling and rehydration strategies on cognitive function in football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010, 20(Suppl 3):148–160.


925. McConnell C, Brue S, Flynn S: Economics. 18th ed.; New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin; 2008.


926. Kesse-Guyot E, Amieva H, Castetbon K, Henegar A, Ferry M, Jeandel C, Hercberg S, Galan P: Adherence to nutritional recommendations and subsequent cognitive performance: findings from the prospective Supplementation with Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals 2 (SU.VI.MAX 2) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 93(1):200–210.


927. Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Dangelo K, Couch SC, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ: Dietary ketosis enhances memory in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2012, 33(2):425.e19–e27.


928. McMillan L, Owen L, Kras M, Scholey A: Behavioural effects of a 10-day Mediterranean diet. Results from a pilot study evaluating mood and cognitive performance. Appetite 2011, 56(1):143–147.


929. Stevens LJ, Kuczek T, Burgess JR, Hurt E, Arnold LE: Dietary sensitivities and ADHD symptoms: thirty-five years of research. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2011, 50(4):279–293.


930. Ponnapakkam T, Bradford E, Gensure R: A treatment trial of vitamin D supplementation in breast-fed infants: Universal supplementation is not necessary for rickets prevention in Southern Louisiana. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2010, 49(11):1053–1060.


931. Hrobjartsson A, Gotzsche PC: Placebo interventions for all clinical conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(1):CD003974.


932. Andrade C, Radhakrishnan R: Prayer and healing: A medical and scientific perspective on randomized controlled trials. Indian J Psychiatry 2009, 51(4):247–253.


933. Jakobsen LH, Kondrup J, Zellner M, Tetens I, Roth E: Effect of a high protein meat diet on muscle and cognitive functions: A randomised controlled dietary intervention trial in healthy men. Clin Nutr 2011, 30(3):303–311.


934. Chilton FH, Lee TC, Willard SL, Ivester P, Sergeant S, Register TC, Shively CA: Depression and altered serum lipids in cynomolgus monkeys consuming a Western diet. Physiol Behav 2011, 104(2):222–227.


935. Patil ST, Zhang L, Martenyi F, Lowe SL, Jackson KA, Andreev BV, Avedisova AS, Bardenstein LM, Gurovich IY, Morozova MA, Mosolov SN, Neznanov NG, Reznik AM, Smulevich AB, Tochilov VA, Johnson BG, Monn JA, Schoepp DD: Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial. Nat Med 2007, 13:1102–1107.


936. Tharyan P, Adams CE: Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005(2):CD000076.


937. Masino SA, Kawamura M, Wasser CA, Pomeroy LT, Ruskin DN: Adenosine, ketogenic diet and epilepsy: the emerging therapeutic relationship between metabolism and brain activity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2009, 7(3):257–268.


938. Clement YN, Onakpoya I, Hung SK, Ernst E: Effects of herbal and dietary supplements on cognition in menopause: A systematic review. Maturitas 2011, 68(3):256–263.


939. Crawford GB, Khedkar A, Flaws JA, Sorkin JD, Gallicchio L: Depressive symptoms and self-reported fast-food intake in midlife women. Prev Med 2011, 52(3–4):254–257.


940. Edwards JU, Mauch L, Winkelman MR: Relationship of nutrition and physical activity behaviors and fitness measures to academic performance for sixth graders in a midwest city school district. J Sch Health 2011, 81(2):65–73.


941. Holloway CJ, Cochlin LE, Emmanuel Y, Murray A, Codreanu I, Edwards LM, Szmigielski C, Tyler DJ, Knight NS, Saxby BK, et al.: A high-fat diet impairs cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolism and cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 93(4):748–755.


942. Lemmens SG, Born JM, Martens EA, Martens MJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS: Influence of consumption of a high-protein vs. high-carbohydrate meal on the physiological cortisol and psychological mood response in men and women. PLoS One 2011, 6(2):e16826.


943. Northstone K, Joinson C, Emmett P, Ness A, Paus T: Are dietary patterns in childhood associated with IQ at 8 years of age? A population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012, 66(7):624–628.


944. Pelsser LM, Frankena K, Toorman J, Savelkoul HF, Dubois AE, Pereira RR, Haagen TA, Rommelse NN, Buitelaar JK: Effects of a restricted elimination diet on the behaviour of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (INCA study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011, 377(9764):494–503.


945. Strassnig M, Brar JS, Ganguli R: Dietary intake of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2005, 2(2):31–35.


946. Campos GM, Rabl C, Roll GR, Peeva S, Prado K, Smith J, Vittinghoff E: Better weight loss, resolution of diabetes, and quality of life for laparoscopic gastric bypass vs banding: results of a 2-cohort pair-matched study. Arch Surg 2011, 146(2):149–155.


947. Hubacek JA: Eat less and exercise more — is it really enough to knock down the obesity pandemia? Physiol Res 2009, 58(Suppl 1):S1–S6.


948. Kaburagi T, Hirasawa R, Yoshino H, Odaka Y, Satomi M, Nakano M, Fujimoto E, Kabasawa K, Sato K: Nutritional status is strongly correlated with grip strength and depression in community-living elderly Japanese. Public Health Nutr 2011, 14(11):1893–1899.


949. Poskitt EM: Tackling childhood obesity: diet, physical activity or lifestyle change? Acta Paediatr 2005, 94(4):396–398.


950. Shaw K, Gennat H, O’Rourke P, Del Mar C: Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(4):CD003817.


951. Sjostrom L, Narbro K, Sjostrom CD, Karason K, Larsson B, Wedel H, Lystig T, Sullivan M, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, et al.: Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2007, 357(8):741–752.


952. Wing RR, Phelan S: Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82(1 Suppl):222S–225S.


953. Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, Karanja N, Pakiz B, Thomson CA: Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010, 304(16):1803–1810.


954. Finley CE, Barlow CE, Greenway FL, Rock CL, Rolls BJ, Blair SN: Retention rates and weight loss in a commercial weight loss program. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007, 31(2):292–298.


955. Schmidt FL, Hunter JE: The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 124(2):262–274.


956. Hunter JE, Hunter RF: Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance. Psychological Bulletin 1984, 96(1):72–98.


957. Edwards JU, Mauch L, Winkelman MR: Relationship of nutrition and physical activity behaviors and fitness measures to academic performance for sixth graders in a midwest city school district. J Sch Health 2011, 81(2):65–73.


958. Junger M, van Kampen M: Cognitive ability and self-control in relation to dietary habits, physical activity and bodyweight in adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:22.


959. Tomporowski PD, Davis CL, Miller PH, Naglieri JA: Exercise and children’s intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement. Educ Psychol Rev 2008, 20(2):111–131.


960. Tomporowski PD, Ellis NR: Effects of exercise on the physical fitness, intelligence, and adaptive behavior of institutionalized mentally retarded adults. Appl Res Ment Retard 1984, 5(3):329–337.


961. Tomporowski PD, Ellis NR: The effects of exercise on the health, intelligence, and adaptive behavior of institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults: a systematic replication. Appl Res Ment Retard 1985, 6(4):465–473.


962. Brown AK, Liu-Ambrose T, Tate R, Lord SR: The effect of group-based exercise on cognitive performance and mood in seniors residing in intermediate care and self-care retirement facilities: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2009, 43(8):608–614.


963. Elsayed M, Ismail AH, Young RJ: Intellectual differences of adult men related to age and physical fitness before and after an exercise program. J Gerontol 1980, 35(3):383–387.


964. Reed JA, Einstein G, Hahn E, Hooker SP, Gross VP, Kravitz J: Examining the impact of integrating physical activity on fluid intelligence and academic performance in an elementary school setting: a preliminary investigation. J Phys Act Health 2010, 7(3):343–351.


965. Etnier JL, Berry M: Fluid intelligence in an older COPD sample after short- or long-term exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001, 33(10):1620–1628.


966. Ploughman M, McCarthy J, Bosse M, Sullivan HJ, Corbett D: Does treadmill exercise improve performance of cognitive or upper-extremity tasks in people with chronic stroke? A randomized cross-over trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008, 89(11):2041–2047.


967. Barella LA, Etnier JL, Chang YK: The immediate and delayed effects of an acute bout of exercise on cognitive performance of healthy older adults. J Aging Phys Act 2010, 18(1):87–98.


968. Chang YK, Etnier JL: Exploring the dose-response relationship between resistance exercise intensity and cognitive function. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2009, 31(5):640–656.


969. Chang YK, Etnier JL, Barella LA: Exploring the relationship between exercise-induced arousal and cognition using fractionated response time. Res Q Exerc Sport 2009, 80(1):78–86.


970. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, Kim JS, Heo S, Alves H, White SM, et al.: Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108(7):3017–3022.


971. Aglioti SM, Cesari P, Romani M, Urgesi C: Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players. Nat Neurosci 2008, 11(9):1109–1116.


972. Del Percio C, Babiloni C, Marzano N, Iacoboni M, Infarinato F, Vecchio F, Lizio R, Aschieri P, Fiore A, Toran G, et al.: “Neural efficiency” of athletes’ brain for upright standing: a high-resolution EEG study. Brain Res Bull 2009, 79(3–4):193–200.


973. Muller S, Abernethy B, Farrow D: How do world-class cricket batsmen anticipate a bowler’s intention? Q J Exp Psychol (Colchester) 2006, 59(12):2162–2186.


974. Yarrow K, Brown P, Krakauer JW: Inside the brain of an elite athlete: the neural processes that support high achievement in sports. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009, 10(8):585–596.


975. Smith MD, Chamberlin CJ: Effect of adding cognitively demanding tasks on soccer skill performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1992, 75(3 Pt 1):955–961.


976. Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Jonides J, Shah P: Short- and long-term benefits of cognitive training. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108(25):10081–10086.


977. Noice H, Noice T: An arts intervention for older adults living in subsidized retirement homes. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2009, 16(1):56–79.


978. Draganski B, Gaser C, Busch V, Schuierer G, Bogdahn U, May A: Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature 2004, 427(6972):311–312.


979. Cui J, Shibasaki M, Low DA, Keller DM, Davis SL, Crandall CG: Heat stress attenuates the increase in arterial blood pressure during the cold pressor test. J Appl Physiol 2010, 109(5):1354–1359.


980. Hannuksela ML, Ellahham S: Benefits and risks of sauna bathing. Am J Med 2001, 110(2):118–126.


981. Klein JC, Crandall CG, Brothers RM, Carter JR: Combined heat and mental stress alters neurovascular control in humans. J Appl Physiol 2010, 109(6):1880–1886.


982. Crandall CG: Heat stress and baroreflex regulation of blood pressure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008, 40(12):2063–2070.


983. Manno D, Kowa PK, Bwalya HK, Siame J, Grantham-McGregor S, Baisley K, De Stavola BL, Jaffar S, Filteau S: Rich micronutrient fortification of locally produced infant food does not improve mental and motor development of Zambian infants: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2012, 107(4):556–566.


984. Jacka FN, Mykletun A, Berk M, Bjelland I, Tell GS: The association between habitual diet quality and the common mental disorders in community-dwelling adults: the Hordaland Health Study. Psychosom Med 2011, 73(6):483–490.


985. Blunden SL, Milte CM, Sinn N: Diet and sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: preliminary data in Australian children. J Child Health Care 2011, 15(1):14–24.


986. Li J, Zhang N, Hu L, Li Z, Li R, Li C, Wang S: Improvement in chewing activity reduces energy intake in one meal and modulates plasma gut hormone concentrations in obese and lean young Chinese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 94(3):709–716.


987. Davies G, Tenesa A, Payton A, Yang J, Harris SE, Liewald D, Ke X, Le Hellard S, Christoforou A, Luciano M, et al.: Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic. Mol Psychiatry 2011, 16(10):996–1005.


988. Sanchez-Villegas A, Toledo E, de Irala J, Ruiz-Canela M, Pla-Vidal J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA: Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption and the risk of depression. Public Health Nutr 2012, 15(3):424–432.


989. Jacka FN, Kremer PJ, Berk M, de Silva-Sanigorski AM, Moodie M, Leslie ER, Pasco JA, Swinburn BA: A prospective study of diet quality and mental health in adolescents. PLoS One 2011, 6(9):e24805.


990. Jakabek D, Quirk F, Driessen M, Aljeesh Y, Baune BT: Obesity and nutrition behaviours in Western and Palestinian outpatients with severe mental illness. BMC Psychiatry 2011, 11(1):159.


991. Leblanc ES, O’Connor E, Whitlock EP, Patnode CD, Kapka T: Effectiveness of primary care-relevant treatments for obesity in adults: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2011, 155(7):434–447.


992. Mursu J, Robien K, Harnack LJ, Park K, Jacobs DR, Jr.: Dietary supplements and mortality rate in older women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2011, 171(18):1625–1633.


993. Klein EA, Thompson IM, Jr., Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, et al.: Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 2011, 306(14):1549–1556.


994. French E: The effects of health, wealth and wages on labor supply and retirement behavior. Review of Economic Studies 2005, 72(2):395–427.


995. King M, Ruggles S, Alexander JT, Flood S, Genadek K, Schroeder MB, Trampe B, Vick R: Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Current Population Survey: Version 3.0. [Machine-readable database]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2010.


996. Fursman L: Working long hours in New Zealand. Data from the 2006 Census, NZ Department of Labour, March 2008.


997. Kahneman D, Deaton A: High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107(38):16489–16493.


998. Chaplin K, Smith AP: Breakfast and snacks: associations with cognitive failures, minor injuries, accidents and stress. Nutrients 2011, 3(5):515–528.


999. Kral TV, Heo M, Whiteford LM, Faith MS: Effects on cognitive performance of eating compared with omitting breakfast in elementary schoolchildren. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2012, 33(1):9–16.


1000. Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M: Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012, 51(1):86–97.e88.


1001. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, Purcell K, Shulkes A, Kriketos A, Proietto J: Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med 2011, 365(17):1597–1604.


1002. Alamy M, Bengelloun WA: Malnutrition and brain development: An analysis of the effects of inadequate diet during different stages of life in rat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012, 36(6):1463–1480.


1003. Ciarambino T, Castellino P, Paolisso G, Coppola L, Ferrara N, Signoriello G, Giordano M: Long term effects of low protein diet on depressive symptoms and quality of life in elderly type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Nephrol 2012, 78(August):122–128.


1004. Berna F, Goldberg P, Horwitz LK, Brink J, Holt S, Bamford M, Chazan M: Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109(20):E1215–E1220.


1005. Mattison JA, Roth GS, Beasley TM, Tilmont EM, Handy AM, Herbert RL, Longo DL, Allison DB, Young JE, Bryant M, Barnard D, Ward WF, Qi W, Ingram DK, de Cabo R: Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature 2012, 489(7415):318–321.


1006. Aydin S, Donder E, Akin OK, Sahpaz F, Kendir Y, Alnema MM: Fat-free milk as a therapeutic approach for constipation and the effect on serum motilin and ghrelin levels. Nutrition 2010, 26(10):981–985.


1007. Irastorza I, Ibanez B, Delgado-Sanzonetti L, Maruri N, Vitoria JC: Cow's-milk-free diet as a therapeutic option in childhood chronic constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010, 51(2):171–176.


1008. Stephen Barrett’s Skeptical Guide to Multilevel Marketing http://www.mlmwatch.org/


1009. John T. Reed’s Ratings of Wealth Gurus http://www.johntreed.com/Reedgururating.html


1010. Internal Revenue Service of USA: SOI Tax Stats - All Top Wealthholders by Size of Net Worth. http://www.irs.gov/uac/SOI-Tax-Stats-All-Top-Wealthholders-by-Size-of-Net-Worth


1011. Wikipedia: Wealth in the United States. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States


1015. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Statistics. http://stats.oecd.org/


1017. Mishkin FS: Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. 10th ed.; New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 2012. 720 pp.


1022. Shimelmitz R, Kuhn SL, Jelinek AJ, Ronen A, Clark AE, Weinstein-Evron M: 'Fire at will': the emergence of habitual fire use 350,000 years ago. J Hum Evol 2014, 77:196–203.


1023. Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Stanford Center on Longevity: A Consensus on the Brain Training Industry from the Scientific Community. October 20, 2014. URL: http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/


1028. Open Science Collaboration: Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science 2015, 349(6251):aac4716.


1029. Oksvold MP: Incidence of data duplications in a randomly selected pool of life science publications. Sci Eng Ethics 2015, doi:10.1007/s11948-015-9668-7.


1030. Begley CG, Ellis LM: Drug development: Raise standards for preclinical cancer research. Nature 2012, 483(7391):531–533.


1031. Ioannidis JP: How to make more published research true. PLoS ONE 2014, 11(10):e1001747.


1034. Belluz J and Hoffman S: Let's stop pretending peer review works. Vox.com December 7, 2015.


1035. Wu W: The Truth Behind the Smoke and Mirrors of Multi-Level Marketing and Network Marketing. DebunkingSkeptics.com Accessed January 14, 2016.


1041. Kraeuter AK, Loxton H, Lima BC, Rudd D, Sarnyai Z: Ketogenic diet reverses behavioral abnormalities in an acute NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015, 169(1–3):491–493.


1042. Phelps JR, Siemers SV, El­Mallakh RS: The ketogenic diet for type II bipolar disorder. Neurocase 2013, 19(5):423–426.


1043. Pacheco A, Easterling WS, Pryer MW: A pilot study of the ketogenic diet in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1965, 121:1110–1111.


1044. Jacka FN, O'Neil A, Opie R, Itsiopoulos C, Cotton S, Mohebbi M, Castle D, Dash S, Mihalopoulos C, Chatterton ML, Brazionis L, Dean OM, Hodge AM, Berk M: A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the 'SMILES' trial). BMC Med 2017, 15(1):23.


1045. Kirsch I: The emperor's new drugs: medication and placebo in the treatment of depression. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014, 225:291–303.


1046. Healy D, Mangin D, Applbaum K, Edwards R, Gallie B, Whitaker R, Le Noury J, Olivieri N: Guides and Papers. Rxisk.org Accessed May 21, 2017.


1047. Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Firth J, Cosco T, Veronese N, Salum GA, Schuch FB: An examination of the anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and stress-related disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2017, 249:102–108.


1048. Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, Richards J, Ward PB, Veronese N, Solmi M, Cadore EL, Stubbs B: Exercise for depression in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials adjusting for publication bias. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2016, 38(3):247–254.


1049. Gøtzsche PC, Young AH, Crace J: Does long term use of psychiatric drugs cause more harm than good? BMJ 2015, 350:h2435.


1050. Gøtzsche PC: Our prescription drugs kill us in large numbers. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2014, 124(11):628–634.


1051. Maund E, Tendal B, Hróbjartsson A, Lundh A, Gøtzsche PC: Coding of adverse events of suicidality in clinical study reports of duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder: descriptive study. BMJ 2014, 348:g3555.


1052. Charlton BG: Why are doctors still prescribing neuroleptics? QJM 2006, 99(6):417–420.


1053. Martin JL, Sainz-Pardo M, Furukawa TA, Martín-Sánchez E, Seoane T, Galán C: Benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder: heterogeneity of outcomes based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. J Psychopharmacol 2007, 21(7):774–782.


1054. Gøtzsche PC: Why Few Patients Benefit from Psychiatric Medications. Madinamerica.com, Continuing Education; Accessed October 14, 2017.


1055. Healy D: Time to abandon evidence-based medicine? YouTube.com, Accessed December 26, 2017.


1056. Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S, Villani A, Itsiopoulos C, Niyonsenga T, Blunden S, Meyer B, Segal L, Baune BT, O'Dea K: A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: A randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED). Nutr Neurosci 2017, doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1411320.


1057. Lancee M, Lemmens CMC, Kahn RS, Vinkers CH, Luykx JJ: Outcome reporting bias in randomized-controlled trials investigating antipsychotic drugs. Transl Psychiatry 2017, 7(9):e1232.


1058. Amsterdam JD, McHenry LB, Jureidini JN: Industry-corrupted psychiatric trials. Psychiatr Pol 2017, 51(6):993–1008.


1059. Amsterdam JD, McHenry LB, Jureidini JN: The effect of cold showering on health and work: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2016, 11(9):e0161749.


1060. Whitaker R: The case against antipsychotic drugs: a 50-year record of doing more harm than good. Med Hypotheses 2004, 62(1):5–13.


1061. Experiments testing Bell’s theorem have proved that hidden local variables do not exist; therefore, randomness of quantum mechanical outcomes (the absence of determinism) cannot be explained by the presence of parameters that were not taken into account. There is still infinitesimally small probability of a loophole allowing for determinism, but testing is impossible at present. You could say that currently the weight of evidence is more than billionfold in favor of the absence of determinism in the quantum world. Wikipedia is a bad source of information [1062], but some articles on noncontroversial topics are useful (see the article “Bell test experiments”).


1062. Candelario DM, Vazquez V, Jackson W, Reilly T: Completeness, accuracy, and readability of Wikipedia as a reference for patient medication information. J Am Pharm Assoc 2017, 57(2):197–200.e1.


1063. https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/evidence-information/ BMJ Best Practice 2018.


1064. Ezzo J, Bausell B, Moerman DE, Berman B, Hadhazy V: Reviewing the reviews. How strong is the evidence? How clear are the conclusions? Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2001, 17(4):457–466.


1065. Starfield B: Is US health really the best in the world? JAMA 2000, 284(4):483–485.


1066. Probst P, Grummich K, Harnoss JC, Hüttner FJ, Jensen K, Braun S, Kieser M, Ulrich A, Büchler MW, Diener MK: Placebo-controlled trials in surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016, 95(17):e3516.


1067. Le Noury J, Nardo JM, Healy D, Jureidini J, Raven M, Tufanaru C, Abi-Jaoude E: Study 329 continuation phase: Safety and efficacy of paroxetine and imipramine in extended treatment of adolescent major depression. Int J Risk Saf Med 2016, 28(3):143–161.


1068. Le Noury J, Nardo JM, Healy D, Jureidini J, Raven M, Tufanaru C, Abi-Jaoude E: Restoring Study 329: efficacy and harms of paroxetine and imipramine in treatment of major depression in adolescence. BMJ 2015, 351h4320.


1069. Shibamoto Y, Nakamura H: Overview of biological, epidemiological, and clinical evidence of radiation hormesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018, 19(8):2387.


1070. Clinical trials of the Strelnikova method, https://strelnikova.ru/resultati-issledovanija


1071. Golbidi S, Daiber A, Korac B, Li H, Essop MF, Laher I: Health benefits of fasting and caloric restriction. Curr Diab Rep 2017, 17(12):123.


1072. Austin G: Buteyko technique use to control asthma symptoms. Nurs Times 2013, 109(16):16–17.


1073. Matveev VG: Further comment on the precepts of Porfirii Ivanov. Med Sestra 1990, 49:59–60.


1074. Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A, Mayer EA: The brain-gut-microbiome axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018, 6(2):133–148.


1075. PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board: Gerson Therapy (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries 2002–2016, April 11.


1076. Hydrotherapy as a possible neuroleptic and sedative treatment. Med Hypotheses 2008, 70(2):230–238.


1077. Phillips MCL, Murtagh DKJ, Gilbertson LJ, Asztely FJS, Lynch CDP: Low-fat versus ketogenic diet in parkinson's disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord 2018, doi: 10.1002/mds.27390


1078. Dopierała E, Rybakowski J: Sleep deprivation as a method of chronotherapy in the treatment of depression. Psychiatr Pol 2015, 49(3):423–433.


1079. Felton SJ, Cooke MS, Kift R, Berry JL, Webb AR, Lam PM, de Gruijl FR, Vail A, Rhodes LE: Concurrent beneficial (vitamin D production) and hazardous (cutaneous DNA damage) impact of repeated low-level summer sunlight exposures. Br J Dermatol 2016, 175(6):1320–1328.


1080. Whitaker R: Do Antidepressants Work? A People’s Review of the Evidence. Madinamerica.com, Blogs; Accessed September 8, 2018.


1081. Breggin P: Thanks Tom Cruise. HuffingtonPost.com, Blogs; Accessed September 8, 2018.


1082. Breggin P: Psychiatric Drugs Are More Dangerous than You Ever Imagined YouTube.com, Accessed September 8, 2018.


1083. Sahni I, Bollinger T: Does Chemotherapy Work? YouTube.com, Accessed September 8, 2018.


1084. Karagiannis GS, Pastoriza JM, Wang Y, Harney AS, Entenberg D, Pignatelli J, Sharma VP, Xue EA, Cheng E, D'Alfonso TM, Jones JG, Anampa J, Rohan TE, Sparano JA, Condeelis JS, Oktay MH: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces breast cancer metastasis through a TMEM-mediated mechanism. Sci Transl Med 2017, 9(397):eaan0026.


1085. Morgan G, Ward R, Barton M: The contribution of cytotoxic chemotherapy to 5-year survival in adult malignancies. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004, 16(8):549–560.


1086. Kearsley JH: Cytotoxic chemotherapy for common adult malignancies: "the emperor's new clothes" revisited? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986, 293(6551):871–876.


1087. Eisenberger MA, Simon R, O'Dwyer PJ, Wittes RE, Friedman MA: A reevaluation of nonhormonal cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1985, 3(6):827–841.


1088. Gøtzsche P: Dr Peter Gøtzsche on big pharma YouTube.com, Accessed September 8, 2018.


1089. Dy GK, Hobday TJ, Nelson G, Windschitl HE, O'Connell MJ, Alberts SR, Goldberg RM, Nikcevich DA, Sargent DJ: Long-term survivors of metastatic colorectal cancer treated with systemic chemotherapy alone: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group review of 3811 patients, N0144. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2009, 8(2):88–93.


1090. Savage P, Stebbing J, Bower M, Crook T: Why does cytotoxic chemotherapy cure only some cancers? Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2009, 6(1):43–52.


1091. Glidden P: 10 Questions To Ask Before Starting Cancer Treatments! YouTube.com, Accessed September 8, 2018.


1092. Maher JM, Markey JC, Ebert-May D: The other half of the story: effect size analysis in quantitative research. CBE Life Sci Educ 2013, 12(3):345–351.


1093. Attkisson S: Astroturf and manipulation of media messages. TEDx talk, University of Nevada YouTube.com, Accessed September 8, 2018.


1094. Attkisson S: Top 10 Astroturfers. SharylAttkisson.com, Accessed September 8, 2018.


1095. Bolen T: Who is Tim Bolen?. QuackpotWatch.org, Accessed September 18, 2018.


1096. Bolen T: Barrett's Funding - TOP SECRET.... QuackpotWatch.org, Accessed September 18, 2018. Polevoy Thrashes Barrett and Grell in California – Piles of Money Change Hands…, July 23, 2011.


1097. Silverman J: How the Wikipedia Scanner Works. HowStuffWorks.com, Accessed September 18, 2018.


1098. Whitaker R: The Case Against Antipsychotics: A Review of Their Long-term Effects. Madinamerica.com, published July, 2016.


1099. Dedovic K, Ngiam J: The cortisol awakening response and major depression: examining the evidence. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015, 11:1181–1189.


1100. Leighton SP, Nerurkar L, Krishnadas R, Johnman C, Graham GJ, Cavanagh J: Chemokines in depression in health and in inflammatory illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2018, 23(1):48–58.


1101. Turner E: Unraveling the Bundles of Research Bias: Is What you Read the Truth, the Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth?. Mad in America Continuing Education, Accessed October 7, 2018.


1102. Bourgeois FT, Murthy S, Mandl KD: Outcome reporting among drug trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. Ann Intern Med 2010, 153(3):158–166.


1103. Kaplan RM, Irvin VL: Likelihood of null effects of large NHLBI clinical trials has increased over time. PLoS One 2015, 10(8):e0132382.


1104. Lundh A, Barbateskovic M, Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC: Conflicts of interest at medical journals: the influence of industry-supported randomised trials on journal impact factors and revenue - cohort study. PLoS Med 2010, 7(10):e1000354.


1105. Stefaniak JD, Lam TCH, Sim NE, Al-Shahi Salman R, Breen DP: Discontinuation and non-publication of neurodegenerative disease trials: a cross-sectional analysis. Eur J Neurol 2017, 24(8):1071–1076.


1106. Campbell EG, Gruen RL, Mountford J, Miller LG, Cleary PD, Blumenthal D: A national survey of physician-industry relationships. N Engl J Med 2007, 356(17):1742–1750.


1107. Wang AT, McCoy CP, Murad MH, Montori VM: Association between industry affiliation and position on cardiovascular risk with rosiglitazone: cross sectional systematic review. BMJ 2010, 340:c1344.


1108. MassDevice Staff: U-Wisc. ortho chair Zdeblick under fire for $25M relationship with Medtronic. MassDevice.com, Published January 2, 2012.


1109. Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R: Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Engl J Med 2008, 358(3):252–260.


1110. Melander H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Meijer G, Beermann B: Evidence b(i)ased medicine--selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: review of studies in new drug applications. BMJ 2003, 326(7400):1171–1173.


1111. Spielmans GI, Biehn TL, Sawrey DL: A case study of salami slicing: pooled analyses of duloxetine for depression. Psychother Psychosom 2010, 79(2):97–106.


1112. Howland RH: Publication bias and outcome reporting bias: agomelatine as a case example. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2011, 49(9):11–14.


1113. Eyding D, Lelgemann M, Grouven U, Härter M, Kromp M, Kaiser T, Kerekes MF, Gerken M, Wieseler B: Reboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials. BMJ 2010, 341:c4737.


1114. Turner EH, Knoepflmacher D, Shapley L: Publication bias in antipsychotic trials: an analysis of efficacy comparing the published literature to the US Food and Drug Administration database. PLoS Med 2012, 9(3):e1001189.


1115. Spielmans GI, Parry PI: From evidence-based medicine to marketing-based medicine: evidence from internal industry documents. Bioethical Inquiry 2010, 7:13–29.


1116. Tsai AC, Rosenlicht NZ, Jureidini JN, Parry PI, Spielmans GI, Healy D: Aripiprazole in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a critical review of the evidence and its dissemination into the scientific literature. PLoS Med 2011, 8(5):e1000434.


1117. Ghaemi SN: The failure to know what isn't known: negative publication bias with lamotrigine and a glimpse inside peer review. Evid Based Ment Health 2009, 12(3):65–68.


1118. Roest AM, de Jonge P, Williams CD, de Vries YA, Schoevers RA, Turner EH: Reporting bias in clinical trials investigating the efficacy of second-generation antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a report of 2 meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry 2015, 72(5):500–510.


1119. McGauran N, Wieseler B, Kreis J, Schüler YB, Kölsch H, Kaiser T: Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review. Trials 2010, 11:37.


1120. Fanelli D: Negative results are disappearing from most disciplines and countries. Scientometrics 2012, 90:891–904.


1121. Turner EH: How to access and process FDA drug approval packages for use in research. BMJ 2013, 347:f5992.


1122. Roszdravnadzor [Russian FDA]: Licensing of pharmaceutical companies. Roszdravnadzor.ru, Accessed October 9, 2018.


1123. Liu JJ, Bell CM, Matelski JJ, Detsky AS, Cram P: Payments by US pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers to US medical journal editors: retrospective observational study. BMJ 2017, 359:j4619.


1124. van Tulleken C, Tipton M, Massey H, Harper CM: Open water swimming as a treatment for major depressive disorder. BMJ Case Rep 2018, doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225007.


1125. Firth J, Stubbs B, Teasdale SB, Ward PB, Veronese N, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Berk M, Yung AR, Sarris J: Diet as a hot topic in psychiatry: a population-scale study of nutritional intake and inflammatory potential in severe mental illness. World Psychiatry 2018, 17(3):365–367.


1126. Rivero M: The "Big Bang" is just religion disguised as science. Accessed October 7, 2018.


1127. Makary MA, Daniel M: Medical error-the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ 2016, 353:i2139.


1128. Breggin P: Antidepressant Drug Resource & Information Center. Accessed January 30, 2019.


1129. Breggin P: Antipsychotic Drugs and Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) Resources Center. Accessed January 30, 2019.


1130. Breggin P: Should the use of neuroleptics be severely limited? Changes: An International Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy 1996, 14:62–66.


1131. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Osterthaler KM, Banner W: 2017 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 35th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018, 56(12):1213–1415.


1132. Récalt AM, Cohen D: Withdrawal Confounding in Randomized Controlled Trials of Antipsychotic, Antidepressant, and Stimulant Drugs, 2000-2017. Psychother Psychosom 2019, 88(2):105–113.


1134. Gonella S, Berchialla P, Bruno B, Di Giulio P: Are orange lollies effective in preventing nausea and vomiting related to dimethyl sulfoxide? A multicenter randomized trial. Support Care Cancer 2014, 22(9):2417–2424.


1135. Breggin P: Alert 74 : Why Would the FDA Approve Electroshock?. Accessed April 27, 2019.


1136. Singh GK, Yu SM: Infant Mortality in the United States, 1915-2017: Large Social Inequalities have Persisted for Over a Century. Int J MCH AIDS 2019, 8(1):19–31.


1137. Batrinos ML: The length of life and eugeria in classical Greece. Hormones (Athens) 2008, 7(1):82–83.


1138. Ruggeri A: Do we really live longer than our ancestors?. BBC.com, 3 October 2018.


1139. Lexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O: Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. BMJ 2003, 326(7400):1167–1170.


1140. Piff PK, Stancato DM, Côté S, Mendoza-Denton R, Keltner D: Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109(11):4086–4091.


1141. Taibi DM, Landis CA, Petry H, Vitiello MV: A systematic review of valerian as a sleep aid: safe but not effective. Sleep Med Rev 2007, 11(3):209–230.


1142. Stevenson H: Pfizer-Funded Study Falsely Claims Fish Oil Useless. Greenmedinfo.com, Accessed April 27, 2019.


1143. https://tinyurl.com/25vrwb9t


1144. Nilsson S, Mölstad S, Karlberg C, Karlsson JE, Persson LG: No connection between the level of exposition to statins in the population and the incidence/mortality of acute myocardial infarction: an ecological study based on Sweden's municipalities. J Negat Results Biomed 2011, 10:6.


1145. Diamond DM, Ravnskov U: How statistical deception created the appearance that statins are safe and effective in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015, 8(2):201–210.


1146. Willey LB, Mady SP, Cobaugh DJ, Wax PM: Valerian overdose: A case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 1995, 37(4):364–365.


1147. U.S. Small Business Administration: Table of Small Business Size Standards. SBA.gov, Accessed April 27, 2019.


1148. The percentage of self-employed people in various countries. OECD, Accessed April 27, 2019.


1149. Dubois O, Salamon R, Germain C, Poirier MF, Vaugeois C, Banwarth B, Mouaffak F, Galinowski A, Olié JP: Balneotherapy versus paroxetine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Complement Ther Med 2010, 18(1):1–7.


1150. Brogan K: Antibiotics: Side Effects and Alternatives. Greenmedinfo.com, Accessed November 6, 2019.


1151. James JT: A new, evidence-based estimate of patient harms associated with hospital care. J Patient Saf 2013, 9(3):122–128.


1152. Strauss I: Does Medicine Actually Make People Live Longer? Huffpost.com, January 10, 2019.


1153. Null G: Death by Medicine. (Documentary film.) Youtube.com, Accessed September 15, 2019.


1154. Crothers SJ: How I was expelled from the University of New South Wales (An example of the suppression of science), Accessed November 6, 2019.


1155. Robitaille PM: What are Black Holes? Science or Science Fiction? Youtube Sky Scholar Channel, Accessed November 6, 2019.


1156. Gilbert A: The Electric Universe. Richplanet.net, Show No. 265, Accessed November 6, 2019.


1157. Amen DG: Change Your Brain, Change Your Life. 2nd edition. Harmony Books 2015, 480 pp.


1158. Cochrane Review: Vaccines to prevent influenza in healthy adults. 2016. https://www.cochrane.org/CD001269/ARI_vaccines-prevent-influenza-healthy-adults, Accessed November 6, 2019.


1159. Lloyd Pye: Human Origins & The Starchild Skull. 2011. https://www.richplanet.net/richp_genre.php?ref=37&part=1&gen=99, Richplanet.net. Accessed November 12, 2019.


1160. Huff G, Lazar R: The Lazar Tape ... And Excerpts From The Government Bible. (starting at 00:31:00), Tri-Dot Productions. Accessed November 17, 2019.


1161. Price WA: Nutrition and Physical Degeneration. 1939.


1162. https://tinyurl.com/vpeloml


1163. https://tinyurl.com/yyh4xoqw


1164. https://www.bitchute.com/video/pn5Ycaq6A0ed/


1165. https://tinyurl.com/yxopgpxu


1166. https://tinyurl.com/hj63n75s


1167. https://tinyurl.com/49n3vth4


1168. https://tinyurl.com/yxglqttv


1169. https://tinyurl.com/yc4hmy23


1170. https://tinyurl.com/y5qwepoa


1171. https://tinyurl.com/y43zl523


1172. https://tinyurl.com/39un2wrk


1173. https://tinyurl.com/y25oauc5


1174. https://tinyurl.com/y47csa38


1175. https://tinyurl.com/swwjzdg


1176. https://tinyurl.com/wx43xk3


1177. https://tinyurl.com/y989ucdf


1178. https://tinyurl.com/y7hrsmj8


1179. https://tinyurl.com/y3ed3rgc


1180. https://tinyurl.com/ygtau5bg


1181. https://tinyurl.com/26pbrp6t


1182. https://tinyurl.com/ybsk92ms


1183. Goldhamer A, Lisle D, Parpia B, Anderson SV, Campbell TC: Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of hypertension. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001, 24(5):335–339.


1184. Goldhamer AC, Lisle DJ, Sultana P, Anderson SV, Parpia B, Hughes B, Campbell TC: Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of borderline hypertension. J Altern Complement Med 2002, 8(5):643–650.


1185. https://tinyurl.com/y93ewnu9


1186. Gonzalez NJ, Isaacs LL: Evaluation of pancreatic proteolytic enzyme treatment of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, with nutrition and detoxification support. Nutr Cancer 1999, 33(2):117–124.


1187. Gonzalez NJ, Isaacs LL: The Gonzalez therapy and cancer: a collection of case reports. Altern Ther Health Med 2007, 13(1):46–55.


1188. https://tinyurl.com/1xdpxkc6


1189. https://tinyurl.com/1sh4x79o


1190. Lagisz M, Hector KL, Nakagawa S: Life extension after heat shock exposure: assessing meta-analytic evidence for hormesis. Ageing Res Rev 2013, 12(2):653–660.


1191. Biberian J-P: Biological Transmutations: Historical Perspective. The Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 2012 7:11–25.


1192. Nelson RA: Adept Alchemy. (self-pub., 2000), p. 101.


1193. Berzelius JJ: Treatise on Mineral, Plant & Animal Chemistry. (Paris, 1849).


1194. Kozima H: The TNCF Model—a Phenomelogical Model for the Cold Fusion Phenomenon. Cold Fusion 1997, 23(18):43–47.


1195. Ji S: "Regenerate: Unlocking Your Body's Radical Resilience Through the New Biology." Chapter 3. New York City: Hay House, Inc., 2020.


1196. The Dangers of the Centralized Internet....and An Alternative You've Never Heard About. https://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/dangers-centralized-internetand-alternative-youve-never-heard-about Feb 6, 2021.


1197. https://tinyurl.com/263ztntc


1198. https://tinyurl.com/8xpapdet


1199. https://tinyurl.com/6x8mjt7v


1200. https://tinyurl.com/wutwmv7k


1201. https://tinyurl.com/hj8d7vx4


1202. https://tinyurl.com/7a5n9hr8


1203. https://tinyurl.com/4ap6ppw6


1204. https://tinyurl.com/k4exmrxh


1205. https://tinyurl.com/p2r6a5z8


1206. https://tinyurl.com/46f4x7m4


1207. https://tinyurl.com/4cvn6bpm


1208. https://tinyurl.com/2p8td5y4


1209. https://tinyurl.com/46rst33c


1210. https://tinyurl.com/mr4cb892


1211. https://tinyurl.com/2p8m38av


1212. Steele BD: Blue zones: dietary myth.


1213. https://tinyurl.com/ywh95r3m


1214. http://www.tendergrassfedmeat.com/2012/08/14/eating-healthy-is-a-mental-disorder-nonsense/


1215. https://www.naturalnews.com/029098_orthorexia_mental_disorder.html


1216. https://tinyurl.com/2p8eu7mc


1217. https://tinyurl.com/2p977fek


1218. https://tinyurl.com/y26hm24v


1219. https://tinyurl.com/2n29a33b


1220. https://tinyurl.com/fxpsu3xh


1221. https://tinyurl.com/2p8faute


1222. https://tinyurl.com/yetshjxz


1223. https://tinyurl.com/362z4h3h


1224. https://tinyurl.com/4zv8jj7w


1225. https://tinyurl.com/3n9p2exh


1226. https://tinyurl.com/2p89ettk


1227. https://tinyurl.com/29wdztmt


1228. https://tinyurl.com/y2pc9k82


1229. https://tinyurl.com/4ahx39xk


1230. https://tinyurl.com/mtkcvdt3


1231. https://tinyurl.com/tjp535yu


1232. https://tinyurl.com/yc3hbp26


1233. https://tinyurl.com/mrx6wkm9


1234. Whitaker R: Thomas Insel Makes A Case for Abolishing Psychiatry. Subsection "The Research That Insel Dared Not Mention"; April 30, 2022.


1235. https://tinyurl.com/6czwktyx


1236. https://tinyurl.com/mr46k9hv


1237. https://tinyurl.com/yypu5ay5


1238. https://tinyurl.com/4b4zyxwx


1239. https://tinyurl.com/1xdpxkc6


1240. https://tinyurl.com/mr2h4m4w


1241. https://tinyurl.com/y6dv66w5


1242. https://tinyurl.com/mr2689zr


1243. https://tinyurl.com/3zs2u2bh


1244. https://tinyurl.com/38ntjemm


1245. https://tinyurl.com/56n56w34


1246. https://tinyurl.com/smbfpprn


1247. https://tinyurl.com/47pte466


1248. https://tinyurl.com/367s9dc3


1249. https://tinyurl.com/3ujpyvb8


1250. Jureidini J, McHenry LB: The illusion of evidence based medicine. BMJ 2022, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o702


1251. Sismondo S: Epistemic corruption, the pharmaceutical industry, and the body of medical science. Front Res Metr Anal 2021, 6:614013.


1252. Moncrieff J, Cooper RE, Stockmann T, Amendola S, Hengartner MP, Horowitz MA: The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0


1253. Amendola S, Plöderl M, Hengartner MP: Did the introduction and increased prescribing of antidepressants lead to changes in long-term trends of suicide rates? Eur J Public Health 2020, doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa204


1254. Turabian J: Psychotropic drugs originate permanent biological changes that go against resolution of mental health problems. A view from the general medicine. J of Addict Dis & Ment Heal 2021, 1(3):1–5.


1255. Vittengl JR: Poorer long-term outcomes among persons with major depressive disorder treated with medication. Psychother Psychosom 2017, 86(5):302–304.


1256. Amsterdam JD, McHenry L: The paroxetine 352 bipolar study revisited: deconstruction of corporate and academic misconduct. Journal of Scientific Practice and Integrity 2019, 1(1) DOI: 10.35122/jospi.2019.958452


1257. Hickey DS, Comp AHD, Noriega LA: The failure of evidence-based medicine? European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare 2013, 1(1):69–79.


1258. Panagioti M, Khan K, Keers RN, Abuzour A, Phipps D, Kontopantelis E, Bower P, Campbell S, Haneef R, Avery AJ, Ashcroft DM: Prevalence, severity, and nature of preventable patient harm across medical care settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2019, 366:l4185.


1259. Smith R: Medical journals are an extension of the marketing arm of pharmaceutical companies. PLoS Med 2005, 2(5):e138.


1260. Becker A, Dörter F, Eckhardt K, Viniol A, Baum E, Kochen MM, Lexchin J, Wegscheider K, Donner-Banzhoff N: The association between a journal's source of revenue and the drug recommendations made in the articles it publishes. CMAJ 2011, 183(5):544–548.


1261. Handel AE, Patel SV, Pakpoor J, Ebers GC, Goldacre B, Ramagopalan SV: High reprint orders in medical journals and pharmaceutical industry funding: case-control study. BMJ 2012, 344(1):e4212–e4212.


1262. McKinlay JB, McKinlay SM: The questionable contribution of medical measures to the decline of mortality in the United States in the twentieth century. Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc 1977, 55(3):405–28.


1263. St Leger AS, Cochrane AL, Moore F: The anomaly that wouldn't go away. Lancet 1978, 2(8100):1153.


1264. Colgrove J: The McKeown Thesis: A Historical Controversy and Its Enduring Influence. Am J Public Health 2002, 92(5):725–729.


1265. Bunker JP: The role of medical care in contributing to health improvements within societies. Int J Epidemiol 2001, 30(6):1260–3.


1266. Mackenbach JP, Bouvier-Colle MH, Jougla E: "Avoidable" mortality and health services: a review of aggregate data studies. J Epidemiol Community Health 1990, 44(2):106–111.


1267. https://tinyurl.com/wn43dkp7


1268. https://tinyurl.com/5amvuusj


1269. https://tinyurl.com/yc7sdxeu


1270. https://tinyurl.com/3f3max4m


1271. https://tinyurl.com/y7x2es6x


1272. https://tinyurl.com/53kpnrfh


1273. https://tinyurl.com/3bfwfes5


1274. https://tinyurl.com/bde3j5rm


1275. https://tinyurl.com/2s4798tp


1276. https://tinyurl.com/mt4kt58a


1277. https://tinyurl.com/5xybx7j8


1278. https://tinyurl.com/yepj5wcz


1279. https://tinyurl.com/2nhc62nm


1280. https://tinyurl.com/h746nhe4


1281. https://tinyurl.com/54j5686b


1282. https://tinyurl.com/474rnvn7


1283. https://tinyurl.com/c4eh3ads


1284. https://tinyurl.com/hsr6jw3f


1285. https://tinyurl.com/2wxz9tx5


1286. Howick J, Koletsi D, Ioannidis JPA, Madigan C, Pandis N, Loef M, Walach H, Sauer S, Kleijnen J, Seehra J, Johnson T, Schmidt S: Most healthcare interventions tested in Cochrane Reviews are not effective according to high quality evidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 2022, 148:160–169.


1287. Isaacs LL. Coffee Enemas: A Narrative Review. Altern Ther Health Med 2021, 27(3):46–49.


1288. https://tinyurl.com/3ts8wfkc


1289. https://tinyurl.com/yh4fekab


1290. https://tinyurl.com/2ebtmw3e


1291. https://tinyurl.com/mr2zvezy


1292. https://tinyurl.com/58rdsv2e


1293. https://tinyurl.com/4vm8yejf


1294. https://tinyurl.com/4ewkj2ht


1295. https://tinyurl.com/t9k5r5fy


1296. https://tinyurl.com/hru6hyz7


1297. https://tinyurl.com/42futzhj


1298. https://tinyurl.com/yckts3m8


1299. https://tinyurl.com/3z5tx2n6


1300. https://tinyurl.com/2p957bym


1301. https://tinyurl.com/7ypc74ma


1302. https://tinyurl.com/mr29fezw


1303. Popular search engines will lead you away from the truth (link, link, link)


1304. https://tinyurl.com/zyzncc29


1305. Moncrieff J, Cooper RE, Stockmann T, Amendola S, Hengartner MP, Horowitz MA: The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41380- 022-01661-0


1306. Sharma T, Guski LS, Freund N, Meng DM, Gøtzsche PC: Drop-out rates in placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on clinical study reports. Int J Risk Saf Med 2019, 30(4):217–232.


1307. Gøtzsche PC and Healy D: Restoring the two pivotal fluoxetine trials in children and adolescents with depression. Int J Risk Saf Med 2022, 33:385–408.


1308. https://tinyurl.com/3ynbsbwc


1309. https://tinyurl.com/yxcyvytc


1310. https://tinyurl.com/24trsvck


1311. https://tinyurl.com/28r89b65


1312. https://tinyurl.com/ye2y6nwp


1313. https://tinyurl.com/4fxn7u2x


1314. https://tinyurl.com/hkbc6ekc


1315. https://tinyurl.com/ycktyfme


1316. https://tinyurl.com/2549wmfv


1317. https://tinyurl.com/y4fy84u2


1318. https://tinyurl.com/wdrtdch3


1319. https://tinyurl.com/rrvcjpkx


1320. https://tinyurl.com/ux66jsze


1321. https://tinyurl.com/3w74ferj


1322. https://tinyurl.com/366w7s8w


1323. https://tinyurl.com/599hbrkw


1324. http://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.34566


1325. https://tinyurl.com/bdhkyrhf


1326. https://tinyurl.com/2nf9wdnv


1327. https://techlore.tech/vpn


1328. https://tinyurl.com/2p8httxf


1329. https://tinyurl.com/32zuvjaw


1330. https://tinyurl.com/4xfsm926


1331. https://tinyurl.com/2p8j66eh


1332. https://tinyurl.com/474auvwp


1333. https://tinyurl.com/bddfhcpx


1334. https://tinyurl.com/2s3z4uwk


1335. https://tinyurl.com/hwmuaxpw


1336. https://tinyurl.com/yc6fszbr


1337. https://tinyurl.com/ycsjcs3j


1338. https://tinyurl.com/wkynvfzy


1339. https://tinyurl.com/4a6zywd7


1340. https://tinyurl.com/nhcbxc6d


1341. Mawson AR, Ray BD, Bhuiyan AR, Jacob B: Pilot comparative study on the health of vaccinated and unvaccinated 6- to 12-year-old U.S. children. J Transl Sci 2017, 3(3): 1–12.


1342. https://tinyurl.com/4bhv9uev


1343. https://tinyurl.com/mr2rwbam


1344. https://tinyurl.com/4z6yyf9p


1345. https://tinyurl.com/yyjm5wat


1346. https://tinyurl.com/37ffnmj7


1347. https://tinyurl.com/5d5744ju


1348. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2050312120925344


1349. https://ijvtpr.com/index.php/IJVTPR/article/view/40


1350. https://tinyurl.com/yckymen2


1351. https://correlation-canada.org/research/


1352. https://tinyurl.com/2zn9ywdk


1353. https://tinyurl.com/59vex2uv


1354. https://tinyurl.com/yt8w3s4r


1355. https://tinyurl.com/t7ckn4mp


1356. https://tinyurl.com/nmspkea7


1357. https://tinyurl.com/4x2rkta5


1358. https://tinyurl.com/27k9kkew


1359. https://tinyurl.com/43zwvjnb


1360. Gatti AM and Montanari S: New quality-control investigations on vaccines: micro- and nanocontamination. International Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination 2017, 4(1).


1361. Goldman GS, Miller NZ: Neonatal, infant, and under age five vaccine doses routinely given in developed nations and their association with mortality rates. Cureus 2023, 15(7): e42194.


1362. Norwitz NG, Sethi S, Palmer CM: Ketogenic diet as a metabolic treatment for mental illness. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2020, 27(5):269–274.


1363. Sarnyai Z, Kraeuter AK, Palmer CM: Ketogenic diet for schizophrenia: clinical implication. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2019, 32(5):394–401.


1364. https://tinyurl.com/36jf9wmm


1365. https://tinyurl.com/evrfcc8a


1366. Mogensen SW, Andersen A, Rodrigues A, Benn CS, Aaby P: The Introduction of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis and Oral Polio Vaccine Among Young Infants in an Urban African Community: A Natural Experiment. EBioMedicine 2017, 17:192–198.


1367. https://tinyurl.com/mwr7sm9r


1368. https://tinyurl.com/2s3dbe2h


1369. Is mass deception of scientists possible? (page 7 in this paper): https://tinyurl.com/yckymen2


1370. Future technologies (currently hidden): link, link, link, link


1371. https://tinyurl.com/4fsuwsk2


1372. Is there sixth sense? Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman (TV Show).


1373. https://tinyurl.com/2kmzf8b2


List of tables

Table 1.

Common pathogens that can occur in raw animal products.

Table 2. Acrylamide content of various types of grains.

Table 3. The natural food pyramid.

Table 4. Characteristics of various diets that are relevant to different types of tests.

Table 5. Foods and other treatments that accelerate metabolism (catabolic/sympathetic interventions activating the CNS) or slow down metabolism (anabolic/parasympathetic interventions sedating the CNS).

Table 7. Current treatment guidelines for common infectious diseases that may result from consumption of raw animal products.

Table 8. Comparison of short-term physiological effects (0.5 to 3 hours) of cold and hot hydrotherapy.